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Viruses Jul 2016Measles virus is a highly contagious negative strand RNA virus that is transmitted via the respiratory route and causes systemic disease in previously unexposed humans... (Review)
Review
Measles virus is a highly contagious negative strand RNA virus that is transmitted via the respiratory route and causes systemic disease in previously unexposed humans and non-human primates. Measles is characterised by fever and skin rash and usually associated with cough, coryza and conjunctivitis. A hallmark of measles is the transient immune suppression, leading to increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections. At the same time, the disease is paradoxically associated with induction of a robust virus-specific immune response, resulting in lifelong immunity to measles. Identification of CD150 and nectin-4 as cellular receptors for measles virus has led to new perspectives on tropism and pathogenesis. In vivo studies in non-human primates have shown that the virus initially infects CD150⁺ lymphocytes and dendritic cells, both in circulation and in lymphoid tissues, followed by virus transmission to nectin-4 expressing epithelial cells. The abilities of the virus to cause systemic infection, to transmit to numerous new hosts via droplets or aerosols and to suppress the host immune response for several months or even years after infection make measles a remarkable disease. This review briefly highlights current topics in studies of measles virus host invasion and pathogenesis.
Topics: Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Measles virus; Primates
PubMed: 27483301
DOI: 10.3390/v8080210 -
Cell Jul 2022Stem cell research endeavors to generate specific subtypes of classically defined "cell types." Here, we generate >90% pure human artery or vein endothelial cells from...
Stem cell research endeavors to generate specific subtypes of classically defined "cell types." Here, we generate >90% pure human artery or vein endothelial cells from pluripotent stem cells within 3-4 days. We specified artery cells by inhibiting vein-specifying signals and vice versa. These cells modeled viral infection of human vasculature by Nipah and Hendra viruses, which are extraordinarily deadly (∼57%-59% fatality rate) and require biosafety-level-4 containment. Generating pure populations of artery and vein cells highlighted that Nipah and Hendra viruses preferentially infected arteries; arteries expressed higher levels of their viral-entry receptor. Virally infected artery cells fused into syncytia containing up to 23 nuclei, which rapidly died. Despite infecting arteries and occupying ∼6%-17% of their transcriptome, Nipah and Hendra largely eluded innate immune detection, minimally eliciting interferon signaling. We thus efficiently generate artery and vein cells, introduce stem-cell-based toolkits for biosafety-level-4 virology, and explore the arterial tropism and cellular effects of Nipah and Hendra viruses.
Topics: Arteries; Endothelial Cells; Hendra Virus; Humans; Nipah Virus; Pluripotent Stem Cells; Tropism
PubMed: 35738284
DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.05.024 -
Open Veterinary Journal 2022Paramyxoviruses have been shown to infect a wide range of hosts, including rodents, and humans. Several novel murine paramyxoviruses have been discovered in the last... (Review)
Review
Paramyxoviruses have been shown to infect a wide range of hosts, including rodents, and humans. Several novel murine paramyxoviruses have been discovered in the last several decades. Although these viruses are unclassified, they are recognized as Beilong virus, Mojiang virus (MojV), and Tailam virus in rats, Jeilongvirus, Nariva, Paju Apodemus paramyxovirus-1 and -2 in mice, and Pentlands paramyxovirus-1, -2, and -3 in squirrels. These paramyxoviruses were reported mainly in China and a few other countries like Australia, the Republic of Korea, Trinidad, and France. In June 2012, it becomes a great concern in China whereby, three miners were reported dead potentially caused by a novel zoonotic MojV, a henipa-like virus isolated from tissue samples of rats from the same cave. Rats are considered to be natural hosts for the MojV from the literature research. The classified paramyxovirus, Sendai virus in rodents is also reviewed. Paramyxoviruses infection in rodents leads to respiratory distress such as necrotizing rhinitis, tracheitis, bronchiolitis, and interstitial pneumonia. Infections caused by paramyxoviruses often spread between species, manifesting disease in spillover hosts, including humans. This review focuses on the paramyxoviruses in rodents, including the epidemiological distributions, transmission and pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic methods, and control and prevention of paramyxoviruses infection to provide a better understanding of these highly mutating viruses.
Topics: Rats; Mice; Humans; Animals; Rodentia; Paramyxovirinae; Paramyxoviridae; Paramyxoviridae Infections
PubMed: 36650879
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2022.v12.i6.14 -
Viruses Nov 2019Morbilliviruses are important pathogens, to the point that they have shaped the history of human and animal health [...].
Morbilliviruses are important pathogens, to the point that they have shaped the history of human and animal health [...].
Topics: Animals; Humans; Morbillivirus; Virus Diseases; Virus Internalization; Virus Release; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31703308
DOI: 10.3390/v11111036 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Feb 2022In this review, we highlight the risk to livestock and humans from infections with henipaviruses, which belong to the virus family Paramyxoviridae. We provide a... (Review)
Review
In this review, we highlight the risk to livestock and humans from infections with henipaviruses, which belong to the virus family Paramyxoviridae. We provide a comprehensive overview of documented outbreaks of Nipah and Hendra virus infections affecting livestock and humans and assess the burden on the economy and health systems. In an increasingly globalized and interconnected world, attention must be paid to emerging viruses and infectious diseases, as transmission routes can be rapid and worldwide.
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Disease Outbreaks; Hendra Virus; Henipavirus Infections; Humans; Livestock; Nipah Virus; Viral Zoonoses
PubMed: 35180217
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010157 -
Uirusu 2012The genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae contains many pathogens, which are important for medicine or veterinary medicine. Because each morbillivirus has... (Review)
Review
The genus Morbillivirus in the family Paramyxoviridae contains many pathogens, which are important for medicine or veterinary medicine. Because each morbillivirus has restricted host range and serologically monotypic, the virus infection and transmission is effectively controlled by vaccinations and surveillance. Rinderpest virus has been eradicated in 2011, and elimination of measles virus progresses worldwide. Recently, a new cell receptor for measles virus, nectin4 was identified. Both SLAM, a molecule expressing on immune cells, and nectin4, a molecule expressing on epithelial cells, are important to infectivity and pathogenicity of the virus.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Distemper; Distemper Virus, Canine; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Epithelial Cells; Genetic Structures; Genome, Viral; Humans; Measles; Measles virus; Morbillivirus; Pneumovirinae; Protein Binding; Receptors, Virus; Rinderpest; Rinderpest virus; Virus Replication
PubMed: 24153228
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.62.175 -
Viruses Jan 2024Henipaviruses are a genus of emerging pathogens that includes the highly virulent Nipah and Hendra viruses that cause reoccurring outbreaks of disease. Henipaviruses... (Review)
Review
Henipaviruses are a genus of emerging pathogens that includes the highly virulent Nipah and Hendra viruses that cause reoccurring outbreaks of disease. Henipaviruses rely on two surface glycoproteins, known as the attachment and fusion proteins, to facilitate entry into host cells. As new and divergent members of the genus have been discovered and structurally characterized, key differences and similarities have been noted. This review surveys the available structural information on glycoproteins, complementing this with information from related biophysical and structural studies of the broader family of which Henipaviruses are members. The process of viral entry is a primary focus for vaccine and drug development, and this review aims to identify critical knowledge gaps in our understanding of the mechanisms that drive fusion.
Topics: Humans; Henipavirus; Nipah Virus; Henipavirus Infections; Glycoproteins; Hendra Virus
PubMed: 38399971
DOI: 10.3390/v16020195 -
Virus Genes Apr 2020The viruses historically implicated or currently considered as candidates for misuse in bioterrorist events are poxviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, orthomyxoviruses,... (Review)
Review
The viruses historically implicated or currently considered as candidates for misuse in bioterrorist events are poxviruses, filoviruses, bunyaviruses, orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses and a number of arboviruses causing encephalitis, including alpha- and flaviviruses. All these viruses are of concern for public health services when they occur in natural outbreaks or emerge in unvaccinated populations. Recent events and intelligence reports point to a growing risk of dangerous biological agents being used for nefarious purposes. Public health responses effective in natural outbreaks of infectious disease may not be sufficient to deal with the severe consequences of a deliberate release of such agents. One important aspect of countermeasures against viral biothreat agents are the antiviral treatment options available for use in post-exposure prophylaxis. These issues were adressed by the organizers of the 16th Medical Biodefense Conference, held in Munich in 2018, in a special session on the development of drugs to treat infections with viruses currently perceived as a threat to societies or associated with a potential for misuse as biothreat agents. This review will outline the state-of-the-art methods in antivirals research discussed and provide an overview of antiviral compounds in the pipeline that are already approved for use or still under development.
Topics: Antiviral Agents; Arboviruses; Bioterrorism; Filoviridae; Humans; Orthobunyavirus; Orthomyxoviridae; Paramyxovirinae; Poxviridae; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 32076918
DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01737-5 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Apr 2003Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) were first discovered in the late 1950s. Over the last decade, considerable knowledge about their molecular structure and function has... (Review)
Review
Human parainfluenza viruses (HPIV) were first discovered in the late 1950s. Over the last decade, considerable knowledge about their molecular structure and function has been accumulated. This has led to significant changes in both the nomenclature and taxonomic relationships of these viruses. HPIV is genetically and antigenically divided into types 1 to 4. Further major subtypes of HPIV-4 (A and B) and subgroups/genotypes of HPIV-1 and HPIV-3 have been described. HPIV-1 to HPIV-3 are major causes of lower respiratory infections in infants, young children, the immunocompromised, the chronically ill, and the elderly. Each subtype can cause somewhat unique clinical diseases in different hosts. HPIV are enveloped and of medium size (150 to 250 nm), and their RNA genome is in the negative sense. These viruses belong to the Paramyxoviridae family, one of the largest and most rapidly growing groups of viruses causing significant human and veterinary disease. HPIV are closely related to recently discovered megamyxoviruses (Hendra and Nipah viruses) and metapneumovirus.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human; Parainfluenza Virus 2, Human; Respirovirus Infections
PubMed: 12692097
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.16.2.242-264.2003 -
GeroScience Oct 2022Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses of the genus Henipavirus, family Paramyxoviridae that cause severe disease outbreaks in... (Review)
Review
Nipah virus (NiV) and Hendra virus (HeV) are highly pathogenic zoonotic viruses of the genus Henipavirus, family Paramyxoviridae that cause severe disease outbreaks in humans and also can infect and cause lethal disease across a broad range of mammalian species. Another related Henipavirus has been very recently identified in China in febrile patients with pneumonia, the Langya virus (LayV) of probable animal origin in shrews. NiV and HeV were first identified as the causative agents of severe respiratory and encephalitic disease in the 1990s across Australia and Southern Asia with mortality rates reaching up to 90%. They are responsible for rare and sporadic outbreaks with no approved treatment modalities. NiV and HeV have wide cellular tropism that contributes to their high pathogenicity. From their natural hosts bats, different scenarios propitiate their spillover to pigs, horses, and humans. Henipavirus-associated respiratory disease arises from vasculitis and respiratory epithelial cell infection while the neuropathogenesis of Henipavirus infection is still not completely understood but appears to arise from dual mechanisms of vascular disease and direct parenchymal brain infection. This brief review offers an overview of direct and indirect mechanisms of HeV and NiV pathogenicity and their interaction with the human immune system, as well as the main viral strategies to subvert such responses.
Topics: Humans; Animals; Swine; Horses; Public Health; Henipavirus Infections; Nipah Virus; Hendra Virus; Mammals
PubMed: 36219280
DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00670-9