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JAMA Network Open Jan 2023Limited prior research suggests that transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people may have higher mortality rates than cisgender people.
IMPORTANCE
Limited prior research suggests that transgender and gender diverse (TGD) people may have higher mortality rates than cisgender people.
OBJECTIVE
To estimate overall and cause-specific mortality among TGD persons compared with cisgender persons.
DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS
This population-based cohort study used data from general practices in England contributing to the UK's Clinical Practice Research Datalink GOLD and Aurum databases. Transfeminine (assigned male at birth) and transmasculine (assigned female at birth) individuals were identified using diagnosis codes for gender incongruence, between 1988 and 2019, and were matched to cisgender men and women according to birth year, practice, and practice registration date and linked to the Office of National Statistics death registration. Data analysis was performed from February to June 2022.
MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES
Cause-specific mortality counts were calculated for categories of disease as defined by International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision chapters. Overall and cause-specific mortality rate ratios (MRRs) were estimated using Poisson models, adjusted for index age, index year, race and ethnicity, Index of Multiple Deprivation, smoking status, alcohol use, and body mass index.
RESULTS
A total of 1951 transfeminine (mean [SE] age, 36.90 [0.34] years; 1801 White [92.3%]) and 1364 transmasculine (mean [SE] age, 29.20 [0.36] years; 1235 White [90.4%]) individuals were matched with 68 165 cisgender men (mean [SE] age, 33.60 [0.05] years; 59 136 White [86.8%]) and 68 004 cisgender women (mean [SE] age, 33.50 [0.05] years; 57 762 White [84.9%]). The mortality rate was 528.11 deaths per 100 000 person-years (102 deaths) for transfeminine persons, 325.86 deaths per 100 000 person-years (34 deaths) for transmasculine persons, 315.32 deaths per 100 000 person-years (1951 deaths) for cisgender men, and 260.61 deaths per 100 000 person-years (1608 deaths) for cisgender women. Transfeminine persons had a higher overall mortality risk compared with cisgender men (MRR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.06-1.68) and cisgender women (MRR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.27-2.01). For transmasculine persons, the overall MMR was 1.43 (95% CI, 0.87-2.33) compared with cisgender men and was 1.75 (95% CI, 1.08-2.83) compared with cisgender women. Transfeminine individuals had lower cancer mortality than cisgender women (MRR, 0.52; 95% CI, 0.32-0.83) but an increased risk of external causes of death (MRR, 1.92; 95% CI, 1.05-3.50). Transmasculine persons had higher mortality from external causes of death than cisgender women (MRR, 2.77; 95% CI, 1.15-6.65). Compared with cisgender men, neither transfeminine nor transmasculine adults had a significantly increased risk of deaths due to external causes.
CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE
In this cohort study of primary care data, TGD persons had elevated mortality rates compared with cisgender persons, particularly for deaths due to external causes. Further research is needed to examine how minority stress may be contributing to deaths among TGD individuals to reduce mortality.
Topics: Infant, Newborn; Humans; Adult; Male; Female; Transgender Persons; Cohort Studies; Transsexualism; Gender Identity; England
PubMed: 36716027
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.53687 -
Wiadomosci Lekarskie (Warsaw, Poland :... 2021The aim: To present an overview of the problem of creative skills development at the level of higher education, analyse the notions "creativity" and "creative skills",... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The aim: To present an overview of the problem of creative skills development at the level of higher education, analyse the notions "creativity" and "creative skills", investigate the main conditions of the creative skills development in medical students of higher educational establishments in Ukraine and abroad.
PATIENTS AND METHODS
Materials and methods: Experimental verification of the conditions of the medical students creativity development was conducted in the period from 2017 to 2019 academic years within two groups of students: Ukrainian students and foreign students. In the process of the study, the peculiarities of the students' creativity development were established through surveys and questionnaires.
RESULTS
Results: On the basis of an overview of the problem of creative skills development within the context of modern education, the notions "creativity", "creativeness" have been analysed. The main strategies and methods aimed at the creative skills development in medical students have been investigated. A brief overview of historical development of the problem of creativity in pedagogy of higher education has been suggested. The given paper analyses the main directions of reforming the system of higher education, in the context of which the development of students' creativity takes place, as well as the methods and techniques aimed at developing the creative skills of the students.
CONCLUSION
Conclusions: The problem of the development of person's creative abilities involves a number of logical steps: the definition of the essence of this concept, its significance in the process of human development, society's need in people with creative abilities, retrospective assessment of the problem, importance of educational systems, and the establishment of consistent patterns of the process.
Topics: Creativity; Humans; Retrospective Studies; Students, Medical; Ukraine
PubMed: 35058391
DOI: No ID Found -
Aggressive Behavior Apr 2017The Tangram Help/Hurt Task is a laboratory-based measure designed to simultaneously assess helpful and hurtful behavior. Across five studies we provide evidence that...
The Tangram Help/Hurt Task is a laboratory-based measure designed to simultaneously assess helpful and hurtful behavior. Across five studies we provide evidence that further establishes the convergent and discriminant validity of the Tangram Help/Hurt Task. Cross-sectional and meta-analytic evidence finds consistently significant associations between helpful and hurtful scores on the Tangram Task and prosocial and aggressive personality traits. Experimental evidence reveals that situational primes known to induce aggressive and prosocial behavior significantly influence helpful and hurtful scores on the Tangram Help/Hurt Task. Additionally, motivation items in all studies indicate that tangram choices are indeed associated with intent of helping and hurting. We discuss the advantages and limitations of the Tangram Help/Hurt Task relative to established measures of helpful and hurtful behavior. Aggr. Behav. 43:133-146, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Topics: Adult; Aggression; Cross-Sectional Studies; Female; Helping Behavior; Humans; Male; Personality; Psychological Tests; Young Adult
PubMed: 27629104
DOI: 10.1002/ab.21669 -
Psychiatria Polska 2016Until the end of the nineties last century personality disorders could not be diagnosed before the age of eighteen. Nevertheless, the results of studies published in the... (Review)
Review
Until the end of the nineties last century personality disorders could not be diagnosed before the age of eighteen. Nevertheless, the results of studies published in the last decade have revealed that personality disorders can be observed in children and adolescents and that personality disorders diagnosed in adult patients had been present as early as in childhood. The knowledge of possible mechanisms shaping personality disorders in childhood is unsatisfactory and needs to be expanded. Developmental psychology explains the development of abnormal personality through inappropriate attachment patterns and abnormal transitions between developmental phases. Genetic and temperamental factors are also important in the aetiology of personality disorders as well as early maladaptive schemas resulting from personal experiences and interactions with others. The aim of this article is to review the current knowledge on the mechanisms shaping the development of personality and personality disorders in childhood and adolescence.
Topics: Adolescent; Adolescent Behavior; Aging; Child; Child Behavior; Child Behavior Disorders; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Internal-External Control; Male; Personality; Personality Development; Personality Disorders; Psychology, Adolescent
PubMed: 27556119
DOI: 10.12740/PP/36180 -
Acta Psychologica Nov 2021Communication and relationships have been dramatically altered among emerging adults thanks to the rapid adoption of the smartphone in just over a decade. Studying the...
Communication and relationships have been dramatically altered among emerging adults thanks to the rapid adoption of the smartphone in just over a decade. Studying the effects of evolving personal technology helps researchers understand both the detriments of widespread adoption and the benefits that accompany the technology. One such area of concern is the relationship of technology with loneliness. Emerging adulthood is described as the period of transition from adolescence to adulthood, taking place from age 18-25. This period is characterized by change, exploration, but also a vulnerability to psychological distress. Young adults are not only at greater risk of loneliness compared to other developmental stages, but report greater distress about being lonely (Rokach, 2000). Previous research has found support for the hypothesis that use of social communication on the Internet has a bidirectional relationship with loneliness (Nowland et al., 2018); use of the Internet can support relationships and decrease loneliness, but if used as a compensation for social skill deficits, the Internet can also displace quality time spent in relationships, and thereby increase loneliness. This study examines loneliness and its relationship with smartphone use, while also accounting for individual differences in facets of neuroticism, communication apprehension, emotional support, and nomophobia for emerging adults. Participants (N = 302; M = 18.85) completed self-report measures of loneliness and the individual differences variables. They also reported average daily smartphone data of screen time, pickups, and application (app) use, which was measured by their personal devices. Correlations indicated loneliness was positively associated with screen time, social media app use, neuroticism, social recognition, communication anxiety, and nomophobia. Loneliness was negatively associated with smartphone pickups, communication application use, need for affiliation, and emotional support. A regression analysis revealed that neuroticism, need for affiliation, social recognition, emotional support, and smartphone pickups were significant predictors of loneliness, when taking into account all the individual difference and smartphone use variables. Neuroticism and loneliness have a strong relationship, but a hierarchical regression showed that over and above neuroticism and its facets, smartphone screen time and pickups predict loneliness. Overall, the results for this sample of emerging adults supported the hypotheses by Nowland et al. (2018) about social use of the Internet, but applied to smartphone use. More time spent on one's smartphone and on social media apps is related to increased loneliness, and is discussed in context of identity development. More frequent use (pickups) and use of communication apps is related to decreased loneliness and is discussed with respect to development of relationship intimacy. These results suggest that loneliness in young adults is related to different types of smartphone use, even when accounting for stable characteristics such as personality. Finally, neuroticism remains a significant variable in understanding loneliness, and further examination of lower-order facets help define a more nuanced profile in individual differences.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anxiety Disorders; Humans; Loneliness; Neuroticism; Personality; Smartphone; Young Adult
PubMed: 34844066
DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2021.103454 -
AMA Journal of Ethics Jun 2023Over the past decade, ways of defining self in relation to gender identity and forms of expression have widely expanded. Along with this expansion of identifying...
Over the past decade, ways of defining self in relation to gender identity and forms of expression have widely expanded. Along with this expansion of identifying language, there has been an increase in medical professionals and clinics specializing in providing gender care. Yet many barriers to providing this care still exist for clinicians-including their comfort with and knowledge about collecting and retaining a patient's demographic information, respecting the name and pronouns a patient goes by, and providing overall ethical care. This article shares one transgender person's numerous health care encounters over 20 years as both a patient and a professional.
Topics: Humans; Male; Female; Transgender Persons; Gender Identity; Health Personnel; Patients
PubMed: 37285300
DOI: 10.1001/amajethics.2023.452 -
Psychiatria Polska Apr 2019To check the legitimacy of the presumption that there are many "neurotic" disorders.
OBJECTIVES
To check the legitimacy of the presumption that there are many "neurotic" disorders.
METHODS
Taxonomic analyzes by single linkage method, unweighted pair-group average and Ward's method, also k-means clustering. The material in the pilot study used the information obtained from the Symptom Checklist "O", completed before treatment by 4,649 patients, who applied for treatment due to various functional disorders. The basic study used questionnaires filled in by 288 patients with diagnosed neurotic disorders and by 95 not-neurotic persons, constituting a control group.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggest that the symptoms of functional disorders constitute one set (syndrome), thus the conviction of the multiplicity of neurotic disorders seems unjustified.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Neurotic Disorders; Personality; Personality Disorders; Pilot Projects; Poland; Self Concept
PubMed: 31317959
DOI: 10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/97374 -
Journal of General Internal Medicine Jul 2021Personality is the description of an individual's tendencies when acting or reacting to others. Clinicians spontaneously form impressions of a patient's apparent... (Review)
Review
Personality is the description of an individual's tendencies when acting or reacting to others. Clinicians spontaneously form impressions of a patient's apparent personality yet such unstructured impressions might lead to snap judgments or unhelpful labels. Here we review the evidence-based five-factor model from psychology science for understanding personalities (OCEAN taxonomy). Openness to experience is defined as the general appreciation for a variety of experiences. Conscientiousness is the tendency to exhibit self-discipline. Extraversion is the degree of engagement with the external world. Agreeableness is the general concern for social harmony. Neuroticism is the tendency to experience negative emotions. An awareness of these five dimensions might help clinicians avoid faulty judgments from casual contact. Expert assessment of personality requires extensive training and data, thereby suggesting that clinicians should take a humble view of their own unsophisticated impressions of a patient's personality.
Topics: Extraversion, Psychological; Humans; Personality; Personality Inventory
PubMed: 33506393
DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-06598-8 -
International Journal of Environmental... Nov 2022According to Cloninger's model, personality is conceptualized in temperament and character traits contributing to a child's psychosocial development. Additionally,...
According to Cloninger's model, personality is conceptualized in temperament and character traits contributing to a child's psychosocial development. Additionally, parent-child interaction is important for the child's socio-emotional development. To date, the relationship between attachment and temperament and character for child mental health development and its effects on parents remains mostly unclear. The aim of the present study was thus to examine the relationship of attachment, temperament and character, parental stress, and mental health problems among 125 children (mean age = 7.14 years) in Switzerland. Temperament and character, attachment disorder (symptoms), parental stress, and mental health problems were assessed with psychometric questionnaires; attachment was assessed with an additional observational measure. Descriptive characters of the sample were presented, and group differences and correlations were computed. For temperament traits, results revealed significant group differences for novelty seeking and persistence and attachment disorder types. For character traits, the findings showed significant group differences for self-directedness and cooperativeness and attachment disorder types. Moderate effect sizes for groups differences were found. Further, the mixed-type (inhibited and disinhibited) and inhibited attachment disorder type were the most burdened groups. The present findings suggest that temperament and character traits, as well as parental stress and mental health problems are associated with the occurrence of attachment disorders among children. Future longitudinal studies with larger samples are needed to examine the causal relationships of temperament and character with attachment, including person-related and environmental factors among children.
Topics: Humans; Child; Mental Health; Character; Temperament; Personality Inventory; Psychometrics
PubMed: 36497530
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315458 -
Social Cognitive and Affective... Jan 2016Neuroimaging studies on trait inference demonstrated that the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) houses neural representations of memory codes for traits . In this...
Neuroimaging studies on trait inference demonstrated that the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) houses neural representations of memory codes for traits . In this study, we investigate the neural code not only of traits, but also of persons who exemplify these traits. We used repetition suppression, which is a rapid suppression of the neuroimaging signal upon repeated presentation of the same stimulus or core stimulus characteristics-in this case, the implied trait and person. Participants inferred familiar person's traits. At each trial, a critical (target) sentence described a behavior that implied a trait, and was preceded by a (prime) sentence that implied the same trait and portrayed the same person, the same trait but portrayed a different person or did not imply a trait and portrayed a different person. As predicted, we found partly overlapping repetition suppression areas in the ventral mPFC when persons and traits were repeated, indicating that not only traits but also familiar persons have a neural code in the ventral mPFC. We also found a negative correlation between activation when reading about a new person and participants' social network size, indicating that experience with larger social groups results in less recruitment of a person code.
Topics: Adult; Female; Humans; Interpersonal Relations; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Mental Recall; Prefrontal Cortex; Recognition, Psychology; Recruitment, Neurophysiological; Temperament; Young Adult
PubMed: 26371337
DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv100