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Proceedings of the National Academy of... Sep 1998Using resting cells and extracts of Streptomyces clavuligerus NP1, we have been able to convert penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) to deacetoxycephalosporin G. Conversion...
Elucidation of conditions allowing conversion of penicillin G and other penicillins to deacetoxycephalosporins by resting cells and extracts of Streptomyces clavuligerus NP1.
Using resting cells and extracts of Streptomyces clavuligerus NP1, we have been able to convert penicillin G (benzylpenicillin) to deacetoxycephalosporin G. Conversion was achieved by increasing by 45x the concentration of FeSO4 (1.8 mM) and doubling the concentration of alpha-ketoglutarate (1.28 mM) as compared with standard conditions used for the normal cell-free conversion of penicillin N to deacetoxycephalosporin C. ATP, MgSO4, KCl, and DTT, important in cell-free expansion of penicillin N, did not play a significant role in the ring expansion of penicillin G by resting cells or cell-free extracts. When these conditions were used with 14 other penicillins, ring expansion was achieved in all cases.
Topics: Adenosine Triphosphate; Ascorbic Acid; Cephalosporins; Colony Count, Microbial; Dithiothreitol; Ferrous Compounds; Interphase; Intramolecular Transferases; Ketoglutaric Acids; Kinetics; Magnesium Sulfate; Penicillin G; Penicillin-Binding Proteins; Penicillins; Potassium Chloride; Streptomyces
PubMed: 9751702
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.95.20.11544 -
Quarterly Journal of Experimental... Oct 1959
Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Biological Transport; Body Fluids; Mice; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Urine
PubMed: 14400443
DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.1959.sp001418 -
Genitourinary Medicine Apr 1986Ceftriaxone is a third generation cephalosporin with a prolonged half life. It was used in doses of 500 mg intramuscularly in 27 men (group 1) and 23 women (group 2) and... (Clinical Trial)
Clinical Trial Comparative Study Randomized Controlled Trial
Ceftriaxone is a third generation cephalosporin with a prolonged half life. It was used in doses of 500 mg intramuscularly in 27 men (group 1) and 23 women (group 2) and 250 mg in 48 men (group 3) and 45 women (group 4) with uncomplicated urogenital gonorrhoea. Similar numbers of patients in each group were treated with 2 MIU intramuscular Bicillin (procaine penicillin 1.5 g plus benzylpenicillin 300 mg (Brocades, Weybridge, Surrey, England). Success of treatment was measured as one or two negative cultures after three or more days. The success rate for ceftriaxone was 100% in 19 evaluable men and 19 women treated with 500 mg and in 38 men and 31 women treated with 250 mg, including one infection due to penicillinase producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae (PPNG). Success rates for Bicillin were 90% (19/21) evaluable patients cured in group 1, 100% (19/19) in group 2, 95% (37/39) in group 3, and 92% (33/36) in group 4. Both drugs were well tolerated. Each isolate of N gonorrhoeae isolated was sensitive to 0.05 mg/l or less of ceftriaxone.
Topics: Ceftriaxone; Clinical Trials as Topic; Drug Combinations; Female; Gonorrhea; Humans; Male; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Penicillin G; Penicillin G Benzathine; Penicillin G Procaine; Random Allocation
PubMed: 3087861
DOI: 10.1136/sti.62.2.78 -
The Journal of Experimental Medicine Jan 19471. The relative bactericidal activities of penicillins F, G, K, and X against Type I pneumococcus in vitro were 60, 100, 180, and 135. The corresponding activities...
1. The relative bactericidal activities of penicillins F, G, K, and X against Type I pneumococcus in vitro were 60, 100, 180, and 135. The corresponding activities against Streptococcus pyogenes, strain C-203, were 75, 100, 115, and 145, respectively. 2. The total curative doses (CD(50)) of penicillins F, G, K, and X in pneumococcal infections of white mice (ten injections at 3 hour intervals) were 4.6, 3.8, 20, and 2.4 mg. per kg., respectively, or relative activities of 83, 100, 19, and 160, referred to G as 100. 3. The corresponding curative doses in streptococcal infections of white mice were 2.6, 1.3, 14.0, and 0.5 mg. per kg., or relative activities of 50, 100, 9, and 260. 4. Penicillin K was therefore one-tenth as active in vivo as would be implied by its bactericidal activity in vitro. This probably reflects its rapid inactivation in vivo, evidenced by the low and evanescent blood levels observed in both rabbits and man, and the low urinary recovery of this species of penicillin. 5. Penicillin X was significantly more active therapeutically than its bactericidal activity in vitro would imply. This probably reflects its slower inactivation in vivo, evidenced by the somewhat higher and more prolonged blood levels afforded by this penicillin in comparison with penicillin G. Judged by the mouse infections with the strains here used, penicillin X is the penicillin of choice in the treatment of infections with pneumococcus Type I and hemolytic streptococci. 6. The curative dose of penicillin in streptococcal and pneumococcal infections paralleled the varying susceptibility of these organisms to penicillin in vitro.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Infections; Male; Mice; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Pneumococcal Infections; Rabbits; Streptococcal Infections; Streptococcus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Streptococcus pyogenes
PubMed: 19871606
DOI: 10.1084/jem.85.2.175 -
The Journal of Antibiotics Nov 1980
Topics: Calorimetry; Chemical Phenomena; Chemistry; Penicillanic Acid; Penicillin G; Penicillinase; Penicillins
PubMed: 6265421
DOI: 10.7164/antibiotics.33.1386 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... May 2000
Review
Topics: HIV Seronegativity; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Polyradiculopathy; Syphilis; Treponema pallidum
PubMed: 11168131
DOI: 10.1046/j.1469-0691.2000.00077-1.x -
Journal of Bacteriology Feb 1963Sabath, Leon (Boston City Hospital, Boston, Mass.) and Maxwell Finland. Inactivation of some semisynthetic penicillins by gram-negative bacilli. J. Bacteriol....
Sabath, Leon (Boston City Hospital, Boston, Mass.) and Maxwell Finland. Inactivation of some semisynthetic penicillins by gram-negative bacilli. J. Bacteriol. 85:314-321. 1963.-An agar diffusion method was used to test 55 strains of gram-negative bacilli for their ability to inactivate penicillin G, methicillin, biphenylpenicillin, oxacillin, and ampicillin; 26 strains inactivated one or more of them. All strains of Klebsiella-Aerobacter, nearly all of Escherichia coli, and some of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, but not those of Proteus or Salmonella, were active by this method. Penicillin G was inactivated by the largest number of strains, biphenylpenicillin and ampicillin by somewhat fewer, and oxacillin and methicillin by about half as many. When the five penicillins were incubated with four strains of different bacteria in broth at 37 C, all were inactivated to a considerable extent by all the strains, each penicillin to a different degree, but to about the same extent by all the strains. Adsorption alone did not account for the loss of activity. The results suggest that there are qualitative, as well as quantitative, differences among species or even strains of gram-negative bacilli in their ability to inactivate the various penicillins.
Topics: Ampicillin; Bacteria; Enterobacter; Escherichia coli; Finland; Gram-Negative Bacteria; Klebsiella; Methicillin; Oxacillin; Penicillin G; Penicillins; Proteus; Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Salmonella
PubMed: 13975857
DOI: 10.1128/jb.85.2.314-321.1963 -
Chest Apr 1996We present the first case of mediastinitis and the third case of pneumonia attributed to Actinomyces odontolyticus. The first patient presented 10 months after... (Review)
Review
We present the first case of mediastinitis and the third case of pneumonia attributed to Actinomyces odontolyticus. The first patient presented 10 months after single-lung transplant with a subacute apical infiltrate in the native lung and responded to therapy with oral penicillin. The second patient developed pyogenic mediastinitis 25 days after a heart-lung transplant and required sternal debridement and intravenous penicillin. We also review the literature on thoracopulmonary infections due to A odontolyticus.
Topics: Actinomycosis; Administration, Oral; Adult; Debridement; Heart-Lung Transplantation; Humans; Injections, Intravenous; Lung Transplantation; Male; Mediastinitis; Middle Aged; Penicillin G; Penicillin V; Penicillins; Pneumonia, Bacterial; Sternum
PubMed: 8635341
DOI: 10.1378/chest.109.4.1109 -
British Medical Journal Nov 1964
Topics: Animals; Bacteriological Techniques; Clostridium tetani; Communicable Disease Control; Ethylenediamines; Mice; Penicillin G; Penicillin G Benzathine; Penicillin Resistance; Penicillinase; Penicillins; Research; Staphylococcus; Tetanus; Tetanus Toxoid
PubMed: 14201211
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.2.5420.1293 -
British Journal of Pharmacology Jun 19701. Plasma, peripheral and thoracic lymph concentrations of penicillin V, phenethicillin, carbenicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, penicillin G, chloramphenicol and...
1. Plasma, peripheral and thoracic lymph concentrations of penicillin V, phenethicillin, carbenicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, penicillin G, chloramphenicol and sulphadiazine were determined at various time intervals up to 6 h following intramuscular administration of 50 mg/kg to dogs.2. Peak plasma concentrations of the penicillins occurred within half an hour after administration with the peak lymphatic concentrations occurring 1.5 to 3 h afterwards. For the remaining period of the test the concentration in the lymph exceeded the corresponding concentration in the plasma. Sulphadiazine gave concentrations in thoracic lymph equal to the plasma concentration, but the peripheral lymph concentrations were lower while the concentrations of chloramphenicol in both peripheral and thoracic lymph were always lower than the plasma concentrations.3. After the peak concentrations were reached, the concentration curves for penicillins in lymph followed the same pattern as found in plasma, the penicillin concentrations declining exponentially. Sulphadiazine produced more persistent levels both in lymph and in plasma while the concentrations of chloramphenicol were still rising 6 h after administration.4. The free concentrations of penicillin in lymph were equal to the free concentrations in plasma, whereas the concentrations of free sulphadiazine and chloramphenicol in lymph were less than those in the plasma.
Topics: Ampicillin; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Chloramphenicol; Cloxacillin; Dogs; Lymph; Penicillin G; Penicillin V; Penicillins; Protein Binding; Proteins; Sulfadiazine
PubMed: 4987520
DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.1970.tb12906.x