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Viral Immunology 2021The parvoviruses are small nonenveloped single stranded DNA viruses that constitute members that range from apathogenic to pathogenic in humans and animals. The... (Review)
Review
The parvoviruses are small nonenveloped single stranded DNA viruses that constitute members that range from apathogenic to pathogenic in humans and animals. The infection with a parvovirus results in the generation of antibodies against the viral capsid by the host immune system to eliminate the virus and to prevent re-infection. For members currently either being developed as delivery vectors for gene therapy applications or as oncolytic biologics for tumor therapy, efforts are aimed at combating the detrimental effects of pre-existing or post-treatment antibodies that can eliminate therapeutic benefits. Therefore, understanding antigenic epitopes of parvoviruses can provide crucial information for the development of vaccination applications and engineering novel capsids able to escape antibody recognition. This review aims to capture the information for the binding regions of ∼30 capsid-antibody complex structures of different parvovirus capsids determined to date by cryo-electron microscopy and three-dimensional image reconstruction. The comparison of all complex structures revealed the conservation of antigenic regions among parvoviruses from different genera despite low sequence identity and indicates that the available data can be used across the family for vaccine development and capsid engineering.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Viral; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Cryoelectron Microscopy; Epitopes; Humans; Parvovirus; Vaccine Development
PubMed: 32315582
DOI: 10.1089/vim.2020.0022 -
Viruses Jul 2021Since its first discovery by Arnold Theiler in 1918, serum hepatitis also known as Theiler's disease has been reported worldwide, causing idiopathic acute hepatitis and...
Since its first discovery by Arnold Theiler in 1918, serum hepatitis also known as Theiler's disease has been reported worldwide, causing idiopathic acute hepatitis and liver failure in horses. Recent studies have suggested a novel parvovirus, named equine parvovirus hepatitis (EqPV-H), to be associated with Theiler's disease. Despite the severity and potential fatality of EqPV-H infection, little is known about the possibility of developing chronic infections and putative cross-species infection of equine sister species. In the present longitudinal study, we employed qPCR analysis, serology, and biochemical testing as well as pathology examination of liver biopsies and sequence analysis to investigate potential chronic EqPV-H infection in an isolated study cohort of in total 124 horses from Germany over five years (2013-2018). Importantly, our data suggest that EqPV-H viremia can become chronic in infected horses that do not show biochemical and pathological signs of liver disease. Phylogenetic analysis by maximum likelihood model also confirms high sequence similarity and nucleotide conservation of the multidomain nuclear phosphoprotein NS1 sequences from equine serum samples collected between 2013-2018. Moreover, by examining human, zebra, and donkey sera for the presence of EqPV-H DNA and VP1 capsid protein antibodies, we found evidence for cross-species infection in donkey, but not to human and zebra. In conclusion, this study provides proof for the occurrence of persistent EqPV-H infection in asymptomatic horses and cross-species EqPV-H detection in donkeys.
Topics: Animals; Biopsy; Cohort Studies; DNA, Viral; Hepatitis, Viral, Animal; Horse Diseases; Horses; Liver; Longitudinal Studies; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Persistent Infection; Phylogeny; Viremia
PubMed: 34452320
DOI: 10.3390/v13081454 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Jul 2018Development of next-generation sequencing and metagenomics has revolutionized detection of novel viruses. Among these viruses are 3 human protoparvoviruses: bufavirus,...
Development of next-generation sequencing and metagenomics has revolutionized detection of novel viruses. Among these viruses are 3 human protoparvoviruses: bufavirus, tusavirus, and cutavirus. These viruses have been detected in feces of children with diarrhea. In addition, cutavirus has been detected in skin biopsy specimens of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma patients in France and in 1 melanoma patient in Denmark. We studied seroprevalences of IgG against bufavirus, tusavirus, and cutavirus in various populations (n = 840), and found a striking geographic difference in prevalence of bufavirus IgG. Although prevalence was low in adult populations in Finland (1.9%) and the United States (3.6%), bufavirus IgG was highly prevalent in populations in Iraq (84.8%), Iran (56.1%), and Kenya (72.3%). Conversely, cutavirus IgG showed evenly low prevalences (0%-5.6%) in all cohorts, and tusavirus IgG was not detected. These results provide new insights on the global distribution and endemic areas of protoparvoviruses.
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies, Viral; Cross Reactions; Female; Global Health; Humans; Immunoglobulin G; Male; Middle Aged; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Population Surveillance; Young Adult
PubMed: 29912685
DOI: 10.3201/eid2407.172128 -
Journal of Virology Mar 2019Parvovirus-derived endogenous viral elements (EVEs) have been found in the genomes of many different animal species, resulting from integration events that may have...
Parvovirus-derived endogenous viral elements (EVEs) have been found in the genomes of many different animal species, resulting from integration events that may have occurred from more than 50 million years ago to much more recently. Here, we further investigate the properties of autonomous parvovirus EVEs and describe their relationships to contemporary viruses. While we did not find any intact capsid protein open reading frames in the integrated viral sequences, we examined three EVEs that were repaired to form full-length sequences with relatively few changes. These sequences were found in the genomes of (brown rat), (Algerian mouse), and (wood mouse). The sequence was not present in the genomes of the closely related species , , , and , indicating that it was less than 2 million years old, and the and sequences were not found in the published genomes of other mouse species, also indicating relatively recent insertions. The VP2 sequence assembled into capsids, which had high thermal stability, bound the sialic acid -acetylneuraminic acid, and entered murine L cells. The 3.89-Å structure of the virus-like particles (VLPs), determined using cryo-electron microscopy, showed similarities to rodent and porcine parvovirus capsids. The repaired VP2 sequences from and did not assemble as first prepared, but chimeras combining capsid surface loops from with canine parvovirus assembled, allowing some of that capsid's structures and functions to be examined. Parvovirus endogenous viral elements (EVEs) that have been incorporated into the genomes of different animals represent remnants of the DNA sequences of ancient viruses that infected the ancestors of those animals millions of years ago, but we know little about their properties or how they differ from currently circulating parvoviruses. By expressing the capsid proteins of different parvovirus EVEs that were found integrated into the genomes of three different rodents, we can examine their structures and functions. A VP2 (major capsid protein) EVE sequence from a mouse genome assembled into capsids that had a similar structure and biophysical properties to extant parvoviruses and also bound sialic acids and entered rodent cells. Chimeras formed from combinations of canine parvovirus and portions of the parvovirus sequences from the brown rat genome allowed us to examine the structures and functions of the surface loops of that EVE capsid.
Topics: Animals; Capsid; Capsid Proteins; Cats; Cell Line; Dogs; Genome; HEK293 Cells; Humans; Mice; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Rats; Rodentia; Sf9 Cells; Swine
PubMed: 30626673
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01542-18 -
Viruses Jul 2022Waterfowl parvovirus (WPFs) has multiple effects on the intestinal tract, but the effects of recombinant Muscovy duck parvovirus (rMDPV) have not been elucidated. In...
Waterfowl parvovirus (WPFs) has multiple effects on the intestinal tract, but the effects of recombinant Muscovy duck parvovirus (rMDPV) have not been elucidated. In this study, 48 one-day-old Muscovy ducklings were divided into an infected group and a control group. Plasma and ileal samples were collected from both groups at 2, 4, 6, and 8 days post-infection (dpi), both six ducklings at a time. Next, we analyzed the genomic sequence of the rMDPV strain. Results showed that the ileal villus structure was destroyed seriously at 4, 6, 8 dpi, and the expression of ZO-1, Occludin, and Claudin-1 decreased at 4, 6 dpi; 4, 6, 8 dpi; and 2, 6 dpi, respectively. Intestinal cytokines IFN-α, IL-1β and IL-6 increased at 6 dpi; 8 dpi; and 6, 8 dpi, respectively, whereas IL-2 decreased at 6, 8 dpi. The diversity of ileal flora increased significantly at 4 dpi and decreased at 8 dpi. The bacteria Ochrobactrum and Enterococcus increased and decreased at 4, 8 dpi; 2, 4 dpi, respectively. Plasma MDA increased at 2 dpi, SOD, CAT, and T-AOC decreased at 2, 4, 8 dpi; 4, 8 dpi; and 4, 6, 8 dpi, respectively. These results suggest that rMDPV infection led to early intestinal barrier dysfunction, inflammation, ileac microbiota disruption, and oxidative stress.
Topics: Animals; Ducks; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirinae; Parvovirus; Poultry Diseases
PubMed: 35891451
DOI: 10.3390/v14071471 -
Comparative Medicine Dec 2022Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV), the etiology of murine inclusion body nephropathy, has been identified globally in mice used for research, with an estimated prevalence...
Mouse kidney parvovirus (MKPV), the etiology of murine inclusion body nephropathy, has been identified globally in mice used for research, with an estimated prevalence of 10% in academic colonies. In immunodeficient strains, MKPV causes significant morbidity and mortality, and severe renal pathology. In contrast, in immunocompetent mice, the infection is subclinical and causes minimal pathology. We investigated viral infectivity and shedding in inbred C57BL/6NCrl (B6), outbred Crl:CD1(ICR) (CD1), and highly immunocompromised NOD. Cg /SzJ (NSG) mice. Four doses, ranging from 1.16 × 10 3 to 1.16 × 10 6 viral copies per microliter, of an MKPV inoculum were administered oronasally to 3 mice per dose per mouse type. All 3 types (B6, CD1, and NSG) had persistent infection with prolonged shedding in urine and feces. Viral copy number in the urine generally increased over time, while shedding in the feces was more variable. Among the 3 populations, CD1 mice developed viral shedding in urine earliest (4 wk after inoculation) and at higher levels (greater than 1 × 10 7 viral copies per microliter). B6 mice become viruric later (7 wk after inoculation), with lesser virus shed (1 × 10 6 viral copies per microliter or less). In CD1 and B6 mice, peak urine shedding occurred at 11 to 14 wk after inoculation, after which levels gradually declined until 35 wk after inoculation (study endpoint). In contrast, NSG mice did not become viruric until 10 wk after inoculation and continued to shed large amounts of virus (greater than 1 × 10 viral copies per microliter) in urine until the study endpoint. Two commercial immunofluorescent serologic assays failed to detect serum antibodies to MKPV nonstructural protein 1 as late as 58 wk after inoculation, whereas immunohistochemistry of infected renal tissue successfully detected anti-MKPV serum antibodies. These results increase our knowledge of the biology of MKPV and have practical application for development of effective screening programs for this pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Kidney; Mice, Inbred C57BL; Mice, Inbred ICR; Mice, Inbred NOD; Mice, SCID; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Virus Shedding
PubMed: 36744512
DOI: 10.30802/AALAS-CM-22-000066 -
BMC Veterinary Research May 2022Feline parvovirus (FPV) is a member of the family Parvoviridae, which is a major enteric pathogen of cats worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of...
BACKGROUND
Feline parvovirus (FPV) is a member of the family Parvoviridae, which is a major enteric pathogen of cats worldwide. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of feline parvovirus in Beijing of China and analyze the genetic features of detected viruses.
RESULTS
In this study, a total of 60 (8.5%) parvovirus-positive samples were detected from 702 cat fecal samples using parvovirus-specific PCR. The complete VP2 genes were amplified from all these samples. Among them, 55 (91.7%) sequences were characterized as FPV, and the other five (8.3%) were typed as canine parvovirus type 2 (CPV-2) variants, comprised of four CPV-2c and a new CPV-2b strain. In order to investigate the origin of CPV-2 variants in cats, we amplified full-length VP2 genes from seven fecal samples of dogs infected with CPV-2, which were further classified as CPV-2c. The sequences of new CPV-2b/MT270586 and CPV-2c/MT270587 detected from feline samples shared 100% identity with previous canine isolates KT156833 and MF467242 respectively, suggesting the CPV-2 variants circulating in cats might be derived from dogs. Sequence analysis indicated new mutations, Ala91Ser and Ser192Phe, in the FPV sequences, while obtained CPV-2c carried mutations reported in Asian CPV variants, showing they share a common evolutionary pattern with the Asian 2c strains. Interestingly, the FPV sequence (MT270571), displaying four CPV-specific residues, was found to be a putative recombinant sequence between CPV-2c and FPV. Phylogenetic analysis of the VP2 gene showed that amino acid and nucleotide mutations promoted the evolution of FPV and CPV lineages.
CONCLUSIONS
Our findings will be helpful to further understand the circulation and evolution of feline and canine parvovirus in Beijing.
Topics: Animals; Beijing; Cat Diseases; Cats; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Feces; Feline Panleukopenia Virus; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus, Canine; Phylogeny
PubMed: 35606875
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-022-03281-w -
Journal of Virology Jan 2022Since 2001, strains of porcine parvovirus (PPV), designated 27a-like strains, were observed in Europe, suggesting a predominance of these viruses over older strains. The...
Since 2001, strains of porcine parvovirus (PPV), designated 27a-like strains, were observed in Europe, suggesting a predominance of these viruses over older strains. The reasons for the obvious evolutionary advantage are unknown. Here, a series of mutants containing amino acid replacements found in the predominant field strains were generated in a PPV-NADL2 background, and their impact on replication efficiency and antibody binding activity was determined. Some amino acid substitutions observed in the 27a-like strains significantly increased viral fitness and decreased neutralization activity of serum samples raised against commercial vaccines and old virus strains (e.g., NADL2). These mutant viruses and a monoclonal antibody raised against a classical PPV strain defined a 27a-specific neutralizing epitope around amino acid 228 of the capsid protein VP2. Based on the analysis of the mutant viruses, it is hypothesized that the predominant factor for the global spread of the PPV-27a strain substitutions is an increased viral fitness of the 27a-like viruses, possibly supported by partial immune selection. This is reminiscent to the evolution of canine parvovirus and worldwide replacement of the original virus by the so-called new antigenic types. Porcine parvovirus is one of the most important causes of reproductive failure in swine. Recently, despite the continuous use of vaccines, "new" strains emerged, leading to the hypothesis that the emergence of new amino acid substitutions could be a viral adaptation to the immune response against the commercial vaccines. Our results indicate the amino acid substitutions observed in the 27a-like strains can modify viral fitness and antigenicity. However, an absolute immune escape was not evident.
Topics: Amino Acid Substitution; Animals; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Antibodies, Viral; Capsid Proteins; Cells, Cultured; Epitopes; Models, Molecular; Neutralization Tests; Parvovirus, Porcine; Swine; Virus Replication
PubMed: 34757840
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.01198-21 -
Viruses Mar 2018Parvoviruses (family ) are small, single-stranded DNA viruses. Many parvoviral pathogens of medical, veterinary and ecological importance have been identified. In this...
Parvoviruses (family ) are small, single-stranded DNA viruses. Many parvoviral pathogens of medical, veterinary and ecological importance have been identified. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing (HTS) to investigate the diversity of parvoviruses infecting wild and domestic animals in Brazil. We identified 21 parvovirus sequences (including twelve nearly complete genomes and nine partial genomes) in samples derived from rodents, bats, opossums, birds and cattle in Pernambuco, São Paulo, Paraná and Rio Grande do Sul states. These sequences were investigated using phylogenetic and distance-based approaches and were thereby classified into eight parvovirus species (six of which have not been described previously), representing six distinct genera in the subfamily . Our findings extend the known biogeographic range of previously characterized parvovirus species and the known host range of three parvovirus genera (, ). Moreover, our investigation provides a window into the ecological dynamics of parvovirus infections in vertebrates, revealing that many parvovirus genera contain well-defined sub-lineages that circulate widely throughout the world within particular taxonomic groups of hosts.
Topics: Animal Diseases; Animals; Animals, Domestic; Animals, Wild; Biodiversity; Brazil; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Geography, Medical; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus; Phylogeny; Public Health Surveillance; Zoonoses
PubMed: 29565808
DOI: 10.3390/v10040143 -
Nature Communications Jun 2023Parvoviruses (family Parvoviridae) are currently defined by a linear monopartite ssDNA genome, T = 1 icosahedral capsids, and distinct structural (VP) and...
Parvoviruses (family Parvoviridae) are currently defined by a linear monopartite ssDNA genome, T = 1 icosahedral capsids, and distinct structural (VP) and non-structural (NS) protein expression cassettes within their genome. We report the discovery of a parvovirus with a bipartite genome, Acheta domesticus segmented densovirus (AdSDV), isolated from house crickets (Acheta domesticus), in which it is pathogenic. We found that the AdSDV harbors its NS and VP cassettes on two separate genome segments. Its vp segment acquired a phospholipase A2-encoding gene, vpORF3, via inter-subfamily recombination, coding for a non-structural protein. We showed that the AdSDV evolved a highly complex transcription profile in response to its multipartite replication strategy compared to its monopartite ancestors. Our structural and molecular examinations revealed that the AdSDV packages one genome segment per particle. The cryo-EM structures of two empty- and one full-capsid population (3.3, 3.1 and 2.3 Å resolution) reveal a genome packaging mechanism, which involves an elongated C-terminal tail of the VP, "pinning" the ssDNA genome to the capsid interior at the twofold symmetry axis. This mechanism fundamentally differs from the capsid-DNA interactions previously seen in parvoviruses. This study provides new insights on the mechanism behind ssDNA genome segmentation and on the plasticity of parvovirus biology.
Topics: Animals; Densovirus; Gryllidae; Parvoviridae Infections; Morphogenesis; Capsid Proteins; DNA, Single-Stranded; Parvovirus
PubMed: 37316488
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38875-x