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Annals of Neurology 1994Infectious agents have been postulated as causes of multiple sclerosis for over a century. The possible role of a virus or viruses is supported by data that (1) a... (Review)
Review
Infectious agents have been postulated as causes of multiple sclerosis for over a century. The possible role of a virus or viruses is supported by data that (1) a childhood exposure is involved and "viral" infections may precipitate exacerbations of disease, (2) experimental infections in animals and natural infections in humans can cause diseases with long incubation periods, remitting and relapsing courses, and demyelination, and (3) patients with multiple sclerosis have abnormal immune responses to viruses. The pathogenesis of three human demyelinating diseases of known viral etiology is discussed. In progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a papovavirus selectively infects oligodendrocytes and causes focal areas of demyelination. In postmeasles encephalomyelitis, the virus is lymphotrophic and disrupts immune regulation that can result in an autoimmune perivenular demyelinating illness without evidence of infection of the central nervous system. In human immunodeficiency virus-encephalopathy and myelopathy virus is present in macrophages and microglia and the myelin abnormalities apparently are caused by soluble factors such as viral proteins, cytokines, or neurotoxins. These findings may have implications on how, when, and where to seek viruses in multiple sclerosis.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Demyelinating Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Encephalomyelitis; HIV-1; Haplorhini; Humans; Measles virus; Mice; Multiple Sclerosis; Sheep; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 8017889
DOI: 10.1002/ana.410360715 -
Acta Dermatovenerologica Alpina,... Sep 2011Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small DNA viruses of the papovavirus family, with more than 100 types already described. Their importance in human disease cannot be... (Review)
Review
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are small DNA viruses of the papovavirus family, with more than 100 types already described. Their importance in human disease cannot be overemphasized because these agents are among the most common pathogens in cutaneous infectious diseases and are very important in a subset of predominantly, but not exclusively, genital squamous-cell carcinomas. HPVs can be associated with a variety of cutaneous as well as mucosal manifestations. Some types of HPVs are associated with increased risk of epithelial malignancies; these have been divided into low-risk and high-risk types based on their oncogenic potential. Clinical and histological features of HPV infection vary according to individual susceptibility (e.g., immunosuppressed patients), site of involvement, and type of HPV implicated. The histological features of HPV infection are very easy to identify on sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin. However, many findings usually associated with HPV infection are entirely non-specific. Additional current diagnostic methods for identification of HPV in tissues include techniques based on the detection of viral DNA; namely, in-situ hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). This article reviews the main clinical and histopathological cutaneous manifestations of HPV infection, including common warts, plantar warts, plane warts, condyloma acuminatum, Bowenoid papulosis, and epidermodysplasia verruciformis. Emphasis is placed on the clinical and histological features of these various manifestations, including a brief discussion about the routinely used laboratory methods for detecting HPV in tissues.
Topics: Carcinoma in Situ; Condylomata Acuminata; Epidermodysplasia Verruciformis; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Skin Diseases; Warts
PubMed: 22131115
DOI: No ID Found -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Dec 1969DNA isolated from skin epitheliomas containing papovavirus induced lymphomas within four to eight weeks in 40 to 50 per cent of newborn Syrian hamsters injected. This...
DNA isolated from skin epitheliomas containing papovavirus induced lymphomas within four to eight weeks in 40 to 50 per cent of newborn Syrian hamsters injected. This DNA effect was eliminated by DNase but not by RNase and was not induced by DNA preparations of transplanted epitheliomas or the induced lymphomas. Lymphomas were similarly induced by cellfree filtrates from certain human tumors such as gastric carcinomas and ovarian tumors. Little or no lymphoma effects were observed following injections with filtrates derived from normal human or animal tissues or human blood. The lymphomas induced by DNA and human tumors were transmissible by cell-free filtrates to newborn Syrian hamsters; however, successful serial passage, like the primary lymphomas induced by the DNA preparations, depended upon the use of a newborn hamster from a special breeding colony of hamsters.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Newborn; Carcinoma; Cell-Free System; Cricetinae; DNA, Neoplasm; Deoxyribonucleases; Female; Humans; Lymphoma; Neoplasm Transplantation; Ovarian Neoplasms; Papillomaviridae; Polyomaviridae; Ribonucleases; Skin Neoplasms; Stomach Neoplasms
PubMed: 5271745
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.64.4.1172 -
Uirusu Jun 1986
Review
Topics: Animals; Cloning, Molecular; DNA, Viral; Genes, Viral; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Polyomaviridae
PubMed: 3535237
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.36.1 -
The Israel Medical Association Journal... Mar 2001Cancer is a multi-step disease involving a series of genetic alterations that result in the loss of control of cell proliferation and differentiation. Such genetic... (Review)
Review
Cancer is a multi-step disease involving a series of genetic alterations that result in the loss of control of cell proliferation and differentiation. Such genetic alterations could emerge from the activation of oncogenes and the loss or malfunctioning of tumor suppressor gene activity. Our understanding of cancer has greatly increased through the use of DNA tumor viruses and their transforming proteins as a biological tool to decipher a cascade of events that lead to deregulation of cell proliferation and subsequent tumor formation. For the past ten years our laboratory has focused on the molecular biology of the human neurotropic papovavirus, JCV. This virus causes progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, a fatal neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system in immunocompromised patients. JCV is a common human virus that infects more than 80% of humans but does not induce any obvious clinical symptoms. The increased incidence of acquired immune deficiency syndrome and the use of immunosuppressive chemotherapy have dramatically raised the incidence of PML. The coincidental occurrence of malignant astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in PML patients, coupled with the induction of glioblastoma in JCV-infected nonhuman primates, provides intriguing speculation on the association between JCV and CNS malignancies. In this report we discuss clinical data and laboratory observations pointing to the direct involvement of JCV in cancer.
Topics: Animals; Central Nervous System Neoplasms; Disease Models, Animal; Genome, Viral; HIV Infections; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Immunosuppressive Agents; Incidence; JC Virus; Leukoencephalopathy, Progressive Multifocal; Mice; Mice, Transgenic; Molecular Biology
PubMed: 11303381
DOI: No ID Found -
Archives of Medical Research Oct 2020Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have focused on repurposing of existing antibiotics, antivirals and anti-inflammatory drugs to find an...
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, researchers have focused on repurposing of existing antibiotics, antivirals and anti-inflammatory drugs to find an effective therapy. Fluoroquinolones are broad spectrum synthetic antimicrobial agents, being chemical derivatives of quinoline, the prodrome of chloroquine. Interestingly, fluoroquinolones may exert antiviral actions against vaccinia virus, papovavirus, CMV, VZV, HSV-1, HSV-2, HCV and HIV. A recent in silico study has shown that the fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin and moxifloxacin, may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication by exhibiting stronger capacity for binding to its main protease than chloroquine and nelfinavir, a protease inhibitor antiretroviral drug. Remarkably, fluoroquinolones have shown multiple immunomodulatory actions leading to an attenuation of the inflammatory response through the inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Noteworthy, respiratory fluoroquinolones, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, constitute fist line therapeutic agents for the management of severe community-acquired pneumonia. They are characterized by advantageous pharmacokinetic properties; higher concentrations in the lungs; and an excellent safety profile comparable to other antibiotics used to treat respiratory infections, such as macrolides and b-lactams. Based on their potential antiviral activity and immunomodulatory properties, the favorable pharmacokinetics and safety profile, we propose the use of respiratory fluoroquinolones as adjuncts in the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 associated pneumonia.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Humans; Levofloxacin; Moxifloxacin; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
PubMed: 32546446
DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2020.06.004 -
Journal of Virology Oct 1975Two new human papovavirus isolates (JMV and MMV) from the urines of patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome were morphologically and serologically identical to BK virus... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Two new human papovavirus isolates (JMV and MMV) from the urines of patients with Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome were morphologically and serologically identical to BK virus (BKV). The genomes of these two new isolates were found to be indistinguishable from prototype BKV DNA in a variety of nucleic acid hybridization experiments. Like BKV DNA, JMV and MMV DNAs share approximately 20% of their polynucleotide sequences with simian virus 40 DNA. The genome of JMV was indistinguishable from that of BKV by restriction endonuclease analysis; MMV DNA contained three instead of four R-Hind cleavage sites and one rather than no R-HpaII cleavage sites. Physical maps of the BKV and MMV genomes were constructed using restriction endonucleases, and these maps were oriented to the map of simian virus 40 DNA.
Topics: BK Virus; Base Sequence; Chromosome Mapping; DNA Restriction Enzymes; DNA, Circular; DNA, Viral; Genes; Humans; Molecular Weight; Nucleic Acid Conformation; Polynucleotides; Polyomavirus; Simian virus 40; Urine; Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome
PubMed: 170425
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.16.4.959-973.1975 -
Journal of Molecular Biology Jun 1996Capsids of papilloma and polyoma viruses (papovavirus family) are composed of 72 pentameric capsomeres arranged on a skewed icosahedral lattice (triangulation number of...
Capsids of papilloma and polyoma viruses (papovavirus family) are composed of 72 pentameric capsomeres arranged on a skewed icosahedral lattice (triangulation number of seven, T = 7). Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) was reported previously to be a T = 7laevo (left-handed) structure, whereas human wart virus, simian virus 40, and murine polyomavirus were shown to be T = 7dextro (right-handed). The CRPV structure determined by cryoelectron microscopy and image reconstruction was similar to previously determined structures of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and human papillomavirus type 1 (HPV-1). CRPV capsids were observed in closed (compact) and open (swollen) forms. Both forms have star-shaped capsomeres, as do BPV-1 and HPV-1, but the open CRPV capsids are approximately 2 nm larger in radius. The lattice hands of all papillomaviruses examined in this study were found to be T = 7dextro. In the region of maximum contact, papillomavirus capsomeres interact in a manner similar to that found in polyomaviruses. Although papilloma and polyoma viruses have differences in capsid size (approximately 60 versus approximately 50 nm), capsomere morphology (11 to 12 nm star-shaped versus 8 nm barrel-shaped), and intercapsomere interactions (slightly different contacts between capsomeres), papovavirus capsids have a conserved, 72-pentamer, T = 7dextro structure. These features are conserved despite significant differences in amino acid sequences of the major capsid proteins. The conserved features may be a consequence of stable contacts that occur within capsomeres and flexible links that form among capsomeres.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Polyomavirus; Rabbits; Sequence Alignment; Simian virus 40; Viral Structural Proteins
PubMed: 8656427
DOI: 10.1006/jmbi.1996.0317