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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Feb 2018Various types of tumors, particularly those originating from the ovary and gastrointestinal tract, display a strong predilection for the peritoneal cavity as the site of... (Review)
Review
Various types of tumors, particularly those originating from the ovary and gastrointestinal tract, display a strong predilection for the peritoneal cavity as the site of metastasis. The intraperitoneal spread of a malignancy is orchestrated by a reciprocal interplay between invading cancer cells and resident normal peritoneal cells. In this review, we address the current state-of-art regarding colonization of the peritoneal cavity by ovarian, colorectal, pancreatic, and gastric tumors. Particular attention is paid to the pro-tumoral role of various kinds of peritoneal cells, including mesothelial cells, fibroblasts, adipocytes, macrophages, the vascular endothelium, and hospicells. Anatomo-histological considerations on the pro-metastatic environment of the peritoneal cavity are presented in the broader context of organ-specific development of distal metastases in accordance with Paget's "seed and soil" theory of tumorigenesis. The activity of normal peritoneal cells during pivotal elements of cancer progression, i.e., adhesion, migration, invasion, proliferation, EMT, and angiogenesis, is discussed from the perspective of well-defined general knowledge on a hospitable tumor microenvironment created by the cellular elements of reactive stroma, such as cancer-associated fibroblasts and macrophages. Finally, the paper addresses the unique features of the peritoneal cavity that predispose this body compartment to be a niche for cancer metastases, presents issues that are topics of an ongoing debate, and points to areas that still require further in-depth investigations.
Topics: Animals; Carcinogenesis; Humans; Neoplasms; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Peritoneum; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 28956065
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2663-1 -
Journal of Artificial Organs : the... Jun 2023Long-term exposure to the peritoneal dialysis solution (PDS) causes functional and morphological alterations that diminish the efficacy of peritoneal dialysis (PD)....
Long-term exposure to the peritoneal dialysis solution (PDS) causes functional and morphological alterations that diminish the efficacy of peritoneal dialysis (PD). Macroscopic and microscopic findings, submesothelial compact zone (SMC) thickness and vascular patency, were associated with PD duration. The relationship between microscopic and laparoscopic morphological findings in PD patients was determined. A total of 78 laparoscopic intraperitoneal findings were recorded during PD catheter removal and 45 peritoneal tissues were obtained from the anterior parietal peritoneum. We examined macroscopic morphological findings in both parietal and visceral peritoneums and bowel movement and assessed the score semiquantitatively. SMC thickness and vascular patency were examined as microscopic findings. Total laparoscopic finding's score (LFS) and microscopic findings, SMC thickness and vascular patency, were associated with PD duration. Total LFS was related to SMC thickness in both visceral and parietal peritoneum, whereas it was related to vascular patency in parietal but not in visceral peritoneum. There was no relationship between microscopic findings and peritoneal surface color, properties, vasculopathy, and adhesion. Total LFS in patients with newly formed membrane and omentum atrophy was higher than in those without. There was a significant relationship between microscopic and laparoscopic findings in PD patients. It is important to evaluate laparoscopic findings in more PD patients to find the predictive findings of encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis development.
Topics: Humans; Peritoneum; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritoneal Fibrosis; Dialysis Solutions; Laparoscopy
PubMed: 35920938
DOI: 10.1007/s10047-022-01344-1 -
Oncotarget Feb 2017Although peritoneal cytology has been used to determine pancreatic cancer staging for more than three decades, its prognostic significance in potentially resectable... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Although peritoneal cytology has been used to determine pancreatic cancer staging for more than three decades, its prognostic significance in potentially resectable pancreatic cancer is inconclusive. We therefore conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the impact of peritoneal cytology status on the clinicopathological features and survival outcomes in potentially resectable pancreatic cancer. Ten studies were identified for this meta-analysis after searching the PubMed, Web of Science and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) electronic databases. Our results showed that positive peritoneal cytology was associated with tumor size (OR 11.65, P = 0.001), tumor location (OR 0.37, P = 0.000), serosal invasion (OR 3.89, P = 0.000), portal vein invasion (OR 1.82, P = 0.016), lymph vessel invasion (OR 2.71, P = 0.026), T stage (OR 2.65, P = 0.037) and N stage (OR 2.34, P = 0.001) in resectable pancreatic cancer. Patients with positive peritoneal cytology demonstrated poor overall survival (OS; HR 3.18, P = 0.000) and disease-free survival (DFS; HR 2.88, P = 0.000) times. Based on our meta-analysis, we conclude that positive peritoneal cytology is an indicator of advanced stage pancreatic cancer with a poor prognosis; hence, radical resection should not be performed on these patients.
Topics: Cytodiagnosis; Humans; Pancreatectomy; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Peritoneum; Prognosis; Survival Rate
PubMed: 28122342
DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14745 -
Jornal Brasileiro de Nefrologia 2014In this review, phenomena involved in fluid and solute exchange through the peritoneal membrane, both in the physiologic and in the peritoneal dialysis settings, are... (Review)
Review
In this review, phenomena involved in fluid and solute exchange through the peritoneal membrane, both in the physiologic and in the peritoneal dialysis settings, are explained. For that purpose, mathematical models developed for the study of molecule transport through the membrane, such as the "Pore Model" and the "Distributive Model" are used. Scientific accomplishments in the field are described and areas that require additional research are also cited. Knowledge about the physiologic mechanisms involved in this renal replacement therapy modality, concerning events directly related to the peritoneal membrane itself, is synthesized in this manuscript.
Topics: Biological Transport; Dialysis Solutions; Models, Theoretical; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritoneum
PubMed: 24676618
DOI: 10.5935/0101-2800.20140013 -
Biomolecules May 2020One of the main limitations to successful long-term use of peritoneal dialysis (PD) as a renal replacement therapy is the harmful effects of PD solutions to the... (Review)
Review
One of the main limitations to successful long-term use of peritoneal dialysis (PD) as a renal replacement therapy is the harmful effects of PD solutions to the structure and function of the peritoneal membrane (PM). In PD, the PM serves as a semipermeable membrane that, due to exposure to PD solutions, undergoes structural alterations, including peritoneal fibrosis, vasculopathy, and neoangiogenesis. In recent decades, oxidative stress (OS) has emerged as a novel risk factor for mortality and cardiovascular disease in PD patients. Moreover, it has become evident that OS plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis and development of the chronic, progressive injury of the PM. In this review, we aimed to present several aspects of OS in PD patients, including the pathophysiologic effects on the PM, clinical implications, and possible therapeutic antioxidant strategies that might protect the integrity of PM during PD therapy.
Topics: Animals; Dialysis Solutions; Epithelial Cells; Glycation End Products, Advanced; Humans; Oxidative Stress; Peritoneal Dialysis; Peritoneum
PubMed: 32423139
DOI: 10.3390/biom10050768 -
Scientific Reports Feb 2016The peritoneum plays an essential role in preventing abdominal frictions and adhesions and can be utilized as a dialysis membrane. Its physiological ultrastructure,...
The peritoneum plays an essential role in preventing abdominal frictions and adhesions and can be utilized as a dialysis membrane. Its physiological ultrastructure, however, has not yet been studied systematically. 106 standardized peritoneal and 69 omental specimens were obtained from 107 patients (0.1-60 years) undergoing surgery for disease not affecting the peritoneum for automated quantitative histomorphometry and immunohistochemistry. The mesothelial cell layer morphology and protein expression pattern is similar across all age groups. Infants below one year have a thinner submesothelium; inflammation, profibrotic activity and mesothelial cell translocation is largely absent in all age groups. Peritoneal blood capillaries, lymphatics and nerve fibers locate in three distinct submesothelial layers. Blood vessel density and endothelial surface area follow a U-shaped curve with highest values in infants below one year and lowest values in children aged 7-12 years. Lymphatic vessel density is much lower, and again highest in infants. Omental blood capillary density correlates with parietal peritoneal findings, whereas only few lymphatic vessels are present. The healthy peritoneum exhibits major thus far unknown particularities, pertaining to functionally relevant structures, and subject to substantial changes with age. The reference ranges established here provide a framework for future histomorphometric analyses and peritoneal transport modeling approaches.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Epithelium; Female; Humans; Infant; Lymphatic Vessels; Male; Membrane Glycoproteins; Middle Aged; Peritoneum; Young Adult
PubMed: 26905058
DOI: 10.1038/srep21344 -
Canadian Medical Association Journal Jul 1974Abdominal splenosis was an incidental finding at laparotomy for acute appendicitis in a 39-year-old man who had had splenectomy for traumatic rupture of the spleen nine...
Abdominal splenosis was an incidental finding at laparotomy for acute appendicitis in a 39-year-old man who had had splenectomy for traumatic rupture of the spleen nine years previously. Similar cases of abdominal and intrathoracic splenosis are reviewed.
Topics: Adult; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Laparotomy; Male; Peritoneal Neoplasms; Peritoneum; Splenic Rupture
PubMed: 4841838
DOI: No ID Found -
Minerva Anestesiologica Jan 2019The transversalis fascia plane and the quadratus lomborum blocks target the branches of T12-L1 nerves and provide analgesia in patients undergoing surgery involving the...
BACKGROUND
The transversalis fascia plane and the quadratus lomborum blocks target the branches of T12-L1 nerves and provide analgesia in patients undergoing surgery involving the corresponding dermatomes. The transversalis fascia is believed to contribute to determine the spread of local anesthetic in such blocks. Nonetheless, the anatomy of this fascia and its possible role in these blocks still have to be precisely defined.
METHODS
We conducted a series of 10 dissections and full-thickness specimens were obtained from one side for the microscopic analysis.
RESULTS
Macroscopic study showed failed to identify a distinguishable fascial structure between the fascia of the transversus abdominis muscle and the peritoneum. Microscopic examination showed the presence of a further fascial layer (0.1-0.2 mm), ascribable to transversalis fascia. Transversalis fascia and transversus abdominis epimysium posteriorly diverge: transversus epimysium goes posteriorly to quadratus lomborum to joint the oblique internal aponeurosis, while transversalis fascia continues in front to quadratus lomborum. So, a little fascial triangle (2-3 mm) is formed on the lateral border of quadratus lomborum, defined by transversalis fascia and transversus abdominis. Inside this triangle, T12 and L1 nerves are present.
CONCLUSIONS
Considering the thinness of the transversalis fascia and the small size of the triangular space that contains the target nerves, this is most likely a virtual, ideal rather than realistic injection site. Accordingly, it is probable that the local anesthetic is injected in the much wider retroperitoneal space and reaches the nerves by spreading backwards through the thin transversalis fascia.
Topics: Abdominal Muscles; Abdominal Wall; Adult; Anesthetics, Local; Cadaver; Dissection; Fascia; Female; Humans; Male; Nerve Block; Peripheral Nerves; Peritoneum; Ultrasonography, Interventional
PubMed: 29589417
DOI: 10.23736/S0375-9393.18.12479-5 -
American Journal of Physiology. Renal... Jun 2021Peritonitis, due to a fungal or bacterial infection, leads to injury of the peritoneal lining and thereby forms a hazard for the long-term success of peritoneal dialysis...
Peritonitis, due to a fungal or bacterial infection, leads to injury of the peritoneal lining and thereby forms a hazard for the long-term success of peritoneal dialysis (PD) and remains a lethal complication in patients with PD. This study investigated whether C1 inhibitor (C1-INH) could protect against the progression of peritoneal injuries with five daily administrations of zymosan after mechanical scraping of the rat peritoneum to mimic fungal peritonitis. Severe peritoneal injuries were seen in this model, accompanied by fibrinogen/fibrin exudation and peritoneal deposition of complement activation products such as activated C3 and C5b-9. However, intraperitoneal injection of C1-INH decreased peritoneal depositions of activated C3 and C5b-9, ameliorated peritoneal thickening, reduced the influx of inflammatory cells, and prevented the production of peritoneal fibrous layers with both one and two doses of C1-INH each day. Our results suggest that C1-INH might be useful to protect against peritoneal injuries after causes of peritonitis such as fungal infection. This clinically available agent may thus help extend the duration of PD. Peritoneal injuries associated with peritonitis comprise an important issue to prevent long-term peritoneal dialysis (PD) therapy. Here, we showed that C1 inhibitor (C1-INH), as an anticomplement agent, protected against peritoneal injuries in a peritonitis animal model related to fungal infection. Therefore, C1-INH might be useful to protect against peritoneal injuries after peritonitis due to fungal infection. This clinically available agent may thus help extend the duration of PD.
Topics: Animals; Complement C1 Inhibitor Protein; Epithelial Cells; Epithelium; Fibrin; Fibrinogen; Male; Peritoneum; Peritonitis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Zymosan
PubMed: 33818127
DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00600.2020 -
Annals of Plastic Surgery Mar 2016Lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) has become an important procedure for the surgical treatment of lymphedema. In the past, the anatomy of the lymphatic system of...
INTRODUCTION
Lymphaticovenular anastomosis (LVA) has become an important procedure for the surgical treatment of lymphedema. In the past, the anatomy of the lymphatic system of animal models has been reported. However, to our knowledge, there have been few reports of animal models of LVA including training model. In this study, we report on a relatively simple and ideal animal LVA model based on peritoneal lymph ducts and veins.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
For 10 rats, diameters of lumbar lymphatic ducts and iliolumbar veins in the peritoneal cavity on both sides were measured, and LVA was performed. In addition, we measured the diameters of 28 lymphatic ducts and veins in 8 patients who had previously undergone LVA and compared the results with those obtained in this rat model.
RESULTS
The mean diameter of the lymphatic ducts was 0.61 mm, and the iliolumbar veins were 0.81 mm. On the other hand, the mean diameters of the 28 lymphatic ducts and veins of the 8 patients in whom we performed LVA were 0.58 and 0.76 mm, respectively. The differences in the diameters of the lymph vessels and veins between the rats and patients were not statistically significant.
CONCLUSIONS
We report on an LVA model involving the use of the lumbar lymphatic duct and iliolumbar veins of rats. The diameter, nature, and placement of the anastomosis using this model are very similar to that noted during real human surgery. We believe that our rat model will be useful as a practical training model for LVA and in studies on postoperative changes in LVA.
Topics: Anastomosis, Surgical; Animals; Humans; Iliac Vein; Lymphatic Vessels; Lymphedema; Male; Microsurgery; Models, Animal; Peritoneum; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Vascular Patency
PubMed: 26207544
DOI: 10.1097/SAP.0000000000000571