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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 1998Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) are a heterogeneous group of organisms defined by their morphological appearance and their inability to grow in the presence of... (Review)
Review
Gram-positive anaerobic cocci (GPAC) are a heterogeneous group of organisms defined by their morphological appearance and their inability to grow in the presence of oxygen; most clinical isolates are identified to species in the genus Peptostreptococcus. GPAC are part of the normal flora of all mucocutaneous surfaces and are often isolated from infections such as deep organ abscesses, obstetric and gynecological sepsis, and intraoral infections. They have been little studied for several reasons, which include an inadequate classification, difficulties with laboratory identification, and the mixed nature of the infections from which they are usually isolated. Nucleic acid studies indicate that the classification is in need of radical revision at the genus level. Several species of Peptostreptococcus have recently been described, but others still await formal recognition. Identification has been based on carbohydrate fermentation tests, but most GPAC are asaccharolytic and use the products of protein degradation for their metabolism; the introduction of commercially available preformed enzyme kits affords a physiologically more appropriate method of identification, which is simple and relatively rapid and can be used in routine diagnostic laboratories. Recent reports have documented the isolation in pure culture of several species, notably Peptostreptococcus magnus, from serious infections. Studies of P. magnus have elucidated several virulence factors which correlate with the site of infection, and reveal some similarities to Staphylococcus aureus. P. micros is a strongly proteolytic species; it is increasingly recognized as an important pathogen in intraoral infections, particularly periodontitis, and mixed anaerobic deep-organ abscesses. Comparison of antibiotic susceptibility patterns reveals major differences between species. Penicillins are the antibiotics of choice, although some strains of P. anaerobius show broad-spectrum beta-lactam resistance.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections; Gram-Positive Cocci; Humans; Peptostreptococcus
PubMed: 9457430
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.11.1.81 -
Journal of Oral Microbiology 2023Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common abdomen clinical emergency. Most APs have mild clinical symptoms and a good prognosis. However, about 20% of patients develop severe...
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is a common abdomen clinical emergency. Most APs have mild clinical symptoms and a good prognosis. However, about 20% of patients develop severe acute pancreatitis (SAP), increasing morbidity and mortality. The microbiome's impact on AP pathophysiology has received increasing attention. Hence, to explore changes in oral microbial composition in acute pancreatitis, we collected clinical information and oral saliva samples from 136 adult participants: 47 healthy controls, 43 acute mild AP (MAP), 29 moderate AP (MSAP), and 17 severe AP (SAP). Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, 663,175 high-quality sequences were identified. The relative abundance and diversity of oral microorganisms in AP patients increased, with decreased beneficial bacteria such as , , and , and increased , and in the AP group. Further changes in microbial composition occurred with increasing disease severity, including a decreased abundance of beneficial bacteria such as , and in MSAP and SAP compared to MAP. Moreover, the Lefse analysis showed that , and were better microbial markers for AP. Therefore, oral microbiome changes could distinguish AP from healthy individuals and serve as an early novel predictor of disease severity in AP patients.
PubMed: 37808891
DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2264619 -
Microorganisms Aug 2023Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of mortality worldwide. Considerable evidence indicates that dysbiosis of the gut microbial community... (Review)
Review
Globally, colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second most common cause of mortality worldwide. Considerable evidence indicates that dysbiosis of the gut microbial community and its metabolite secretions play a fundamental role in advanced adenoma (ADA) and CRC development and progression. This study is a systematic review that aims to assess the clinical association between gut microbial markers and/or gut and circulating metabolites with ADA and CRC. Five electronic databases were searched by four independent reviewers. Only controlled trials that compared ADA and/or CRC with healthy control (HC) using either untargeted (16s rRNA gene or whole genome sequencing) or targeted (gene-based real-time PCR) identification methods for gut microbiome profile, or untargeted or targeted metabolite profiling approaches from the gut or serum/plasma, were eligible. Three independent reviewers evaluated the quality of the studies using the . Twenty-four studies were eligible. We identified strong evidence of two microbial markers and for ADA vs. CRC, and nine microbial markers -Lachnoclostridium, -Ruminococcus, spp., , Enterobacteriaceae, spp., Bacteroides, -, spp.-, , and for CRC vs. HC. The remaining metabolite marker evidence between the various groups, including ADA vs. HC, ADA vs. HC, and CRC vs. HC, was not of sufficient quality to support additional findings. The identified gut microbial markers can be used in a panel for diagnosing ADA and/or CRC. Further research in the metabolite markers area is needed to evaluate the possibility to use in diagnostic or prognostic markers for colorectal cancer.
PubMed: 37630597
DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11082037 -
Journal of Education & Teaching in... Apr 2020Fitz-Hugh Curtis syndrome (FHCS) is a rare sequela of pelvic inflammatory disease that must be included on the differential in patients with abdominal pain, particularly...
UNLABELLED
Fitz-Hugh Curtis syndrome (FHCS) is a rare sequela of pelvic inflammatory disease that must be included on the differential in patients with abdominal pain, particularly if they have risk factors for sexually transmitted infections. In this case, a 25-year-old female with a past history of presented to the emergency department with vaginal discharge and right upper quadrant pain. Complete blood count showed a mild leukocytosis, and computed tomography demonstrated fat stranding inferior to the liver and along the right colon. The patient was diagnosed with Fitz-Hugh Curtis syndrome and admitted for intravenous (IV) antibiotics. After 48 hours of IV antibiotics she was discharged with a 14-day course of doxycycline and metronidazole. Multiple bacterial species have been implicated in FHCS, including but not limited to , , , , and . Therefore, careful consideration should be given to the choice of antimicrobial treatment.
TOPICS
Fitz-Hugh-Curtis syndrome, perihepatitis, pelvic inflammatory disease, sexually transmitted disease.
PubMed: 37465405
DOI: 10.21980/J82K9G -
MSphere Jun 2022Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome, characterized by low levels of lactobacilli and overgrowth of a diverse group of bacteria, associated...
Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiome, characterized by low levels of lactobacilli and overgrowth of a diverse group of bacteria, associated with higher risk of a variety of infections, surgical complications, cancer, and preterm birth (PTB). Despite the lack of a consistently applicable etiology, spp. are often associated with both BV and PTB, and has known symbiotic relationships with both Peptostreptococcus anaerobius and Gardnerella vaginalis. Higher risk of PTB can also be predicted by a composite of metabolites linked to bacterial metabolism, but their specific bacterial source remains poorly understood. Here, we characterize diversity of metabolic strategies among BV-associated bacteria and lactobacilli and the symbiotic metabolic relationships between and its partners and show how these influence the availability of metabolites associated with BV/PTB and/or pro- or anti-inflammatory immune responses. We confirm a commensal relationship between and , refining its mechanism, which sustains a substantial increase in acetate production. In contrast, the relationship between and strains, with sequence variant G2, is mutualistic, with outcome dependent on the metabolic strategy of the strain. Taken together, our data show how knowledge of inter- and intraspecies metabolic diversity and the effects of symbiosis may refine our understanding of the mechanism and approach to risk prediction in BV and/or PTB. Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most common vaginal infection for women of childbearing age. Although 50% of women with BV do not have any symptoms, it approximately doubles the risk of catching a sexually transmitted infection and also increases the risk of preterm delivery in pregnant women. Recent studies of the vaginal microbiota have suggested that variation between species in the same genus or between strains of the same species explain better or poorer outcomes or at least some coexistence patterns for bacteria of concern. We tested whether such variation is manifested in how vaginal bacteria grow in the laboratory and whether and how they may share nutrients. We then showed that this affected the overall cocktail of chemicals they produce, including bacterially derived chemicals that we have previously shown are linked to a higher risk of preterm delivery.
Topics: Bacteria; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Lactobacillus; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; Symbiosis; Vaginosis, Bacterial
PubMed: 35491843
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00166-22 -
The International Journal of Biological... Jun 2023Dysbiosis commonly occurs in pancreatic cancer, but its specific characteristics and interactions with pancreatic cancer remain obscure.
BACKGROUND
Dysbiosis commonly occurs in pancreatic cancer, but its specific characteristics and interactions with pancreatic cancer remain obscure.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
The 16S rRNA sequencing method was used to analyze multisite (oral and gut) microbiota characteristics of pancreatic cancer, chronic pancreatitis, and healthy controls. Differential analysis was used to identify the pancreatic cancer-associated genera and pathways. A random forest algorithm was adopted to establish the diagnostic models for pancreatic cancer.
RESULTS
The chronic pancreatitis group exhibited the lowest microbial diversity, while no significant difference was found between the pancreatic cancer group and healthy controls group. Diagnostic models based on the characteristics of the oral (area under the curve (AUC) 0.916, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.832-1) or gut (AUC 0.856; 95% CI 0.74, 0.972) microbiota effectively discriminate the pancreatic cancer samples in this study, suggesting saliva as a superior sample type in terms of detection efficiency and clinical compliance. Oral pathogenic genera (, , , , etc.) and gut opportunistic genera (, , , , , etc.), were significantly enriched in pancreatic cancer. The 16S function prediction analysis revealed that inflammation, immune suppression, and barrier damage pathways were involved in the course of pancreatic cancer.
CONCLUSION
This study comprehensively described the microbiota characteristics of pancreatic cancer and suggested potential microbial markers as non-invasive tools for pancreatic cancer diagnosis.
Topics: Humans; Bacteria; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Microbiota; Pancreatic Neoplasms; Pancreatitis, Chronic
PubMed: 37017014
DOI: 10.1177/03936155231166721 -
Journal of Clinical Medicine Aug 2020Halitosis is a common ailment concerning 15% to 60% of the human population. Halitosis can be divided into extra-oral halitosis (EOH) and intra-oral halitosis (IOH). The... (Review)
Review
Halitosis is a common ailment concerning 15% to 60% of the human population. Halitosis can be divided into extra-oral halitosis (EOH) and intra-oral halitosis (IOH). The IOH is formed by volatile compounds, which are produced mainly by anaerobic bacteria. To these odorous substances belong volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), aromatic compounds, amines, short-chain fatty or organic acids, alcohols, aliphatic compounds, aldehydes, and ketones. The most important VSCs are hydrogen sulfide, dimethyl sulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and methyl mercaptan. VSCs can be toxic for human cells even at low concentrations. The oral bacteria most related to halitosis are spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., spp., , and spp. Most bacteria that cause halitosis are responsible for periodontitis, but they can also affect the development of oral and digestive tract cancers. Malodorous agents responsible for carcinogenesis are hydrogen sulfide and acetaldehyde.
PubMed: 32748883
DOI: 10.3390/jcm9082484 -
Otolaryngology--head and Neck Surgery :... Jun 2023To examine the oral microbiome in the context of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.
OBJECTIVE
To examine the oral microbiome in the context of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.
STUDY DESIGN
Basic science research.
SETTING
Academic medical center.
METHODS
Oral swabs were collected from patients presenting to the operating room for management of oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma and from age- and sex-matched control patients receiving surgery for unrelated benign conditions. 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequencing was performed on genetic material obtained from swabs. A bacterial rRNA gene library was created and sequence reads were sorted into taxonomic units.
RESULTS
Thirty-one control patients (17 males) and 35 cancer patients (21 males) were enrolled. Ages ranged from 23 to 89 (median 63) for control patients and 35 to 86 (median 66) for cancer patients. Sixty-one percent of control patients and 63% of cancer patients were smokers. 16S analyses demonstrated a significant decrease in Streptococcus genera in oral cancer patients (34.11% vs 21.74% of the population, p = .04). Increases in Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Parvimonas, and Neisseria were also found. The abundance of these bacteria correlated with tumor T-stage.
CONCLUSION
16S rRNA sequencing demonstrated changes in bacterial populations in oral cavity cancer and its progression compared to noncancer controls. We found increases in bacteria genera that correspond with tumor stage-Fusobacteria, Peptostreptococcus, Parvimonas, Neisseria, and Treponema. These data suggest that oral cancer creates an environment to facilitate foreign bacterial growth, rather than implicating a specific bacterial species in carcinogenesis. These bacteria can be employed as a potential marker for tumor progression or interrogated to better characterize the tumor microenvironment.
Topics: Humans; Male; Bacteria; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Mouth Neoplasms; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 36939272
DOI: 10.1002/ohn.211 -
Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases Oct 2008This review summarizes the microbiology, diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis (IE) due to anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria are an uncommon but... (Review)
Review
This review summarizes the microbiology, diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis (IE) due to anaerobic bacteria. Anaerobic bacteria are an uncommon but important cause of IE. Most cases are caused by the anaerobic and microaerophilic streptococci Propionibacterium acnes, Bacteroides fragilis and Clostridium species. Predisposing factors and signs and symptoms of IE caused by anaerobic bacteria are similar to those seen in IE due to facultative anaerobic bacteria with the following exceptions: there is a lower incidence of pre-existing valvular heart disease, a higher incidence of thromboembolic events and a higher mortality rate with anaerobic IE. The gastrointestinal tract is the most common source for B. fragilis group IE, the head and neck are the most common origin for Fusobacterium and Bacteroides species, and the head and neck or genitourinary tract is the most common source for Peptostreptococcus species. Multiple mycotic aneurysms are a common complication with anaerobic IE. Others include valvular destruction, aortic-ring abscess, aortitis, cardiogenic shock, dysrrhythmias and septic shock. The mortality rate for patients with anaerobic IE ranges from 21 to 43%. Treatment of anaerobic IE includes the use of antimicrobial effective against these organisms. Surgical intervention may be indicated in some patients.
Topics: Aneurysm, Infected; Bacteria, Anaerobic; Bacteroides fragilis; Clostridium; Endocarditis; Heart Aneurysm; Humans; Propionibacterium
PubMed: 19056073
DOI: 10.1016/j.acvd.2008.08.008 -
Life (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2021Emerging evidences link gut microbiota to colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and development. However, the CRC stage- and spatial-specific bacterial taxa were less...
Emerging evidences link gut microbiota to colorectal cancer (CRC) initiation and development. However, the CRC stage- and spatial-specific bacterial taxa were less investigated, especially in a Chinese cohort, leading to our incomplete understanding of the functional roles of gut microbiota in promoting CRC progression and recurrence. Here, we report the composition and structure of gut microbiota across CRC stages I, II and III, by analyzing the gut mucosal microbiomes of 75 triplet-paired samples collected from on-tumor, adjacent-tumor and off-tumor sites and 26 healthy controls. We observed tumor-specific pattern of mucosal microbiome profiles as CRC progressed and identified ten bacterial taxa with high abundances (>1%) as potential biomarkers for tumor initiation and development. and can serve as biomarkers for CRC stage I. , , , , , and can serve as biomarkers for CRC stage II, while , , , , and can serve as biomarkers for CRC stage III. These biomarkers classified CRC stages I, II and III distinguished from each other with an area under the receiver-operating curve (AUC) > 0.5. Moreover, co-occurrence and co-excluding network analysis of these genera showed strong correlations in CRC stage I, which were subsequently reduced in CRC stages II and III. Our findings provide a reference index for stage-specific CRC diagnosis and suggest stage-specific roles of , , and in driving CRC progression.
PubMed: 34440574
DOI: 10.3390/life11080831