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British Medical Journal Sep 1976
Topics: Blood Coagulation; Contraceptives, Oral; Estrogens; Female; Humans
PubMed: 963423
DOI: No ID Found -
The British Journal of General Practice... Oct 1998
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans; Risk Factors
PubMed: 10071393
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Oct 1977
Topics: Adult; Age Factors; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans; Mortality; Smoking
PubMed: 912369
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Jun 1978
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Contraceptives, Oral, Hormonal; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Risk
PubMed: 656814
DOI: No ID Found -
BMJ Open Oct 2019To systematically identify and map the available evidence on effectiveness, side effects, pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action of centchroman as a contraceptive pill.
OBJECTIVE
To systematically identify and map the available evidence on effectiveness, side effects, pharmacokinetics and mechanism of action of centchroman as a contraceptive pill.
INTRODUCTION
Centchroman was introduced in the Indian national family planning programme in 2016 as a once-a-week short-term contraceptive pill/oral contraceptive. At present there are no WHO recommendations on this method of contraception. We examined the available evidence through a scoping review.
METHODS
A search was conducted inclusive to the years 1970-2019 on electronic databases, grey literature sources and reference lists of included studies to identify studies. The five stages of Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review framework were applied in undertaking this scoping review.
RESULTS
The review identified 33 studies conducted between 1976 and 2017. Two studies reported mechanism of action of centchroman. Pharmacokinetics was reported by five studies among non-breastfeeding women and four studies among breastfeeding women. Eight studies reported on effectiveness ranging from 93% to 100%. Pregnancies due to user failure ranged from 2.6% to 10.2%. Although side effects were reported in 13 studies, the incidence varied greatly between the studies. Continuous bleeding and prolonged cycles >45 days were the most commonly reported side effects. All studies conducted had a small sample size and the duration of follow-up of women was 12 months or less. Fifty-five per cent of studies were by the developers of the pill (Central Drug Research Institute) and results of the phase IV clinical trial were unavailable.
CONCLUSIONS
The scoping review shows that studies with robust designs and conducted in international context are lacking. Insufficient evidence exists on centchroman use as a postcoital contraceptive pill. The broad uncertainty in range of side effects and effectiveness in the studies implies insufficient evidence to make global recommendations on centchroman that is currently licensed as a contraceptive in India.
Topics: Centchroman; Contraceptives, Oral; Estrogen Antagonists; Female; Humans; Pharmacovigilance; Product Surveillance, Postmarketing; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 31594884
DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030373 -
BMC International Health and Human... Jan 2013Understanding the extent that different modern contraceptives are acceptable to different populations groups and where they get the commodities from will help in...
BACKGROUND
Understanding the extent that different modern contraceptives are acceptable to different populations groups and where they get the commodities from will help in developing specific interventions that will help to scale-up the availability of the contraceptives.
METHODS
The study took place in urban and rural sites in six states across Nigeria. Data on acceptability and sources of the contraceptives was collected from at least 770 randomly selected mostly female householders from each state respectively using a questionnaire. Acceptability of the different contraceptives was scored by the respondents on a scale of 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest). The relationships between acceptability and sources of the contraceptives with socio-economic status and geographic location of the respondents were examined.
RESULTS
The use of modern contraceptives in general was acceptable to 87% of the respondents. Male condom was the most acceptable means of contraceptive with an average score of 5.0. It was followed by implants with and oral contraceptive pill with average scores of 4.0, whilst IUD was the least acceptable with an average score of 2.9. The private sector was the major source of contraceptives to different population groups. Both male and female condoms were mostly procured from patent medicine dealers (PMD) and pharmacy shops. Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs) and implants were mostly sourced from public and private hospitals in the urban areas, whilst injectibles were mostly sourced from private hospitals. Oral contraceptives were mostly sourced from pharmacy shops and patent medicine dealers. There were SES and geographic differences for both acceptability and sources of the contraceptives. Also, the sources of different contraceptives depended on the type of the contraceptive.
CONCLUSION
The different contraceptives were acceptable to the respondents and the major source of the contraceptives was the private sector. Hence, public-private partnership arrangements should be explored so that universal coverage with contraceptives could be easily achieved. Interventions should be developed to eliminate the inequities in both acceptability and sources of different contraceptives. The acceptability of all the contraceptives should be enhanced with relevant behaviour change communication interventions especially in areas with the lowest levels of acceptability.
Topics: Adult; Contraception; Contraceptive Agents; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Financing, Personal; Health Services Accessibility; Humans; Intrauterine Devices; Male; Nigeria; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Rural Population; Urban Population
PubMed: 23343579
DOI: 10.1186/1472-698X-13-7 -
British Medical Journal Mar 1973
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age Factors; Body Weight; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans; Hypertension; Middle Aged; Pregnancy
PubMed: 4694688
DOI: No ID Found -
Revue Medicale de Liege Nov 2003Evra is a transdermal patch releasing 20 micrograms of ethinylestradiol and 150 micrograms of norelgestromin/day during one week. The circulating levels of steroids... (Review)
Review
Evra is a transdermal patch releasing 20 micrograms of ethinylestradiol and 150 micrograms of norelgestromin/day during one week. The circulating levels of steroids attained are of similar amplitude though steadier than after intake of an oral combined low-dose estrogen-progestin pill. The transdermal method is user-friendly and is abided by a high degree of acceptability, and a low level of skin irritability. Its contraceptive effectiveness is similar to that conferred by oral contraceptives except if the treated woman is over 90 kg, in which case Evra should not be prescribed. Cycle control is excellent and similar to that of triphasic pills. Adverse effects and tolerance are comparable to those described with low-dose oral contraceptives with a slight estrogen dominance. Lipid and glucose metabolism as well as coagulation are influenced in the same way. Gastrointestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting) do not prevent the efficacy of the transdermal patch. Compliance with Evra is significantly higher than with oral combined contraceptives--a major point for an effective contraception. Accordingly, Evra constitutes an useful addition to the current array of contraceptive methods.
Topics: Administration, Cutaneous; Adult; Contraception; Contraceptives, Oral; Contraceptives, Oral, Combined; Drug Combinations; Ethisterone; Female; Glucose; Humans; Lipid Metabolism; Menstrual Cycle; Nausea; Norgestrel; Oximes; Vomiting
PubMed: 14748201
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Family Planning and... Jan 2012
Topics: Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans
PubMed: 22170995
DOI: 10.1136/jfprhc-2011-100246 -
British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology Nov 2021Oral contraceptives (OC)s are commonly used worldwide. In a recent study, we showed that the use of OCs is associated with an increased risk for neutropenia. We aimed to...
AIMS
Oral contraceptives (OC)s are commonly used worldwide. In a recent study, we showed that the use of OCs is associated with an increased risk for neutropenia. We aimed to investigate the clinical implications of this finding by examining the infection rates of 4 serious infections before, during and after OCs.
METHODS
A retrospective cohort study using the electronic medical records of a large health organization. We selected 2 retrospective cohorts of women aged 16-40 between years 2005 and 2019. The first cohort examined infection rates during 2 years before OC use and 2 consecutive years of adherent OC use. The second cohort included women who consumed OCs adherently for 2 years and then discontinued their use for 2 consecutive years. Women's infection rates were compared by χ test, results were stratified by OC type and age.
RESULTS
Overall, 21 595 and 20 728 women were included in Cohorts 1 and 2 respectively. We found a statistically significant higher relative risk for infection while using OCs; the overall risk ratios (95% confidence intervals) for infection in Cohorts 1 and 2 were 1.35 (1.32-1.38) and 1.27 (1.24-1.31), respectively. The overall infection risk remained statistically significant when stratified by age.
CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates a high statistically and clinically significant risk for all infections followed during OC consumption, which is likely to have major clinical and economic implications. These findings may have implications to millions of women worldwide and should lead to more research on the safety of the pill.
Topics: Cohort Studies; Contraceptives, Oral; Female; Humans; Odds Ratio; Retrospective Studies; Risk
PubMed: 34018215
DOI: 10.1111/bcp.14840