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Microbiology and Immunology 2001A new role of the Paramyxovirus accessory proteins has been uncovered. The P gene of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae encodes accessory proteins including the V and/or C... (Review)
Review
A new role of the Paramyxovirus accessory proteins has been uncovered. The P gene of the subfamily Paramyxovirinae encodes accessory proteins including the V and/or C protein by means of pseudotemplated nucleotide addition (RNA editing) or by overlapping open reading frame. The Respirovirus (Sendai virus and human parainfluenza virus (hPIV)3) and Rubulavirus (simian virus (SV)5, SV41, mumps virus and hPIV2) circumvent the interferon (IFN) response by inhibiting IFN signaling. The responsible genes were mapped to the C gene for SeV and the V gene for rubulaviruses. On the other hand, wild type measles viruses isolated from clinical specimens suppress production of IFN, although responsible viral factors remain to be identified. Both human and bovine respiratory syncytial viruses (RSVs) counteract the antiviral effect of IFN with inhibiting neither IFN signaling nor IFN production. Bovine RSV NS1 and NS2 proteins cooperatively antagonize the antiviral effect of IFN. Studies on the molecular mechanism by which viruses circumvent the host IFN response will not only illustrate co-evolution of virus strategies of immune evasion but also provide basic information useful for engineering novel antiviral drugs as well as recombinant live vaccine.
Topics: Base Sequence; Humans; Interferons; Molecular Sequence Data; Respirovirus; Respirovirus Infections; Signal Transduction; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 11838896
DOI: 10.1111/j.1348-0421.2001.tb01315.x -
Viruses Oct 2019Canine distemper virus (CDV) and phocine distemper (PDV) are closely-related members of the family, genus , in the order . CDV has a broad host range among carnivores.... (Review)
Review
Canine distemper virus (CDV) and phocine distemper (PDV) are closely-related members of the family, genus , in the order . CDV has a broad host range among carnivores. PDV is thought to be derived from CDV through contact between terrestrial carnivores and seals. PDV has caused extensive mortality in Atlantic seals and other marine mammals, and more recently has spread to the North Pacific Ocean. CDV also infects marine carnivores, and there is evidence of infection of seals and other species in Antarctica. Recently, CDV has spread to felines and other wildlife species in the Serengeti and South Africa. Some CDV vaccines may also have caused wildlife disease. Changes in the virus haemagglutinin (H) protein, particularly the signaling lymphocyte activation molecule (SLAM) receptor binding site, correlate with adaptation to non-canine hosts. Differences in the phosphoprotein (P) gene sequences between disease and non-disease causing CDV strains may relate to pathogenicity in domestic dogs and wildlife. Of most concern are reports of CDV infection and disease in non-human primates raising the possibility of zoonosis. In this article we review the global occurrence of CDV and PDV, and present both historical and genetic information relating to these viruses crossing species barriers.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Cats; Cetacea; Climate Change; Distemper Virus, Canine; Distemper Virus, Phocine; Dogs; Host Specificity; Morbillivirus; Morbillivirus Infections; Pets; Primates; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 31615092
DOI: 10.3390/v11100944 -
Revue Scientifique Et Technique... Apr 2000The author provides an account of the discovery of a previously undescribed disease of horses and a description of the studies involved in determining the aetiology of... (Review)
Review
The author provides an account of the discovery of a previously undescribed disease of horses and a description of the studies involved in determining the aetiology of the disease. The causative virus, now named Hendra virus (HeV), is the reference virus for a proposed new genus within the virus family Paramyxoviridae. The virus is a lethal zoonotic agent able to cause natural disease in humans and horses and experimentally induced disease in cats, guinea-pigs and mice. The virus also naturally infects species of the family Megachiroptera, mainly subclinically, and such animals are the natural host of HeV. The virus appears to transmit readily between species of Megachiroptera, but not readily between horses under natural and experimental conditions, or from horses to humans. The method of transmission from bats to horses is not known. Three incidents of HeV disease in horses have been recorded in Australia--two in 1994 which caused the death of two humans and fifteen horses and one in 1999 which involved the death of a single horse. Hendra virus is related to Nipah virus, the virus that caused disease and mortality in humans, pigs, dogs and cats in Malaysia during 1998 and 1999.
Topics: Animals; Australia; Cats; Chiroptera; Disease Outbreaks; Guinea Pigs; Horse Diseases; Horses; Humans; Mice; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Paramyxovirinae; Zoonoses
PubMed: 11189712
DOI: 10.20506/rst.19.1.1203 -
Clinical Medicine (London, England) Sep 2022
Topics: Animals; Humans; Nipah Virus; Zoonoses
PubMed: 36507805
DOI: 10.7861/clinmed.Let.22.5.2 -
The Lancet. Microbe Dec 2023
Topics: Humans; Henipavirus; Henipavirus Infections; Nervous System Physiological Phenomena
PubMed: 37804851
DOI: 10.1016/S2666-5247(23)00295-1 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Nov 2000
Review
Topics: Animals; Asia; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Democratic Republic of the Congo; Disease Outbreaks; Disease Reservoirs; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Hantavirus Infections; Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola; Hong Kong; Humans; Malaysia; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Paramyxoviridae Infections; Paramyxovirinae; RNA Virus Infections; Sudan; Swine
PubMed: 11035785
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.210382297 -
Current Opinion in Virology Apr 2012The henipaviruses, Hendra virus and Nipah virus, are classic examples of recently emerged viral zoonoses. In a relatively short time since their discoveries in the mid... (Review)
Review
The henipaviruses, Hendra virus and Nipah virus, are classic examples of recently emerged viral zoonoses. In a relatively short time since their discoveries in the mid and late 1990s, respectively, a great deal of new information has been accumulated detailing their biology and certain unique characteristics. Their broad species tropism and abilities to cause severe and often fatal respiratory and/or neurologic disease in both animals and humans has sparked considerable interest in developing effective antiviral strategies to prevent or treat henipavirus infection and disease. Here, recent findings on the few most advanced henipavirus countermeasures are summarized and discussed.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Disease Outbreaks; Henipavirus; Henipavirus Infections; Humans
PubMed: 22482714
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2012.02.016 -
Viruses Jun 2019Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a worldwide distributed virus which belongs to the genus within the family. CDV spreads through the lymphatic, epithelial, and nervous... (Review)
Review
Canine distemper virus (CDV) is a worldwide distributed virus which belongs to the genus within the family. CDV spreads through the lymphatic, epithelial, and nervous systems of domestic dogs and wildlife, in at least six orders and over 20 families of mammals. Due to the high morbidity and mortality rates and broad host range, understanding the epidemiology of CDV is not only important for its control in domestic animals, but also for the development of reliable wildlife conservation strategies. The present review aims to give an outlook of the multiple evolutionary landscapes and factors involved in the transmission of CDV by including epidemiological data from multiple species in urban, wild and peri-urban settings, not only in domestic animal populations but at the wildlife interface. It is clear that different epidemiological scenarios can lead to the presence of CDV in wildlife even in the absence of infection in domestic populations, highlighting the role of CDV in different domestic or wild species without clinical signs of disease mainly acting as reservoirs (peridomestic and mesocarnivores) that are often found in peridomestic habits triggering CDV epidemics. Another scenario is driven by mutations, which generate genetic variation on which random drift and natural selection can act, shaping the genetic structure of CDV populations leading to some fitness compensations between hosts and driving the evolution of specialist and generalist traits in CDV populations. In this scenario, the highly variable protein hemagglutinin (H) determines the cellular and host tropism by binding to signaling lymphocytic activation molecule (SLAM) and nectin-4 receptors of the host; however, the multiple evolutionary events that may have facilitated CDV adaptation to different hosts must be evaluated by complete genome sequencing. This review is focused on the study of CDV interspecies transmission by examining molecular and epidemiological reports based on sequences of the hemagglutinin gene and the growing body of studies of the complete genome; emphasizing the importance of long-term multidisciplinary research that tracks CDV in the presence or absence of clinical signs in wild species, and helping to implement strategies to mitigate the infection. Integrated research incorporating the experience of wildlife managers, behavioral and conservation biologists, veterinarians, virologists, and immunologists (among other scientific areas) and the inclusion of several wild and domestic species is essential for understanding the intricate epidemiological dynamics of CDV in its multiple host infections.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Distemper; Distemper Virus, Canine; Dogs; Evolution, Molecular; Host Specificity; Phylogeny
PubMed: 31247987
DOI: 10.3390/v11070582 -
Nature Reviews. Microbiology Jan 2006Hendra virus and Nipah virus are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that have recently emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and... (Review)
Review
Hendra virus and Nipah virus are highly pathogenic paramyxoviruses that have recently emerged from flying foxes to cause serious disease outbreaks in humans and livestock in Australia, Malaysia, Singapore and Bangladesh. Their unique genetic constitution, high virulence and wide host range set them apart from other paramyxoviruses. These features led to their classification into the new genus Henipavirus within the family Paramyxoviridae and to their designation as Biosafety Level 4 pathogens. This review provides an overview of henipaviruses and the types of infection they cause, and describes how studies on the structure and function of henipavirus proteins expressed from cloned genes have provided insights into the unique biological properties of these emerging human pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Genome, Viral; Hendra Virus; Henipavirus Infections; Humans; Microscopy, Electron; Nipah Virus; Signal Transduction; Viral Proteins; Virulence
PubMed: 16357858
DOI: 10.1038/nrmicro1323 -
Viruses Nov 2016The measles virus (MeV) is a contagious pathogenic RNA virus of the family , genus , that can cause serious symptoms and even fetal complications. Here, we summarize... (Review)
Review
The measles virus (MeV) is a contagious pathogenic RNA virus of the family , genus , that can cause serious symptoms and even fetal complications. Here, we summarize current molecular advances in MeV research, and emphasize the connection between host cells and MeV replication. Although measles has reemerged recently, the potential for its eradication is promising with significant progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of its replication and host-pathogen interactions.
Topics: Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Measles virus; Virus Replication
PubMed: 27854326
DOI: 10.3390/v8110308