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Journal of Infection in Developing... Oct 2012Atmospheric air is the most common vehicle for the dispersion of fungi. Fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium are cosmopolitan and are classified in...
INTRODUCTION
Atmospheric air is the most common vehicle for the dispersion of fungi. Fungi belonging to the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium are cosmopolitan and are classified in the family Trichocomaceae. Species of the genera are commonly found in soil, decaying organic materials, animal feed, stored grains, and other materials. This study aimed to determine the taxonomic diversity of airborne fungi of the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium residing in the dust of library environments to contribute to current knowledge of these characteristic genera.
METHODOLOGY
Three libraries in the city of Cuiaba, State of Mato Grosso, Brazil, were selected as the study areas. A total of 168 samples were collected at randomized sites within each library in areas containing journals, archives, in study rooms, and in collection storage areas in two different periods, the dry season (n = 42) and the rainy season (n = 42). Samples were collected by exposing Petri dishes containing Sabouraud agar with chloramphenicol to the environmental air. Additional samples were collected with sterile swabs which were rubbed over the surface of randomly chosen books on the shelves; the swabs were subsequently incubated in the laboratory.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION
The genus Aspergillus was highlighted as one of the principal airborne fungi present in indoor environments. Aspergillus spp was identified in 1,277 (89.6%) samples and Penicillium spp in 148 (10.4%). The dry period exhibited a greater number of isolates of the two taxons.
Topics: Air Microbiology; Aspergillus; Biodiversity; Brazil; Libraries; Penicillium
PubMed: 23103896
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.2080 -
Journal of Applied Microbiology Oct 2018The present study was conducted to evaluate the antagonistic effect of Bacillus velezensisNRRL B-23189 towards Penicillium roqueforti s.s. and Penicillium paneum...
AIMS
The present study was conducted to evaluate the antagonistic effect of Bacillus velezensisNRRL B-23189 towards Penicillium roqueforti s.s. and Penicillium paneum (designated together as P. roqueforti s.l.) in silage conditions.
METHODS AND RESULTS
Corn silage conditions were simulated in vitro, and the impact of B. velezensis culture supernatant or cell suspension on P. roqueforti s.l. growth and roquefortine C production was evaluated. The antagonism was promising, but growth of B. velezensis in corn silage infusion was poor. Additionally, an in vivo experiment was carried out with mini-silos containing a mixture of perennial ryegrass and white clover inoculated with P. roqueforti s.l. The applied B. velezensis cell suspension was unsuccessful in reducing P. roqueforti s.l. numbers, but did not compromise the silage acidification.
CONCLUSIONS
Although the antagonism observed in vitro was promising, the applied B. velezensis cell suspension could not live up to the expectations in vivo.
SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY
To our knowledge, the present study is the first one evaluating the antagonistic properties of B. velezensis towards toxigenic moulds in silage conditions, offering a good base for further research.
Topics: Antibiosis; Bacillus; Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings; Indoles; Penicillium; Piperazines; Silage; Zea mays
PubMed: 29873155
DOI: 10.1111/jam.13944 -
Journal of Food Protection Oct 2000Speck is a ham specialty product traditionally produced in South Tyrol (Italy) and North Tyrol (Austria) by farmers, butcheries, and meat industries. To date, nothing...
Speck is a ham specialty product traditionally produced in South Tyrol (Italy) and North Tyrol (Austria) by farmers, butcheries, and meat industries. To date, nothing has been learned about fungi associated with this smoked and cured meat. Therefore, it was the main objective of this study to assess the typical mycobiota of Speck in relation to the different production types and the geographic provenance. A total of 121 Speck samples from North Tyrol and South Tyrol was analyzed. From 63 isolated fungal species, only a few can be regarded as typical colonizers: Eurotium rubrum and Penicillium solitum were the dominating species in all types and parts of Speck (crust, meat, and fat). Eight other Penicillium spp. were relatively frequent. The species diversity increased from industrially produced Speck to products from butcheries and farmers, and it was higher in all types of South Tyrolean products. Among the typical mycobiota, Penicillium verrucosum, Penicillium canescens, and Penicillium commune are known as potentially mycotoxigenic.
Topics: Animals; Ascomycota; Austria; Cooking; Food Handling; Food Microbiology; Food Preservation; Fungi; Italy; Meat; Mycotoxins; Penicillium; Swine; Water
PubMed: 11041140
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028x-63.10.1399 -
Journal of Clinical Microbiology Oct 1997We report here a case of fatal Penicillium citrinum infection. The patient, who suffered from acute myeloid leukemia, developed signs and symptoms typical of fungal... (Review)
Review
We report here a case of fatal Penicillium citrinum infection. The patient, who suffered from acute myeloid leukemia, developed signs and symptoms typical of fungal pneumonia and pericardial tamponade after undergoing standard induction chemotherapy. Despite attaining complete remission of her leukemia, the patient succumbed 8 weeks after presentation. At autopsy, multiple nodular cavitary pulmonary lesions with invasion by fungal hyphae were found. Pericardial and lung tissue obtained at autopsy grew P. citrinum, a fungus ubiquitous in the environment but seldom reported as a pathogen. The microbiological findings were consistent with the histopathological features and confirmed this as a case of true P. citrinum infection causing fatal pulmonary and pericardial complications in an immunocompromised host.
Topics: Acute Disease; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid; Lung; Lung Diseases, Fungal; Middle Aged; Penicillium; Pericarditis; Pneumonia
PubMed: 9316926
DOI: 10.1128/jcm.35.10.2654-2656.1997 -
Brazilian Journal of Microbiology :... Mar 2020The tannery is an important trade in various Peruvian regions; however, tannery effluents are a serious local environmental threat due to its highly toxics components...
The tannery is an important trade in various Peruvian regions; however, tannery effluents are a serious local environmental threat due to its highly toxics components and lack of efficient treatment. The untreated effluents produced by tannery factories in Arequipa Rio Seco Industrial Park (PIRS) have formed a lake in the region nearby. In this work, we study the capability of filamentous fungi species found in this effluents lake with potential for chromium (VI) bioremediation. Fourteen species of filamentous fungi were isolated; only two species were identified Penicillium citrinum and Trichoderma viride, and third strain identified as Penicillium sp. The filamentous fungi showed that are fully tolerant to chromium (VI) concentrations up to 100 mg/L. These fungal strains showed significant growth in chromium (VI) concentrations up to 250 mg/L. Tolerant index (TI) analysis revealed that P. citrinum and T. viride began adaptation to chromium (IV) concentrations of 250 and 500 mg/L, after 6 and 12 days, respectively. When exposed to higher Cr (VI) concentrations (1000 mg/L), only T. viride was able to show growth (enhance phase). Interestingly, one of the significant responses from these fungal strains to increasing chromium (VI) concentrations was an increment in secreted laccase enzymes. Our results show tolerance and adaptation to elevated concentrations of chromium (VI) of these fungal strains suggesting their potential as effective agents for bioremediation of tannery effluents.
Topics: Biodegradation, Environmental; Chromium; Fungi; Industrial Waste; Laccase; Penicillium; Peru; Trichoderma; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Wastewater
PubMed: 31865533
DOI: 10.1007/s42770-019-00209-9 -
Chemistry & Biology May 2010Penicillium aethiopicum produces two structurally interesting and biologically active polyketides: the tetracycline-like viridicatumtoxin 1 and the classic antifungal...
Penicillium aethiopicum produces two structurally interesting and biologically active polyketides: the tetracycline-like viridicatumtoxin 1 and the classic antifungal agent griseofulvin 2. Here, we report the concurrent discovery of the two corresponding biosynthetic gene clusters (vrt and gsf) by 454 shotgun sequencing. Gene deletions confirmed that two nonreducing PKSs (NRPKSs), vrtA and gsfA, are required for the biosynthesis of 1 and 2, respectively. Both PKSs share similar domain architectures and lack a C-terminal thioesterase domain. We identified gsfI as the chlorinase involved in the biosynthesis of 2, because deletion of gsfI resulted in the accumulation of decholorogriseofulvin 3. Comparative analysis with the P. chrysogenum genome revealed that both clusters are embedded within conserved syntenic regions of P. aethiopicum chromosomes. Discovery of the vrt and gsf clusters provided the basis for genetic and biochemical studies of the pathways.
Topics: Antifungal Agents; Fungal Proteins; Griseofulvin; Molecular Sequence Data; Multigene Family; Mycotoxins; Penicillium
PubMed: 20534346
DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2010.03.015 -
Phytopathology Feb 2008Genetic and biochemical mechanisms of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil resistance in isolates of Penicillium digitatum were evaluated and compared to those characterized in...
Genetic and biochemical mechanisms of fludioxonil and pyrimethanil resistance in isolates of Penicillium digitatum were evaluated and compared to those characterized in other fungi. Resistant isolates were naturally occurring in packinghouses and were not associated with crop losses. For the phenylpyrrole fludioxonil, EC50 values were 0.02 to 0.04 microg/ml for sensitive, 0.08 to 0.65 microg/ml for moderately resistant (MR), and > 40 microg/ml for highly resistant (HR) isolates. Two fludioxonil-sensitive isolates evaluated were also significantly more sensitive to the unrelated dicarboximide fungicide iprodione, that also disrupts osmotic regulation, than the MR and HR isolates. There was no consistent relationship, however, between the HR and MR isolates and their sensitivity to iprodione or osmotic stress. Although, two nucleotide substitutions were found in a sequence analysis of the N-terminal amino acid repeat region of the os-1-related histidine kinase gene among isolates of P. digitatum, these were not correlated with fludioxonil resistance. In mycelia not exposed to fludioxonil, the amount of phosphorylated OS-2-related protein (PdOS-2) was higher in fludioxonil-sensitive isolates and lowest in the HR isolate. An increase in PdOS-2 was observed for sensitive and resistant isolates after exposure to fludioxonil. In addition, glycerol content in untreated mycelia of the fludioxonil-sensitive isolate was significantly higher than in resistant isolates. After exposure to fludioxonil, glycerol concentrations significantly increased in the sensitive and MR isolates, but not in the HR isolate. Thus, our studies indicate that the mode of action of fludioxonil in P. digitatum is probably the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway that stimulates glycerol synthesis in sensitive and MR isolates. The general suppression of this pathway in resistant isolates was supported by the fact that growth and sporulation of MR and HR isolates were significantly reduced from that of sensitive isolates. In studies on the mode of action of anilinopyrimidines (AP), EC50 values for mycelial growth of P. digitatum and the previously characterized Botrytis cinerea were determined for cyprodinil and pyrimethanil using a defined culture medium without and with the addition of selected amino acids and homocysteine. The addition of amino acids resulted in a reduced toxicity of the two AP fungicides in both fungi, but the effect of each additive was significantly lower for P. digitatum than for B. cinerea. This suggests that methionine biosynthesis is not the primary target site of APs in P. digitatum.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Dioxoles; Drug Resistance, Fungal; Fungal Proteins; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal; Molecular Sequence Data; Penicillium; Pyrimidines; Pyrroles; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
PubMed: 18943197
DOI: 10.1094/PHYTO-98-2-0205 -
Scientific Reports Aug 2017Phylogeny of Penicillium section Sclerotiora is still limitedly investigated. In this study, five new species of Penicillium are identified from the samples collected...
Phylogeny of Penicillium section Sclerotiora is still limitedly investigated. In this study, five new species of Penicillium are identified from the samples collected from different places of China, and named P. austrosinicum, P. choerospondiatis, P. exsudans, P. sanshaense and P. verrucisporum. The conidiophores of P. austrosinicum and P. exsudans are monoverticillate like most members of the section, while the rest species are biverticillate similar to the only two species P. herquei and P. malachiteum previously reported in the section Sclerotiora. The phylogenetic positions of the new taxa are determined based on the sequence data of ITS, BenA, CaM and RPB2 regions, which reveals that all the species with biverticillate condiophores form a well-supported subclade in the section. The new Penicillium species clearly differ from the existing species of the genus in culture characteristics on four standard growth media, microscopic features, and sequence data. Morphological discrepancies are discussed between the new species and their allies.
Topics: DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Genes, Fungal; Penicillium; Phenotype; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Spores, Fungal
PubMed: 28811639
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08697-1 -
Journal of Microbiology and... Dec 2014During an investigation of the fungal diversity of Korean soils, four Penicillium strains could not be assigned to any described species. The strains formed...
During an investigation of the fungal diversity of Korean soils, four Penicillium strains could not be assigned to any described species. The strains formed monoverticillate conidiophores with occasionally a divaricate branch. The conidia were smooth or finely rough-walled, globose to broadly ellipsoidal and 2.5-3.5 × 2.0-3.0 μm in size. Their taxonomic novelty was determined using partial β-tubulin gene sequences and the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates belonged to section Lanata- Divaricata and were most closely related to Penicillium raperi. Phenotypically, the strains differed from P. raperi in having longer and thicker stipes and thicker phialides. Strain KACC 47721(T) from bamboo field soil was designated as the type strain of the new species, and the species was named Penicillium koreense sp. nov., as it was isolated from various regions in Korea.
Topics: Cluster Analysis; DNA, Fungal; DNA, Ribosomal Spacer; Korea; Microscopy; Molecular Sequence Data; Penicillium; Phylogeny; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Soil Microbiology; Spores, Fungal; Tubulin
PubMed: 25262684
DOI: 10.4014/jmb.1406.06074 -
G3 (Bethesda, Md.) Feb 2023Penicillium oxalicum has been reported as a multienzyme-producing fungus and is widely used in industry due to great potential for cellulase release. Until now, there...
Penicillium oxalicum has been reported as a multienzyme-producing fungus and is widely used in industry due to great potential for cellulase release. Until now, there are only 10 available genome assemblies of P. oxalicum species deposited in the GenBank database. In this study, the genome of the I1R1 strain isolated from the root of Ixora chinensis was completely sequenced by Pacbio Sequel sequencing technology, assembled into 8 chromosomes with the genome size of 30.8 Mb, as well as a mitogenome of 26 kb. The structural and functional analyses of the I1R1 genome revealed gene model annotations encoding an enzyme set involved in significant metabolic processes, along with cytochrome P450s and secondary metabolite biosynthesis. The comparative analysis of the P. oxalicum species based on orthology and gene family duplications indicated their large and closed pan-genome of 9,500 orthologous groups. This is valuable data for future phylogenetic and population genomics studies.
Topics: Phylogeny; Vietnam; Genome; Penicillium
PubMed: 36454044
DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac300