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Viruses Oct 2023Viral disinfection is important for medical facilities, the food industry, and the veterinary field, especially in terms of controlling virus outbreaks. Therefore,... (Review)
Review
Viral disinfection is important for medical facilities, the food industry, and the veterinary field, especially in terms of controlling virus outbreaks. Therefore, standardized methods and activity levels are available for these areas. Usually, disinfectants used in these areas are characterized by their activity against test organisms (i.e., viruses, bacteria, and/or yeasts). This activity is usually determined using a suspension test in which the test organism is incubated with the respective disinfectant in solution to assess its bactericidal, yeasticidal, or virucidal activity. In addition, carrier methods that more closely reflect real-world applications have been developed, in which microorganisms are applied to the surface of a carrier (e.g., stainless steel frosted glass, or polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) and then dried. However, to date, no standardized methods have become available for addressing genetically modified vectors or disinfection-resistant oncolytic viruses such as the H1-parvovirus. Particularly, such non-enveloped viruses, which are highly resistant to disinfectants, are not taken into account in European standards. This article proposes a new activity claim known as "virucidal activity PLUS", summarizes the available methods for evaluating the virucidal activity of chemical disinfectants against genetically modified organisms (GMOs) using current European standards, including the activity against highly resistant parvoviridae such as the adeno-associated virus (AAV), and provides guidance on the selection of disinfectants for pharmaceutical manufacturers, laboratories, and clinical users.
Topics: Humans; Disinfectants; Disinfection; Viruses; Parvovirus; Parvoviridae Infections
PubMed: 38005856
DOI: 10.3390/v15112179 -
Virology Journal Oct 2021In line with the Latin expression "sed parva forti" meaning "small but mighty," the family Parvoviridae contains many of the smallest known viruses, some of which result... (Review)
Review
In line with the Latin expression "sed parva forti" meaning "small but mighty," the family Parvoviridae contains many of the smallest known viruses, some of which result in fatal or debilitating infections. In recent years, advances in metagenomic viral discovery techniques have dramatically increased the identification of novel parvoviruses in both diseased and healthy individuals. While some of these discoveries have solved etiologic mysteries of well-described diseases in animals, many of the newly discovered parvoviruses appear to cause mild or no disease, or disease associations remain to be established. With the increased use of animal parvoviruses as vectors for gene therapy and oncolytic treatments in humans, it becomes all the more important to understand the diversity, pathogenic potential, and evolution of this diverse family of viruses. In this review, we discuss parvoviruses infecting vertebrate animals, with a special focus on pathogens of veterinary significance and viruses discovered within the last four years.
Topics: Animals; Metagenomics; Parvoviridae; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Phylogeny
PubMed: 34689822
DOI: 10.1186/s12985-021-01677-y -
Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in... Feb 2013Parvoviruses have a linear single-stranded DNA genome, around 5 kb in length, with short imperfect terminal palindromes that fold back on themselves to form duplex... (Review)
Review
Parvoviruses have a linear single-stranded DNA genome, around 5 kb in length, with short imperfect terminal palindromes that fold back on themselves to form duplex hairpin telomeres. These contain most of the cis-acting information required for viral "rolling hairpin" DNA replication, an evolutionary adaptation of rolling-circle synthesis in which the hairpins create duplex replication origins, prime complementary strand synthesis, and act as hinges to reverse the direction of the unidirectional cellular fork. Genomes are packaged vectorially into small, rugged protein capsids ~260 Å in diameter, which mediate their delivery directly into the cell nucleus, where they await their host cell's entry into S phase under its own cell cycle control. Here we focus on genus-specific variations in genome structure and replication, and review host cell responses that modulate the nuclear environment.
Topics: DNA Damage; DNA Replication; DNA, Viral; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Parvovirus; Virus Replication
PubMed: 23293137
DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a012989 -
Archives of Virology Apr 2022In this study, a novel parvovirus (zander/M5/2015/HUN, OK236393) was detected in faecal specimens from a fish - zander or pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) - and...
In this study, a novel parvovirus (zander/M5/2015/HUN, OK236393) was detected in faecal specimens from a fish - zander or pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) - and genetically characterized using viral metagenomics and PCR methods. The NS1 and VP1 proteins of zander/M5/2015/HUN share <30% aa sequence identity, respectively, with the corresponding proteins of known members of the family Parvoviridae. Out of 62 faecal specimens collected from 13 freshwater fish species, three (4.8%) samples were positive by PCR for the novel parvovirus - all from zander. This is the second parvovirus detected in fish - after the disease-causing tilapia parvovirus of the subfamily Hamaparvovirinae - and it potentially represents a novel genus in the subfamily Parvovirinae.
Topics: Animals; Fresh Water; Parvoviridae; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirinae; Parvovirus
PubMed: 35278130
DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05419-5 -
Viral Immunology 2021The parvoviruses are small nonenveloped single stranded DNA viruses that constitute members that range from apathogenic to pathogenic in humans and animals. The... (Review)
Review
The parvoviruses are small nonenveloped single stranded DNA viruses that constitute members that range from apathogenic to pathogenic in humans and animals. The infection with a parvovirus results in the generation of antibodies against the viral capsid by the host immune system to eliminate the virus and to prevent re-infection. For members currently either being developed as delivery vectors for gene therapy applications or as oncolytic biologics for tumor therapy, efforts are aimed at combating the detrimental effects of pre-existing or post-treatment antibodies that can eliminate therapeutic benefits. Therefore, understanding antigenic epitopes of parvoviruses can provide crucial information for the development of vaccination applications and engineering novel capsids able to escape antibody recognition. This review aims to capture the information for the binding regions of ∼30 capsid-antibody complex structures of different parvovirus capsids determined to date by cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction. The comparison of all complex structures revealed the conservation of antigenic regions among parvoviruses from different genera despite low sequence identity and indicates that the available data can be used across the family for vaccine development and capsid engineering.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Epitopes; Humans; Parvovirus; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 32315582
DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0022 -
Infection, Genetics and Evolution :... Sep 2019Detection of infectious viral agents has been on the increase globally with the advent and usage of more sensitive and selective novel molecular techniques in the... (Review)
Review
Detection of infectious viral agents has been on the increase globally with the advent and usage of more sensitive and selective novel molecular techniques in the epidemiological study of viral diseases of economic importance to the swine industry. The observation is not different for the pig-infecting member of the subfamily Parvovirinae in the family Parvoviridae as the application of novel molecular methods like metagenomics has brought about the detection of many other novel members of the group. Surprisingly, the list keeps increasing day by day with some of them possessing zoonotic potentials. In the last one decade, not less than ten novel swine-infecting viruses have been added to the subfamily, and ceaseless efforts have been in top gear to determine the occurrence and prevalence of the old and new swine parvoviruses in herds of pig-producing countries worldwide. The story, however, is on the contrary on the African continent as there is presently a dearth of information on surveillance initiatives of the viruses among swine herds of pig-producing countries in the region. Timely detection and characterization of the viral pathogens is highly imperative for the implementation of effective control and prevention of its spread. This review therefore presents a concise overview on the epidemiology of novel porcine parvoviruses globally and also provides up-to-date highlights on the reported cases of the viral agents in the African sub-region.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 31048075
DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2019.04.029 -
GigaScience Dec 2022With the development of viral metagenomics and next-generation sequencing technology, more and more novel parvoviruses have been identified in recent years, including...
With the development of viral metagenomics and next-generation sequencing technology, more and more novel parvoviruses have been identified in recent years, including even entirely new lineages. The Parvoviridae family includes a different group of viruses that can infect a wide variety of animals. In this study, systematic analysis was performed to identify the "dark matter" (datasets that cannot be easily attributed to known viruses) of parvoviruses and to explore their genetic diversity from wild birds' cloacal swab samples. We have tentatively defined this parvovirus "dark matter" as a highly divergent lineage in the Parvoviridae family. All parvoviruses showed several characteristics, including 2 major protein-coding genes and similar genome lengths. Moreover, we observed that the novel parvo-like viruses share similar genome organizations to most viruses in Parvoviridae but could not clustered with the established subfamilies in phylogenetic analysis. We also found some new members associated with the Bidnaviridae family, which may be derived from parvovirus. This suggests that systematic analysis of domestic and wild animal samples is necessary to explore the genetic diversity of parvoviruses and to mine for more of this potential dark matter.
Topics: Animals; Animals, Wild; Phylogeny; Cloaca; Parvovirus; Parvoviridae Infections; Birds; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
PubMed: 36734170
DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giad001 -
Virus Genes Jun 2016Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) can cause acute haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs and myocarditis in puppies. This disease has become one of the most serious infectious...
Canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) can cause acute haemorrhagic enteritis in dogs and myocarditis in puppies. This disease has become one of the most serious infectious diseases of dogs. During 2014 in China, there were many cases of acute infectious diarrhoea in dogs. Some faecal samples were negative for the CPV-2 antigen based on a colloidal gold test strip but were positive based on PCR, and a viral strain was isolated from one such sample. The cytopathic effect on susceptible cells and the results of the immunoperoxidase monolayer assay, PCR, and sequencing indicated that the pathogen was CPV-2. The strain was named CPV-NY-14, and the full-length genome was sequenced and analysed. A maximum likelihood tree was constructed using the full-length genome and all available CPV-2 genomes. New strains have replaced the original strain in Taiwan and Italy, although the CPV-2a strain is still predominant there. However, CPV-2a still causes many cases of acute infectious diarrhoea in dogs in China.
Topics: Animals; China; Chromosome Mapping; DNA, Viral; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Evolution, Molecular; Feces; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA
PubMed: 27038801
DOI: 10.1007/s11262-016-1309-y -
Emerging Microbes & Infections 2020Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has recently been associated with cases of Theiler's disease, a form of fulminant hepatic necrosis in horses. To assess whether...
Equine parvovirus-hepatitis (EqPV-H) has recently been associated with cases of Theiler's disease, a form of fulminant hepatic necrosis in horses. To assess whether EqPV-H is the cause of Theiler's disease, we first demonstrated hepatotropism by PCR on tissues from acutely infected horses. We then experimentally inoculated horses with EqPV-H and 8 of 10 horses developed hepatitis. One horse showed clinical signs of liver failure. The onset of hepatitis was temporally associated with seroconversion and a decline in viremia. Liver histology and hybridization showed lymphocytic infiltrates and necrotic EqPV-H-infected hepatocytes. We next investigated potential modes of transmission. Iatrogenic transmission via allogeneic stem cell therapy for orthopedic injuries was previously suggested in a case series of Theiler's disease, and was demonstrated here for the first time. Vertical transmission and mechanical vectoring by horse fly bites could not be demonstrated in this study, potentially due to limited sample size. We found EqPV-H shedding in oral and nasal secretions, and in feces. Importantly, we could demonstrate EqPV-H transmission via oral inoculation with viremic serum. Together, our findings provide additional information that EqPV-H is the likely cause of Theiler's disease and that transmission of EqPV-H occurs via both iatrogenic and natural routes.
Topics: Animals; Diptera; Feces; Female; Hepatitis, Viral, Animal; Hepatocytes; Horse Diseases; Horses; Infectious Disease Transmission, Vertical; Insect Vectors; Liver; Lymphocytes; Male; Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplantation; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Mouth; Necrosis; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Viral Tropism; Viremia; Virus Shedding
PubMed: 32192415
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2020.1741326 -
Viruses Jun 2023Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) are genomic DNA sequences derived from viruses. Some EVEs have open reading frames (ORFs) that can express proteins with physiological...
Endogenous viral elements (EVEs) are genomic DNA sequences derived from viruses. Some EVEs have open reading frames (ORFs) that can express proteins with physiological roles in their host. Furthermore, some EVEs exhibit a protective role against exogenous viral infection in their host. Endogenous parvoviral elements (EPVs) are highly represented in mammalian genomes, and although some of them contain ORFs, their function is unknown. We have shown that the locus , an EPV with an intact ORF, is transcribed in (degu). Here we examine the antiviral activity of the protein encoded in this EPV, named DeRep. DeRep was produced in bacteria and used to generate antibodies that recognize DeRep in western blots of degu tissue. To test if DeRep could protect against exogenous parvovirus, we challenged cells with the minute virus of mice (MVM), a model autonomous parvovirus. We observed that MVM protein expression, DNA damage induced by replication, viral DNA, and cytopathic effects are reduced when DeRep is expressed in cells. The results of this study demonstrate that DeRep is expressed in degu and can inhibit parvovirus replication. This is the first time that an EPV has been shown to have antiviral activity against an exogenous virus.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Antiviral Agents; Parvovirus; Parvoviridae Infections; Genome; Viruses; Mammals
PubMed: 37515112
DOI: 10.3390/v15071420