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Viruses Apr 2019Parvoviruses, infecting vertebrates and invertebrates, are a family of single-stranded DNA viruses with small, non-enveloped capsids with T = 1 icosahedral symmetry. A... (Review)
Review
Parvoviruses, infecting vertebrates and invertebrates, are a family of single-stranded DNA viruses with small, non-enveloped capsids with T = 1 icosahedral symmetry. A quarter of a century after the first parvovirus capsid structure was published, approximately 100 additional structures have been analyzed. This first structure was that of Canine Parvovirus, and it initiated the practice of structure-to-function correlation for the family. Despite high diversity in the capsid viral protein (VP) sequence, the structural topologies of all parvoviral capsids are conserved. However, surface loops inserted between the core secondary structure elements vary in conformation that enables the assembly of unique capsid surface morphologies within individual genera. These variations enable each virus to establish host niches by allowing host receptor attachment, specific tissue tropism, and antigenic diversity. This review focuses on the diversity among the parvoviruses with respect to the transcriptional strategy of the encoded VPs, the advances in capsid structure-function annotation, and therapeutic developments facilitated by the available structures.
Topics: Animals; Capsid Proteins; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Crystallography, X-Ray; Humans; Models, Molecular; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Protein Conformation; Protein Structure, Secondary
PubMed: 31010002
DOI: 10.3390/v11040362 -
Viruses Jun 2021Parvovirus infections in cats have been well known for around 100 years. Recently, the use of molecular assays and metagenomic approaches for virus discovery and... (Review)
Review
Parvovirus infections in cats have been well known for around 100 years. Recently, the use of molecular assays and metagenomic approaches for virus discovery and characterization has led to the detection of novel parvovirus lineages and/or species infecting the feline host. However, the involvement of emerging parvoviruses in the onset of gastroenteritis or other feline diseases is still uncertain.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Domestic; Cat Diseases; Cats; Metagenomics; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Phylogeny
PubMed: 34200079
DOI: 10.3390/v13061077 -
Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Apr 2002Viral infections are serious battles between pathogens and hosts. They can result in cell death, elimination of the virus or latent infection keeping both cells and... (Review)
Review
Viral infections are serious battles between pathogens and hosts. They can result in cell death, elimination of the virus or latent infection keeping both cells and pathogens alive. The outcome of an infection is often determined by cell signalling. Viruses deliver genomes and proteins with signalling potential into target cells and thereby alter the metabolism of the host. Virus interactions with cell surface receptors can elicit two types of signals, conformational changes of viral particles, and intracellular signals triggering specific cellular reactions. Responses by cells include stimulation of innate and adaptive immunity, growth, proliferation, survival and apoptosis. In addition, virus-activated cell signalling boosts viral entry and gene delivery, as recently shon for adenoviruses and adeno-associated viruses. This review illustrates that multiple activation of host cells during viral entry profoundly impacts the elaborate relationship between hosts and viral pathogens.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Animals; Cell Survival; Endocytosis; Humans; MAP Kinase Signaling System; Mice; Parvovirus; Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras); Receptors, Virus; Signal Transduction; Virion; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 12022470
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-002-8453-3 -
Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine Nov 2022Equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H) is highly prevalent and causes subclinical to fatal hepatitis, which can occur in outbreaks. Whereas iatrogenic transmission is well...
BACKGROUND
Equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H) is highly prevalent and causes subclinical to fatal hepatitis, which can occur in outbreaks. Whereas iatrogenic transmission is well documented, the mode of horizontal transmission is not known. The virus is shed in nasal, oral and fecal secretions, and PO transmission has been reported in a single horse.
HYPOTHESIS/OBJECTIVE
Investigate the efficiency of PO and nasal transmission of EqPV-H in a larger cohort.
METHODS
Prospective experimental transmission study. Eleven EqPV-H-negative horses were inoculated with 5 × 10 genome equivalents EqPV-H. Serum PCR and serology for EqPV-H were performed weekly and monthly, respectively. Horses first were inoculated PO, and then intranasally 8 weeks later.
RESULTS
No horse became viremic or seroconverted within 8 weeks after PO inoculation. After intranasal inoculation, 5 horses became viremic within 6 to 12 weeks and seroconverted within 10 to 19 weeks. After a period without monitoring from 12 to 19 weeks postinoculation, another 5 horses were found to be viremic at 19 to 22 weeks. The second set of 5 horses could have been infected by horizontal transmission from the first 5 because of cohousing.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE
We demonstrated that EqPV-H can be transmitted nasally. The prolonged eclipse phase before detectable viremia indicates biosecurity measures to control spread could be impractical.
Topics: Horses; Animals; Parvovirus; Parvoviridae Infections; Hepatitis, Viral, Animal; Horse Diseases; Prospective Studies; Hepatitis
PubMed: 36250682
DOI: 10.1111/jvim.16569 -
PLoS Pathogens May 2014
Review
Topics: Animals; Communicable Diseases, Emerging; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Virus Latency
PubMed: 24789326
DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004036 -
Viruses Dec 2017Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is among the most important infectious agents causing infertility in pigs. Until recently, it was thought that the virus had low genetic... (Review)
Review
Porcine parvovirus (PPV) is among the most important infectious agents causing infertility in pigs. Until recently, it was thought that the virus had low genetic variance, and that prevention of its harmful effect on pig fertility could be well-controlled by vaccination. However, at the beginning of the third millennium, field observations raised concerns about the effectiveness of the available vaccines against newly emerging strains. Subsequent investigations radically changed our view on the evolution and immunology of PPV, revealing that the virus is much more diverse than it was earlier anticipated, and that some of the "new" highly virulent isolates cannot be neutralized effectively by antisera raised against "old" PPV vaccine strains. These findings revitalized PPV research that led to significant advancements in the understanding of early and late viral processes during PPV infection. Our review summarizes the recent results of PPV research and aims to give a comprehensive update on the present understanding of PPV biology.
Topics: Animals; Disease Transmission, Infectious; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Porcine; Swine; Swine Diseases; Vaccination; Veterinary Medicine; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 29261104
DOI: 10.3390/v9120393 -
Archives of Virology Apr 2022Canine bufavirus (CBuV), a novel protoparvovirus of dogs that is associated with enteric and respiratory symptoms, has been reported only in Italy and China. The enteric...
Canine bufavirus (CBuV), a novel protoparvovirus of dogs that is associated with enteric and respiratory symptoms, has been reported only in Italy and China. The enteric prevalence of CBuV in India was investigated, and the nearly complete genome sequence (4292 bp) was amplified and reconstructed for one strain. A nucleotide sequence alignment indicated 93.42-98.81% identity to the other available CBuV sequences and 70.88-73.39% and 54.4-54.8% identity to human bufavirus and canine parvovirus 2 (CPV-2), respectively. The current strain is most closely related to Chinese CBuV strains, which together form an Asian lineage. This first report of the prevalence of CBuV in India emphasizes the need for further epidemiological surveillance.
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Parvovirus, Canine; Phylogeny
PubMed: 35235060
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05398-7 -
Virology Journal Jan 2015Accumulated evidence gathered over recent decades demonstrated that some members of the Parvoviridae family, in particular the rodent protoparvoviruses H-1PV, the minute... (Review)
Review
Accumulated evidence gathered over recent decades demonstrated that some members of the Parvoviridae family, in particular the rodent protoparvoviruses H-1PV, the minute virus of mice and LuIII have natural anticancer activity while being nonpathogenic to humans. These studies have laid the foundations for the launch of a first phase I/IIa clinical trial, in which the rat H-1 parvovirus is presently undergoing evaluation for its safety and first signs of efficacy in patients with glioblastoma multiforme. After a brief overview of the biology of parvoviruses, this review focuses on the studies which unraveled the antineoplastic properties of these agents and supported their clinical use as anticancer therapeutics. Furthermore, the development of novel parvovirus-based anticancer strategies with enhanced specificity and efficacy is discussed, in particular the development of second and third generation vectors and the combination of parvoviruses with other anticancer agents. Lastly, we address the key challenges that remain towards a more rational and efficient use of oncolytic parvoviruses in clinical settings, and discuss how a better understanding of the virus life-cycle and of the cellular factors involved in virus infection, replication and cytotoxicity may promote the further development of parvovirus-based anticancer therapies, open new prospects for treatment and hopefully improve clinical outcome.
Topics: Animals; Clinical Trials, Phase I as Topic; Clinical Trials, Phase II as Topic; Humans; Neoplasms; Oncolytic Virotherapy; Oncolytic Viruses; Parvovirus
PubMed: 25630937
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-014-0223-y -
Virology Journal Oct 2021In line with the Latin expression "sed parva forti" meaning "small but mighty," the family Parvoviridae contains many of the smallest known viruses, some of which result... (Review)
Review
In line with the Latin expression "sed parva forti" meaning "small but mighty," the family Parvoviridae contains many of the smallest known viruses, some of which result in fatal or debilitating infections. In recent years, advances in metagenomic viral discovery techniques have dramatically increased the identification of novel parvoviruses in both diseased and healthy individuals. While some of these discoveries have solved etiologic mysteries of well-described diseases in animals, many of the newly discovered parvoviruses appear to cause mild or no disease, or disease associations remain to be established. With the increased use of animal parvoviruses as vectors for gene therapy and oncolytic treatments in humans, it becomes all the more important to understand the diversity, pathogenic potential, and evolution of this diverse family of viruses. In this review, we discuss parvoviruses infecting vertebrate animals, with a special focus on pathogens of veterinary significance and viruses discovered within the last four years.
Topics: Animals; Metagenomics; Parvoviridae; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Phylogeny
PubMed: 34689822
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01677-y -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jul 2018Development of next-generation sequencing and metagenomics has revolutionized detection of novel viruses. Among these viruses are 3 human protoparvoviruses: bufavirus,...
Development of next-generation sequencing and metagenomics has revolutionized detection of novel viruses. Among these viruses are 3 human protoparvoviruses: bufavirus, tusavirus, and cutavirus. These viruses have been detected in feces of children with diarrhea. In addition, cutavirus has been detected in skin biopsy specimens of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma patients in France and in 1 melanoma patient in Denmark. We studied seroprevalences of IgG against bufavirus, tusavirus, and cutavirus in various populations (n = 840), and found a striking geographic difference in prevalence of bufavirus IgG. Although prevalence was low in adult populations in Finland (1.9%) and the United States (3.6%), bufavirus IgG was highly prevalent in populations in Iraq (84.8%), Iran (56.1%), and Kenya (72.3%). Conversely, cutavirus IgG showed evenly low prevalences (0%-5.6%) in all cohorts, and tusavirus IgG was not detected. These results provide new insights on the global distribution and endemic areas of protoparvoviruses.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies, Viral; Cross Reactions; Female; Global Health; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Male; Middle Aged; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Population Surveillance; Young Adult
PubMed: 29912685
DOI: 10.3201/eid2407.172128