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Journal of Virology Feb 2022Paramyxoviruses are a diverse group of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses of which several species cause significant mortality and morbidity. In recent years...
Paramyxoviruses are a diverse group of negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses of which several species cause significant mortality and morbidity. In recent years the collection of paramyxovirus sequences detected in wild mammals has substantially grown; however, little is known about paramyxovirus diversity in North American mammals. To better understand natural paramyxovirus diversity, host range, and host specificity, we sought to comprehensively characterize paramyxoviruses across a range of diverse cooccurring wild small mammals in southern Arizona. We used highly degenerate primers to screen fecal and urine samples and obtained a total of 55 paramyxovirus sequences from 12 rodent species and 6 bat species. We also performed Illumina transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) and assembly on 14 of the positive samples to recover a total of 5 near-full-length viral genomes. We show there are at least two clades of rodent-borne paramyxoviruses in Arizona, while bat-associated paramyxoviruses formed a putative single clade. Using structural homology modeling of the viral attachment protein, we infer that three of the five novel viruses likely bind sialic acid in a manner similar to other respiroviruses, while the other two viruses from heteromyid rodents likely bind a novel host receptor. We find no evidence for cross-species transmission, even among closely related sympatric host species. Taken together, these data suggest paramyxoviruses are a common viral infection in some bat and rodent species present in North America and illuminate the evolution of these viruses. There are a number of viral lineages that are potential zoonotic threats to humans. One of these, paramyxoviruses have jumped into humans multiple times from wild and domestic animals. We conducted one of the largest viral surveys of wild mammals in the United States to better understand paramyxovirus diversity and evolution.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animal Diseases; Animals; Arizona; Biodiversity; Biological Evolution; Chiroptera; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Geography, Medical; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Host Specificity; Humans; Models, Molecular; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; North America; Paramyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Protein Binding; RNA, Viral; Receptors, Virus; Respirovirus; Respirovirus Infections; Rodentia
PubMed: 34668771
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01098-21 -
Microbiology Spectrum Oct 2021Bats are a reservoir for many zoonotic viruses and host large numbers of genetically diverse species in the families , , and . Viruses from these families have...
Bats are a reservoir for many zoonotic viruses and host large numbers of genetically diverse species in the families , , and . Viruses from these families have repeatedly spilled over to humans in recent decades, causing significant clinical disease and deaths. Here, metagenomic sequencing of a big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) submitted for rabies testing due to human exposure identified a novel paramyxovirus, Eptesicus fuscus orthorubulavirus (EfORV), in South Dakota, United States. The nearly complete 15,814-nucleotide genome shared 72% identity with that of human parainfluenza virus 4 (HPIV4), a virus that causes significant clinical disease, typically bronchiolitis and pneumonia, in children less than 2 years of age. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed a close evolutionary history between EfORV and HPIV4, reminiscent of other orthorubulaviruses with highly similar bat and mammalian species, including conspecific human and bat mumps virus, mammalian parainfluenza virus 5 and bat Alston virus, and porcine La Piedad Michoacán virus and bat Mapuera virus. These results support the idea that bats are a reservoir for diverse paramyxoviruses with closely shared evolutionary histories, compared with a number of significant human pathogens, and expand the range of bat paramyxoviruses to North America. Given the propensity of paramyxoviruses to overcome species barriers, additional surveillance and characterization of EfORV are warranted. Bats are a reservoir of large numbers of viruses. Among bat-borne zoonotic viruses, members of and have had the largest impact on human health. The repeated spillover of bat viruses to humans, often with devastating results, has led to increased surveillance and virus discovery efforts in hot spots for virus emergence, largely Asia and Africa. Apart from rabies virus, little surveillance of viruses in bats is performed in North America. Here, viral metagenomic sequencing identified a close relative to HPIV4 in a big brown bat found in a motel room in South Dakota. The virus, EfORV, was 72% identical to HPIV4, which causes clinically significant respiratory disease, mainly in children; it represents the first bat paramyxovirus identified in North America. Close genetic relationships between bat and mammalian orthorubulaviruses underscore the importance of bats as a reservoir for zoonotic viruses.
Topics: Animals; Chiroptera; Disease Reservoirs; Genome, Viral; Humans; Metagenomics; Parainfluenza Virus 4, Human; Paramyxoviridae; South Dakota; Zoonoses
PubMed: 34668744
DOI: 10.1128/Spectrum.00930-21 -
Viruses Jan 2022Paramyxoviruses are a group of RNA viruses, such as mumps virus, measles virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Newcastle disease virus, and parainfluenza virus, usually...
Paramyxoviruses are a group of RNA viruses, such as mumps virus, measles virus, Nipah virus, Hendra virus, Newcastle disease virus, and parainfluenza virus, usually transmitted by airborne droplets that are predominantly responsible for acute respiratory diseases. In this paper, we identified a novel paramyxovirus belonging to genus infecting 4/112 (3.6%) bats from two trapping sites of Hainan Province of China. In these animals, the viral RNA was detected exclusively in kidney tissues. This is the first full-length genome (18,095 nucleotides) from bats of genus , which exhibits a canonical genome organization and encodes SH and TM proteins. Results, based on phylogenic analysis and genetic distances, indicate that the novel paramyxovirus formed an independent lineage belonging to genus , representing, thus, a novel species. In addition, the virus-host macro-evolutionary analysis revealed that host-switching was not only a common co-phylogenetic event, but also a potential mechanism by which rats are infected by bat-origin through cross-species virus transmission, indicating a bat origin of the genus . Overall, our study broadens the viral diversity, geographical distribution, host range, and evolution of genus .
Topics: Animals; Biological Coevolution; China; Chiroptera; Genome, Viral; Host Specificity; Kidney; Paramyxoviridae; Phylogeny; RNA, Viral; Species Specificity; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 35215881
DOI: 10.3390/v14020288 -
Virulence Aug 2017Human Respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the two major etiological viral agents of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting... (Review)
Review
Human Respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are the two major etiological viral agents of lower respiratory tract diseases, affecting mainly infants, young children and the elderly. Although the infection of both viruses trigger an antiviral immune response that mediate viral clearance and disease resolution in immunocompetent individuals, the promotion of long-term immunity appears to be deficient and reinfection are common throughout life. A possible explanation for this phenomenon is that hRSV and hMPV, can induce aberrant T cell responses, which leads to exacerbated lung inflammation and poor T and B cell memory immunity. The modulation of immune response exerted by both viruses include different strategies such as, impairment of immunological synapse mediated by viral proteins or soluble factors, and the induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells, among others. All these viral strategies contribute to the alteration of the adaptive immunity in order to increase the susceptibility to reinfections. In this review, we discuss current research related to the mechanisms underlying the impairment of T and B cell immune responses induced by hRSV and hMPV infection. In addition, we described the role each virulence factor involved in immune modulation caused by these viruses.
Topics: Adaptive Immunity; Aged; Animals; B-Lymphocytes; Child; Cytokines; Humans; Immune Evasion; Infant; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Pneumonia; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; T-Lymphocytes; Virus Replication
PubMed: 27911218
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2016.1265725 -
Viruses Mar 2021Diverse paramyxoviruses have coevolved with their bat hosts, including fruit bats such as flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Several of these viruses are zoonotic,...
Diverse paramyxoviruses have coevolved with their bat hosts, including fruit bats such as flying foxes (Chiroptera: Pteropodidae). Several of these viruses are zoonotic, but the diversity and distribution of are poorly understood. We screened pooled feces samples from three colonies and assayed tissues, rectal swabs, and oral swabs from 95 individuals of 23 pteropodid species sampled at 17 sites across the Indonesian archipelago with a conventional paramyxovirus PCR; all tested negative. Samples from 43 individuals were screened with next generation sequencing (NGS), and a single collected near Flores had Tioman virus sequencing reads. Tioman virus is a bat-borne virus in the genus with prior evidence of spillover to humans. This work expands the known range of Tioman virus, and it is likely that this isolated colony likely has sustained intergenerational transmission over a long period.
Topics: Animals; Chiroptera; Feces; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Indonesia; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Paramyxovirinae
PubMed: 33810446
DOI: 10.3390/v13040563 -
Paediatric Respiratory Reviews Jun 2003Following the boom in respiratory virology in the 1960s, species of rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses and respiratory... (Review)
Review
Following the boom in respiratory virology in the 1960s, species of rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, enteroviruses, adenoviruses, parainfluenza viruses and respiratory syncytial virus were added to influenza and measles viruses as causes of respiratory tract infection. In restricted patient groups, such as the immunocompromised, members of the family of herpesviruses including herpes simplex, cytomegalovirus, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus and human herpes virus 6 have also been associated with respiratory disease. This list of pathogens was extended last year with the discovery of a novel virus, the human metapneumovirus. More than 200 antigenically distinct viruses have been documented as causes of sporadic or epidemic respiratory infections in infants, children and adults. However, this varied and diverse group can be divided among six distinct families. Understanding some of the basic biology of these families gives an insight into possible strategies for diagnosis, control and therapy.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Animals; Antigens, Viral; Coronaviridae; Enterovirus Infections; Genome, Viral; Herpesviridae; Herpesviridae Infections; Humans; Influenza A virus; Orthomyxoviridae; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Paramyxoviridae; Picornaviridae; Polymerase Chain Reaction; RNA Virus Infections; RNA Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Vaccination; Vaccines, Attenuated; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 12758044
DOI: 10.1016/s1526-0542(03)00031-9 -
PLoS Pathogens Oct 2020The antigenic and genomic stability of paramyxoviruses remains a mystery. Here, we evaluate the genetic plasticity of Sendai virus (SeV) and mumps virus (MuV), sialic...
The antigenic and genomic stability of paramyxoviruses remains a mystery. Here, we evaluate the genetic plasticity of Sendai virus (SeV) and mumps virus (MuV), sialic acid-using paramyxoviruses that infect mammals from two Paramyxoviridae subfamilies (Orthoparamyxovirinae and Rubulavirinae). We performed saturating whole-genome transposon insertional mutagenesis, and identified important commonalities: disordered regions in the N and P genes near the 3' genomic end were more tolerant to insertional disruptions; but the envelope glycoproteins were not, highlighting structural constraints that contribute to the restricted antigenic drift in paramyxoviruses. Nonetheless, when we applied our strategy to a fusion-defective Newcastle disease virus (Avulavirinae subfamily), we could select for F-revertants and other insertants in the 5' end of the genome. Our genome-wide interrogation of representative paramyxovirus genomes from all three Paramyxoviridae subfamilies provides a family-wide context in which to explore specific variations within and among paramyxovirus genera and species.
Topics: DNA Transposable Elements; Genome, Viral; Humans; Mutagenesis, Insertional; Mutation; Paramyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Viral Fusion Proteins
PubMed: 33035269
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008877 -
Viruses Jun 2020The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two of the leading etiological agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections,... (Review)
Review
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and human Metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two of the leading etiological agents of acute lower respiratory tract infections, which constitute the main cause of mortality in infants. However, there are currently approved vaccines for neither hRSV nor hMPV. Moreover, despite the similarity between the pathology caused by both viruses, the immune response elicited by the host is different in each case. In this review, we discuss how dendritic cells, alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, innate lymphoid cells, and the complement system regulate both pathogenesis and the resolution of hRSV and hMPV infections. The roles that these cells play during infections by either of these viruses will help us to better understand the illnesses they cause. We also discuss several controversial findings, relative to some of these innate immune components. To better understand the inflammation in the lungs, the role of the respiratory epithelium in the recruitment of innate immune cells is briefly discussed. Finally, we review the main prophylactic strategies and current vaccine candidates against both hRSV and hMPV.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Killer Cells, Natural; Metapneumovirus; Neutrophils; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human
PubMed: 32545470
DOI: 10.3390/v12060637 -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Aug 2016This meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections in patients hospitalized for acute respiratory infection (ARI) and to... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
This meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of human metapneumovirus (hMPV) infections in patients hospitalized for acute respiratory infection (ARI) and to study factors associated with this prevalence. Medline and ScienceDirect databases were searched for prospective observational studies that screened hospitalized patients with ARI for hMPV by RT-PCR, with data available at December 27, 2014. The risk of bias was assessed regarding participation rate, definition of ARI, description of diagnostic technique, method of inclusion identical for all subjects, standardized and identical sampling method for all subjects, analysis performed according to the relevant subgroups, and presentation of data sources. Random-effect meta-analysis with arcsine transformation and meta-regressions was used. In the 75 articles included, the prevalence of hMPV among hospitalized ARI was 6.24% (95% CI 5.25-7.30). An effect of the duration of the inclusion period was observed (p=0.0114), with a higher prevalence of hMPV in studies conducted during periods of 7-11 months (10.56%, 95% CI 5.97-16.27) or complete years (7.55%, 95% CI 5.90-9.38) than in periods of 6 months or less (5.36%, 95% CI 4.29-6.54). A significant increase in the incidence with increasing distance from the equator was observed (p=0.0384). hMPV should be taken into account as a possible etiology in hospitalized ARI.
Topics: Hospitalization; Humans; Metapneumovirus; Paramyxoviridae Infections
PubMed: 27337518
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2016.05.015 -
PloS One 2023Paramyxoviruses are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that are associated with numerous diseases in humans and animals. J paramyxovirus (JPV) was first...
Paramyxoviruses are negative-sense, single-stranded RNA viruses that are associated with numerous diseases in humans and animals. J paramyxovirus (JPV) was first isolated from moribund mice (Mus musculus) with hemorrhagic lung lesions in Australia in 1972. In 2016, JPV was classified into the newly established genus Jeilongvirus. Novel jeilongviruses are being discovered worldwide in wildlife populations. However, the effects of jeilongvirus infection on host gene expression remains uncharacterized. To address this, cellular RNA from JPV-infected mouse fibroblasts was collected at 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 24, and 48 hours post-infection (hpi) and were sequenced using single-end 75 base pairs (SE75) sequencing chemistry on an Illumina NextSeq platform. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the virus-infected replicates and mock replicates at each timepoint were identified using the Tophat2-Cufflinks-Cuffdiff protocol. At 2 hpi, 11 DEGs were identified in JPV-infected cells, while 1,837 DEGs were detected at 48 hpi. A GO analysis determined that the genes at the earlier timepoints were involved in interferon responses, while there was a shift towards genes that are involved in antigen processing and presentation processes at the later timepoints. At 48 hpi, a KEGG analysis revealed that many of the DEGs detected were involved in pathways that are important for immune responses. qRT-PCR verified that Rtp4, Ifit3, Mx2, and Stat2 were all upregulated during JPV infection, while G0s2 was downregulated. After JPV infection, the expression of inflammatory and antiviral factors in mouse fibroblasts changes significantly. This study provides crucial insight into the different arms of host immunity that mediate Jeilongvirus infection. Understanding the pathogenic mechanisms of Jeilongvirus will lead to better strategies for the prevention and control of potential diseases that may arise from this group of viruses.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Mice; Paramyxovirinae; Paramyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Gene Expression; Australia; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation
PubMed: 37963152
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0294173