Did you mean: pressoreceptors
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Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) Jan 2022
Topics: Baroreflex; Blood Pressure; Pressoreceptors
PubMed: 34878899
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.121.18372 -
Neuropharmacology Jul 2015In this review we address primarily the role of ASICs in determining sensory signals from arterial baroreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, and cardiopulmonary and... (Review)
Review
In this review we address primarily the role of ASICs in determining sensory signals from arterial baroreceptors, peripheral chemoreceptors, and cardiopulmonary and somatic afferents. Alterations in these sensory signals during acute cardiovascular stresses result in changes in sympathetic and parasympathetic activities that restore cardiovascular homeostasis. In pathological states, however, chronic dysfunctions of these afferents result in serious sympatho-vagal imbalances with significant increases in mortality and morbidity. We identified a role for ASIC2 in the mechano-sensitivity of aortic baroreceptors and of ASIC3 in the pH sensitivity of carotid bodies. In spontaneously hypertensive rats, we reported decreased expression of ASIC2 in nodose ganglia neurons and overexpression of ASIC3 in carotid bodies. This reciprocal expression of ASIC2 and ASIC3 results in reciprocal changes in sensory sensitivity of baro- and chemoreceptors and a consequential synergistic exaggeration sympathetic nerve activity. A similar reciprocal sensory dysautonomia prevails in heart failure and increases the risk of mortality. There is also evidence that ASIC heteromers in skeletal muscle afferents contribute significantly to the exercise pressor reflex. In cardiac muscle afferents of the dorsal root ganglia, they contribute to nociception and to the detrimental sympathetic activation during ischemia. Finally, we report that an inhibitory influence of ASIC2-mediated baroreceptor activity suppresses the sympatho-excitatory reflexes of the chemoreceptors and skeletal muscle afferents, as well as the ASIC1a-mediated excitation of central neurons during fear, threat, or panic. The translational potential of activation of ASIC2 in cardiovascular disease states may be a beneficial sympatho-inhibition and parasympathetic activation. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Acid-Sensing Ion Channels in the Nervous System'.
Topics: Acid Sensing Ion Channels; Animals; Cardiovascular Diseases; Cardiovascular System; Chemoreceptor Cells; Homeostasis; Humans; Pressoreceptors
PubMed: 25592213
DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.12.017 -
JACC. Clinical Electrophysiology Feb 2022This study sought to evaluate the role of cardiac afferent reflexes in atrial fibrillation (AF).
OBJECTIVES
This study sought to evaluate the role of cardiac afferent reflexes in atrial fibrillation (AF).
BACKGROUND
Efferent autonomic tone is not associated with atrial remodeling and AF persistence. However, the role of cardiac afferents is unknown.
METHODS
Individuals with nonpermanent AF (n = 48) were prospectively studied (23 in the in-AF group and 25 in sinus rhythm [SR]) with 12 matched control subjects. We performed: 1) low-level lower body negative pressure (LBNP), which decreases cardiac volume, offloading predominantly cardiac afferent (volume-sensitive) low-pressure baroreceptors; 2) Valsalva reflex (predominantly arterial high-pressure baroreceptors); and 3) isometric handgrip reflex (both baroreceptors). We measured beat-to-beat mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR). LBNP elicits reflex vasoconstriction, estimated using venous occlusion plethysmography-derived forearm blood flow (∝1/vascular resistance), maintaining MAP. To assess reversibility, we repeated LBNP (same day) after 1-hour low-level tragus stimulation (in n = 5 in the in-AF group and n = 10 in the in-SR group) and >6 weeks post-cardioversion (n = 7).
RESULTS
The 3 groups were well matched for age (59 ± 12 years, 83% male), body mass index, and risk factors (P = NS). The in-AF group had higher left atrial volume (P < 0.001) and resting HR (P = 0.01) but similar MAP (P = 0.7). The normal LBNP vasoconstriction (-49 ± 5%) maintaining MAP (control subjects) was attenuated in the in-SR group (-12 ± 9%; P = 0.005) and dysfunctional in the in-AF group (+11 ± 6%; P < 0.001), in which MAP decreased and HR was unchanged. Valsalva was normal throughout. Handgrip MAP response was lowest in the in-AF group (P = 0.01). Interestingly, low-level tragus stimulation and cardioversion improved LBNP vasoconstriction (-48 ± 15%; P = 0.04; and -32 ± 9%; P = 0.02, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
Cardiac afferent (volume-sensitive) reflexes are abnormal in AF patients during SR and dysfunctional during AF. This could contribute to AF progression, thus explaining "AF begets AF." (Characterisation of Autonomic function in Atrial Fibrillation [AF-AF Study]; ACTRN12619000186156).
Topics: Aged; Atrial Fibrillation; Female; Hand Strength; Heart Atria; Humans; Lower Body Negative Pressure; Male; Middle Aged; Pressoreceptors
PubMed: 35210071
DOI: 10.1016/j.jacep.2021.10.010 -
Advances in Physiology Education Jun 2022While the effects of changing heart rate and systemic vascular resistance have been generally understood and appreciated, the effects of changes in left ventricular... (Review)
Review
While the effects of changing heart rate and systemic vascular resistance have been generally understood and appreciated, the effects of changes in left ventricular contractility on end-systolic volume may have been less understood and appreciated and the effects of changes in venous capacitance on end-diastolic volume may have been unknown to many readers. Herein, we have provided a brief review for the medical student and beginning graduate student highlighting these sometimes-complex relationships.
Topics: Blood Pressure; Heart Rate; Heart Ventricles; Humans; Pressoreceptors; Vascular Resistance
PubMed: 35201919
DOI: 10.1152/advan.00160.2021 -
Cardiology Journal 2013Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease of increasing incidence and prevalence. Arterial baroreceptors are stretch-sensitive receptors, which in a reflex manner are involved... (Review)
Review
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a disease of increasing incidence and prevalence. Arterial baroreceptors are stretch-sensitive receptors, which in a reflex manner are involved in the homeostatic control of arterial blood pressure. Diabetic subjects have depressed baroreflex sensitivity (BRS), although the exact pathomechanisms are unclear. In this review, we discuss the features, clinicaland prognostic implications of reduced BRS for diabetic patients and the potential involvement of cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy and atherosclerosis. Finally, we demonstrate evidence on interventions (e.g. pioglitazone, alpha-lipoic acid, leptin, fluvastatin, physicaltraining etc.) which could improve BRS and ameliorate cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction in diabetic patients.
Topics: Animals; Arterial Pressure; Autonomic Nervous System; Baroreflex; Cardiovascular System; Diabetic Neuropathies; Early Diagnosis; Humans; Predictive Value of Tests; Pressoreceptors; Prognosis
PubMed: 24469868
DOI: 10.5603/CJ.2013.0130 -
Experimental Physiology Feb 2014What is the topic of this review? The purpose of this review is to summarize present knowledge of the function of the afferent nerves arising from the heart and the... (Review)
Review
What is the topic of this review? The purpose of this review is to summarize present knowledge of the function of the afferent nerves arising from the heart and the coronary and pulmonary arteries. Although there is abundant evidence that atrial receptor stimulation influences heart rate and urine flow, with little or no effect elsewhere, and that ventricular receptors are strongly excited only by chemical stimuli, there is still the erroneous belief that they act as a homogeneous group causing cardiovascular depression. What advances does it highlight? Coronary receptors deserve to be recognized as a potentially important additional group of baroreceptors. Stimulation of pulmonary arterial baroreceptors at physiological pressures causes reflex vasoconstriction and could have a hitherto unacknowledged important role in cardiovascular control, for example in exercise. Although there has been a tendency to regard cardiac and pulmonary receptors as a single population of 'cardiopulmonary receptors', this cannot be justified as the various receptor types all induce their own particular pattern of responses. Stimulation of atrial receptors increases activity in sympathetic nerves to the sino-atrial node, causing tachycardia, but there is no effect on activity to the myocardium or to most blood vessels. Renal nerve activity, however, is decreased, and secretion of antidiuretic hormone is inhibited, causing diuresis. Ventricular receptors induce a powerful depressor response, but only in response to abnormal chemical stimulation and possibly to myocardial injury. Coronary arterial receptors function as baroreceptors, but have a lower threshold and a more prolonged effect than other baroreceptors. Pulmonary arterial baroreceptors induce vasoconstriction and respiratory stimulation at physiological pressures and may be of importance in mediating some of the responses to exercise, as well as in hypoxic conditions.
Topics: Blood Vessels; Heart; Humans; Lung; Pressoreceptors; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 24058186
DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2013.072637 -
American Journal of Physiology.... Aug 2002
Review
Topics: Animals; Baroreflex; Blood Pressure; Dogs; Humans; Medulla Oblongata; Pressoreceptors; Rats; Receptors, Serotonin; Receptors, Serotonin, 5-HT1; Sympathetic Nervous System
PubMed: 12121838
DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00219.2002 -
Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology Jan 2013Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent sleep disorder of breathing in both adults and children that is fraught with substantial cardiovascular morbidities,... (Review)
Review
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is highly prevalent sleep disorder of breathing in both adults and children that is fraught with substantial cardiovascular morbidities, the latter being attributable to a complex interplay between intermittent hypoxia (IH), episodic hypercapnia, recurrent large intra-thoracic pressure swings, and sleep disruption. Alterations in autonomic nervous system function could underlie the perturbations in cardiovascular, neurocognitive, immune, endocrine and metabolic functions that affect many of the patients suffering from OSA. Although these issues have received substantial attention in adults, the same has thus far failed to occur in children, creating a quasi misperception that children are protected. Here, we provide a critical overview of the evidence supporting the presence of autonomic nervous system (ANS) perturbations in children with OSA, draw some parallel assessments to known mechanisms in rodents and adult humans, particularly, peripheral and central chemoreceptor and baroreceptor pathways, and suggest future research directions.
Topics: Animals; Autonomic Nervous System; Chemoreceptor Cells; Child; Humans; Pressoreceptors; Sleep Apnea, Obstructive
PubMed: 22954503
DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.08.019 -
Cardiovascular Toxicology Jan 2015The body responds to environmental stressors by triggering autonomic reflexes in the pulmonary receptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors to maintain homeostasis.... (Review)
Review
The body responds to environmental stressors by triggering autonomic reflexes in the pulmonary receptors, baroreceptors, and chemoreceptors to maintain homeostasis. Numerous studies have shown that exposure to various gases and airborne particles can alter the functional outcome of these reflexes, particularly with respect to the cardiovascular system. Modulation of autonomic neural input to the heart and vasculature following direct activation of sensory nerves in the respiratory system, elicitation of oxidative stress and inflammation, or through other mechanisms is one of the primary ways that exposure to air pollution affects normal cardiovascular function. Any homeostatic process that utilizes the autonomic nervous system to regulate organ function might be affected. Thus, air pollution and other inhaled environmental irritants have the potential to alter both local airway function and baro- and chemoreflex responses, which modulate autonomic control of blood pressure and detect concentrations of key gases in the body. While each of these reflex pathways causes distinct responses, the systems are heavily integrated and communicate through overlapping regions of the brainstem to cause global effects. This short review summarizes the function of major pulmonary sensory receptors, baroreceptors, and carotid body chemoreceptors and discusses the impacts of air pollution exposure on these systems.
Topics: Air Pollution; Autonomic Nervous System; Cardiovascular System; Chemoreceptor Cells; Heart Rate; Humans; Lung; Pressoreceptors; Respiratory Physiological Phenomena; Sensory Receptor Cells
PubMed: 25123706
DOI: 10.1007/s12012-014-9272-0 -
Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia Aug 2011A large body of evidence has suggested the existence of a reflex network that becomes hyperactive secondary to musculoskeletal alterations that occur in heart failure... (Review)
Review
A large body of evidence has suggested the existence of a reflex network that becomes hyperactive secondary to musculoskeletal alterations that occur in heart failure (HF) syndrome. Together with sympathoinhibitory cardiovascular reflexes, suppressed in the presence of the syndrome, heart failure can contribute to physical exercise intolerance. The hyperactivation of signals originated from receptors located in skeletal muscles (mechanoreceptors - metaboreceptors) is a recently proposed hypothesis to explain the origin of fatigue and dyspnea symptoms in HF. In HF, other alterations in the reflex control system, which are not mutually exclusive, contribute to dyspnea. The inappropriate stimulation of the arterial baroreceptors, with the consequent lack of inhibition of the muscle metaboreflex and carotid chemoreflex unloading and the increase in the renal vasoconstriction with angiotensin II release can also be considered. Although the functional alterations of the reflexes were used independently to illustrate the sympathetic excitation observed in HF, the interaction between these reflexes under normal and pathological conditions, especially its contribution to the sympathoexcitatory state found in HF, has not been broadly investigated. Therefore, questions about a possible association between the muscle receptors (mechano and metaboreceptors) in the genesis of the ergoreflex exacerbation, observed in HF, remain. Thus, the objective of this review was to integrate the knowledge on the mechano and metaboreflex (ergoreflex) in HF syndrome, as well as to clarify the influence of HF drug therapy on the ergoreflex.
Topics: Chemoreceptor Cells; Exercise Tolerance; Heart Failure; Humans; Muscle Fatigue; Muscle, Skeletal; Oxygen Consumption; Pressoreceptors; Reflex; Syndrome
PubMed: 21670895
DOI: 10.1590/s0066-782x2011005000072