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Environmental Microbiology Reports Jun 2024Microorganisms in the rhizosphere, particularly arbuscular mycorrhiza, have a broad symbiotic relationship with their host plants. One of the major fungi isolated from... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Microorganisms in the rhizosphere, particularly arbuscular mycorrhiza, have a broad symbiotic relationship with their host plants. One of the major fungi isolated from the rhizosphere of Peucedanum praeruptorum is Penicillium restrictum. The relationship between the metabolites of P. restrictum and the root exudates of P. praeruptorum is being investigated. The accumulation of metabolites in the mycelium and fermentation broth of P. restrictum was analysed over different fermentation periods. Non-targeted metabolomics was used to compare the differences in intracellular and extracellular metabolites over six periods. There were significant differences in the content and types of mycelial metabolites during the incubation. Marmesin, an important intermediate in the biosynthesis of coumarins, was found in the highest amount on the fourth day of incubation. The differential metabolites were screened to obtain 799 intracellular and 468 extracellular differential metabolites. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analysis showed that the highly enriched extracellular metabolic pathways were alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis. In addition, the enrichment analysis associated with intracellular and extracellular ATP-binding cassette transporter proteins revealed that some ATP-binding cassette transporters may be involved in the transportation of certain amino acids and carbohydrates. Our results provide some theoretical basis for the regulatory mechanisms between the rhizosphere and the host plant and pave the way for the heterologous production of furanocoumarin.
Topics: Rhizosphere; Mycelium; Penicillium; Fermentation; Plant Roots; Metabolome; Metabolomics; Soil Microbiology; Metabolic Networks and Pathways
PubMed: 38844388
DOI: 10.1111/1758-2229.13286 -
PloS One 2017P. expansum is regarded as one of the most important postharvest rots of apple fruit and is also of great concern to fruit processing industries. Elucidating the...
P. expansum is regarded as one of the most important postharvest rots of apple fruit and is also of great concern to fruit processing industries. Elucidating the pathogenicity mechanism of this pathogen is of utmost importance for the development of effective and safe management strategies. Although, many studies on modification of the host environment by the pathogen were done, its interactions with fruit during the early stages of infection and the virulence factors that mediate pathogenicity have not been fully defined. Effectors carrying LysM domain have been identified in numerous pathogenic fungi and their role in the first stages of infection has been established. In this study, we identified 18 LysM genes in the P. expansum genome. Amino acid sequence analysis indicated that P. expansum LysM proteins belong to a clade of fungal-specific LysM. Eleven of the discovered LysM genes were found to have secretory pathway signal peptide, among them, 4 (PeLysM1 PeLysM2, PeLysM3 and PeLysM4) were found to be highly expressed during the infection and development of decay of apple fruit. Effect of targeted deletion of the four putative PeLysM effectors on the growth and pathogenicity was studied. Possible interactions of PeLysM with host proteins was investigated using the yeast-two-hybrid system.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Gene Knockdown Techniques; Genes, Fungal; Malus; Penicillium; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 29084256
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0186023 -
Journal of Oleo Science 2014Plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) have the potential to confer several benefits to plants in terms of growth and protection against pests and pathogens. In the present...
Plant growth-promoting fungi (PGPF) have the potential to confer several benefits to plants in terms of growth and protection against pests and pathogens. In the present study, we tested whether a PGPF isolate, Penicillium spp. GP15-1 (derived from zoysiagrass rhizospheres), stimulates growth and disease resistance in the cucumber plant. The use of the barley grain inoculum GP15-1 significantly enhanced root and shoot growth and biomass of cucumber plants. A root colonization study revealed that GP15-1 was a very rapid and efficient root colonizer and was isolated in significantly higher frequencies from the upper root parts than from the middle and lower root parts during the first 14 d of seedling growth. Inoculating the cucumber seedlings with GP15-1 significantly reduced the damping-off disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani, and the disease suppression effects of GP15-1 were considerably influenced by the inoculum potential of both GP15-1 and the pathogen. Treatment with the barley grain inoculum or a cell-free filtrate of GP15-1 increased systemic resistance against leaf infection by the anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum orbiculare, resulting in a significant decrease in lesion number and size. Molecular and phylogenetic analyses of internal transcribed spacer sequences of the genomic DNA of GP15-1 revealed that the fungal isolate is a strain of either Penicillium neoechinulatum or Penicillium viridicatum.
Topics: Colletotrichum; Cucumis sativus; DNA, Fungal; Penicillium; Plant Diseases; Plant Growth Regulators; Rhizoctonia; Rhizosphere
PubMed: 24671024
DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess13143 -
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics : MCP Feb 2020The blue mold fungus, is a postharvest apple pathogen that contributes to food waste by rotting fruit and by producing harmful mycotoxins ( patulin). To identify genes...
The blue mold fungus, is a postharvest apple pathogen that contributes to food waste by rotting fruit and by producing harmful mycotoxins ( patulin). To identify genes controlling pathogen virulence, a random T-DNA insertional library was created from wild-type strain R19. One transformant, T625, had reduced virulence in apples, blistered mycelial hyphae, and a T-DNA insertion that abolished transcription of the single copy locus in which it was inserted. The gene, encodes a protein with a DnaJ domain, but otherwise has little homology outside the Aspergillaceae, a family of fungi known for producing antibiotics, mycotoxins, and cheese. Because protein secretion is critical for these processes and for host infection, mass spectrometry was used to monitor proteins secreted into liquid media during fungal growth. T625 failed to secrete a set of enzymes that degrade plant cell walls, along with ones that synthesize the three final biosynthetic steps of patulin. Consequently, the culture broth of T625 had significantly reduced capacity to degrade apple tissue and contained 30 times less patulin. Quantitative mass spectrometry of 3,282 mycelial proteins revealed that T625 had altered cellular networks controlling protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, protein export, vesicle-mediated transport, and endocytosis. T625 also had reduced proteins controlling mRNA surveillance and RNA processing. Transmission electron microscopy of hyphal cross sections confirmed that T625 formed abnormally enlarged endosomes or vacuoles. These data reveal that affects internal and external protein processing involving vesicle-mediated transport in a family of fungi with medical, commercial, and agricultural importance.
Topics: Fruit; Fungal Proteins; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Malus; Mycelium; Patulin; Penicillium; Transport Vesicles; Virulence
PubMed: 31871254
DOI: 10.1074/mcp.RA119.001831 -
Marine Drugs Oct 2023Five new fusarin derivatives, steckfusarins A-E (-), and two known natural products (, ), were isolated and identified from the marine algicolous fungus SCSIO 41040....
Five new fusarin derivatives, steckfusarins A-E (-), and two known natural products (, ), were isolated and identified from the marine algicolous fungus SCSIO 41040. The new compounds, including absolute configurations, were determined by spectroscopic analyses and calculated electronic circular dichroism (ECD). All new compounds were evaluated for their antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, cholesterol-lowering, acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) enzyme and 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase (PFKFB3) and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitory activities. The biological evaluation results revealed that compound exhibited radical scavenging activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrate (DPPH), with an IC value of 74.5 µg/mL. In addition, compound also showed weak anti-inflammatory activity at a concentration of 20 µM.
Topics: Molecular Structure; Antioxidants; Fungi; Penicillium; Circular Dichroism; Anti-Inflammatory Agents
PubMed: 37888468
DOI: 10.3390/md21100532 -
Mycologia 2007We describe two new terverticillate Penicillium species isolated from grapes on the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic differences from known species. The strains were...
We describe two new terverticillate Penicillium species isolated from grapes on the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic differences from known species. The strains were isolated in the course of a study to establish the mycobiota of grapes in Portugal. Penicillium astrolabium is phenotypically similar to P. olsonii but differs from it by two cultural characters, growth rates and the colony reverse color. P. neocrassum is similar to P. brevicompactum but is readily distinguished by sclerotia production. Phylogenetically P. astrolabium and P. neocrassum are placed respectively in the P. olsonii and P. brevicompactum clade. Multilocus analysis confirmed the genetic distinctiveness of both species. The parsimony trees obtained for ITS-lsu rDNA region and two protein coding genes, calmodulin and beta-tubulin, show congruence for all the species in the Olsonii series: P. brevicompactum, P. bialowiezense, P. olsonii, P. astrolabium and P. neocrassum, indicating that these taxa are genetically well isolated.
Topics: Calmodulin; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Intergenic; DNA, Ribosomal; Fungal Proteins; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Molecular Sequence Data; Penicillium; Photography; Phylogeny; Portugal; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Tubulin; Vitis
PubMed: 17663125
DOI: 10.3852/mycologia.99.1.78 -
Journal of Dairy Science Jul 1997The growth, color formation, and mycotoxin production of six cheese-related fungi were studied on nine types of natural cheeses and 24 semisynthetic cheese media and...
The growth, color formation, and mycotoxin production of six cheese-related fungi were studied on nine types of natural cheeses and 24 semisynthetic cheese media and compared using principal component analysis. The semisynthetic cheese media contained various amounts of Ca, K, Mg, Na, P, Fe, Cu, Zn, lactate, lactose, and casein. A robust well-defined and easily prepared semisynthetic cheese medium was developed for Penicillium commune, the most frequently occurring contaminant on semihard cheese. Growth experiments on the medium were repeatable and reproducible. The medium was also suitable for Penicillium camemberti. The medium had the following composition: 100 g of casein, 8.3 g of 90% lactate, 7.9 g of lactose, 7.3 g of CaCl2.2H2O, 2.6 g of MgSO4.7H2O, 26.0 g of NaCl, 20 g of agar, 0.025 g of FeSO4.7H2O, 0.004 g of CuSO4.5H2O, and water to a total weight of 1 kg. The semisynthetic cheese medium was less suitable for Penicillium roqueforti, Penicillium discolor, Penicillium verrucosum, and Aspergillus versicolor. However, another semisynthetic cheese medium could be recommended for P. roqueforti and P. discolor. That medium had higher contents of P (5000 ppm, wt/wt), K (5000 ppm), and Zn (50 ppm) and lower contents of Na (2700 ppm), Fe (1 ppm), Cu (0.1 ppm), and casein (1%).
Topics: Caseins; Cheese; Culture Media; Lactic Acid; Lactose; Mycotoxins; Penicillium; Trace Elements
PubMed: 9241586
DOI: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(97)76052-1 -
Marine Drugs Apr 2023Two new xanthones ( and ) were isolated from the deep-sea-derived fungus sp. MCCC 3A00126 along with 34 known compounds (-). The structures of the new compounds were...
Two new xanthones ( and ) were isolated from the deep-sea-derived fungus sp. MCCC 3A00126 along with 34 known compounds (-). The structures of the new compounds were established by spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of was validated by comparison of experimental and calculated ECD spectra. All isolated compounds were evaluated for cytotoxicity and ferroptosis inhibitory activities. Compounds and exerted potent cytotoxicity against CCRF-CEM cells, with IC values of 5.5 and 3.5 μM, respectively, whereas , , , and significantly inhibited RSL3-induced ferroptosis, with EC values of 11.6, 7.2, 11.8, and 2.2 μM, respectively.
Topics: Penicillium; Cell Line, Tumor; Ferroptosis; Spectrum Analysis; Molecular Structure
PubMed: 37103373
DOI: 10.3390/md21040234 -
Annals of Agricultural and... 2015The aim of this study was to screen 15 essential oils of selected plant species, viz. Lavandula angustifolia, Carum carvi, Pinus mungo var. pulmilio, Mentha piperita,...
The aim of this study was to screen 15 essential oils of selected plant species, viz. Lavandula angustifolia, Carum carvi, Pinus mungo var. pulmilio, Mentha piperita, Chamomilla recutita L., Pinus sylvestris, Satureia hortensis L., Origanum vulgare L., Pimpinella anisum, Rosmarinus officinalis L., Salvia officinalis L., Abietis albia etheroleum, Chamomilla recutita L. Rausch, Thymus vulgaris L., Origanum vulgare L. for antifungal activity against five Penicillium species: Penicillium brevicompactum, Penicillium citrinum, Penicillium crustosum, Penicillium expansum and Penicillium griseofulvum. The method used for screening included the disc diffusion method. The study points out the wide spectrum of antifungal activity of essential oils against Penicillium fungi. There were five essential oils of the 15 mentioned above which showed a hopeful antifungal activity: Pimpinella anisum, Chamomilla recutita L., Thymus vulgaris, Origanum vulgare L. The most hopeful antifungal activity and killing effect against all tested penicillia was found to be Origanum vulgare L. and Pimpinella anisum. The lowest level of antifungal activity was demonstrated by the oils Pinus mungo var. pulmilio, Salvia officinalis L., Abietis albia etheroleum, Chamomilla recutita L. Rausch, Rosmarinus officinalis.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Oils, Volatile; Penicillium; Plant Oils; Species Specificity
PubMed: 25780826
DOI: 10.5604/12321966.1141367 -
PLoS Genetics Sep 2015Filamentous fungus Penicillium oxalicum produces diverse lignocellulolytic enzymes, which are regulated by the combinations of many transcription factors. Here, a...
Filamentous fungus Penicillium oxalicum produces diverse lignocellulolytic enzymes, which are regulated by the combinations of many transcription factors. Here, a single-gene disruptant library for 470 transcription factors was constructed and systematically screened for cellulase production. Twenty transcription factors (including ClrB, CreA, XlnR, Ace1, AmyR, and 15 unknown proteins) were identified to play putative roles in the activation or repression of cellulase synthesis. Most of these regulators have not been characterized in any fungi before. We identified the ClrB, CreA, XlnR, and AmyR transcription factors as critical dose-dependent regulators of cellulase expression, the core regulons of which were identified by analyzing several transcriptomes and/or secretomes. Synergistic and additive modes of combinatorial control of each cellulase gene by these regulatory factors were achieved, and cellulase expression was fine-tuned in a proper and controlled manner. With one of these targets, the expression of the major intracellular β-glucosidase Bgl2 was found to be dependent on ClrB. The Bgl2-deficient background resulted in a substantial gene activation by ClrB and proved to be closely correlated with the relief of repression mediated by CreA and AmyR during cellulase induction. Our results also signify that probing the synergistic and dose-controlled regulation mechanisms of cellulolytic regulators and using it for reconstruction of expression regulation network (RERN) may be a promising strategy for cellulolytic fungi to develop enzyme hyper-producers. Based on our data, ClrB was identified as focal point for the synergistic activation regulation of cellulase expression by integrating cellulolytic regulators and their target genes, which refined our understanding of transcriptional-regulatory network as a "seesaw model" in which the coordinated regulation of cellulolytic genes is established by counteracting activators and repressors.
Topics: Cellulase; Cellulose; Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic; Gene Regulatory Networks; Genes, Fungal; Penicillium; Transcription Factors; Transcription, Genetic; Transcriptome
PubMed: 26360497
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005509