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Histopathology Jan 2012Chronic inflammation is now known to contribute to several forms of human cancer, with an estimated 20% of adult cancers attributable to chronic inflammatory conditions... (Review)
Review
Chronic inflammation is now known to contribute to several forms of human cancer, with an estimated 20% of adult cancers attributable to chronic inflammatory conditions caused by infectious agents, chronic non-infectious inflammatory diseases and/or other environmental factors. Indeed, chronic inflammation is now regarded as an 'enabling characteristic' of human cancer. The aim of this review is to summarize the current literature on the evidence for a role for chronic inflammation in prostate cancer aetiology, with a specific focus on recent advances regarding the following: (i) potential stimuli for prostatic inflammation; (ii) prostate cancer immunobiology; (iii) inflammatory pathways and cytokines in prostate cancer risk and development; (iv) proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) as a risk factor lesion to prostate cancer development; and (v) the role of nutritional or other anti-inflammatory compounds in reducing prostate cancer risk.
Topics: Chronic Disease; Cytokines; Humans; Inflammation; Male; Prostate; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Th17 Cells
PubMed: 22212087
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2011.04033.x -
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory... Jul 2012Specimens from the prostate and bladder are commonly encountered by the general surgical pathologist. Emphasis is usually placed on neoplasms of the bladder and... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Specimens from the prostate and bladder are commonly encountered by the general surgical pathologist. Emphasis is usually placed on neoplasms of the bladder and prostate, particularly if malignant, owing to their therapeutic consequences. A good command of benign lesions occurring in the bladder and prostate, and knowledge of their preneoplastic potential will help pathologists confidently diagnose malignancy versus its benign mimickers and guide the urologists in choosing the appropriate therapy and follow-up for the patient.
OBJECTIVE
To present a mixture of benign entities, and discuss their histologic and clinical characteristics, hoping to provide a practical review for the general surgical pathologist.
DATA SOURCES
An extensive review of the literature on the entities discussed was performed.
CONCLUSIONS
A wide variety of benign entities are present in the prostate and bladder. Benign lesions in the prostate can be age related, such as prostatic atrophy and benign prostatic hyperplasia; transition zone associated, such as basal cell hyperplasia, adenosis, and sclerosing adenosis; or prostatic urethra associated. Benign lesions of the bladder encompass a wide variety of reactive changes that can occur in the urothelium, as well as hyperplastic lesions or reactive proliferations that could be misdiagnosed as malignant. The bladder responds to chronic irritation through several reactive/metaplastic lesions such as cystitis cystica/glandularis, keratinizing squamous metaplasia, or nephrogenic metaplasia. The urothelium can also give rise to hyperplastic/proliferative lesions, in particular von Brunn nest hyperplasia, papillary polypoid cystitis, and pseudocarcinomatous proliferation, which should be distinguished from malignant processes. Ectopic tissue, such as prostatic or mullerian, can also be seen.
Topics: Atrophy; Humans; Male; Prostate; Prostatitis; Urinary Bladder; Urinary Bladder Diseases
PubMed: 22742546
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2011-0584-RA -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... 2000To determine the effects of allopurinol in the treatment of chronic prostatitis (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
To determine the effects of allopurinol in the treatment of chronic prostatitis
SEARCH STRATEGY
Trials were searched in computerized general and specialized databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library, Cochrane Prostate Group database), bibliographies of obtained articles, and direct contact with authors.
SELECTION CRITERIA
All randomized trials of allopurinol versus placebo used to treat patients with chronic prostatitis. Acute prostatitis, bacterial prostatitis, and asymptomatic prostatitis were excluded. The main outcome measure was the change in patient-reported discomfort.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The reviewers extracted the data independently for the outcomes of change in patient-reported discomfort, investigator graded prostate pain, leukocyte counts, and biochemical indices.
MAIN RESULTS
Only one trial with 54 men lasting 240 days (with 330 days of follow-up) met study inclusion criteria. There was a statistically significant change favoring allopurinol in patient-reported discomfort between the study and control groups at follow-up. Between days 45-225, the mean score was -0.95 (s.d. 0.19) for the allopurinol group (7 men), compared with -0.47 (s.d. 0.21) for the placebo group (7 men). The weighted mean difference (WMD) was -0.48 (95%CI -0.690, -0.270). The mean score between days 45-135 was -1.08 (s.d. 1.29) for the 25 men in the allopurinol group, compared with -0.21 (sd 0.97) for the 14 men in the control group. The WMD was -0.87 (95%CI -1.587, -0.153). The allopurinol group had significantly less investigator graded prostate pain and had lower levels of serum urate, urine urate, and expressed prostatic secretion urate and xanthine. No significant differences between the two groups regarding leukocyte counts were found. No patient receiving allopurinol had any significant side effects. Three patients in the placebo group dropped out because of side effects.
REVIEWER'S CONCLUSIONS
One small trial of allopurinol for treating chronic prostatitis showed improvements in patient-reported symptom improvement, investigator-graded prostate pain, and biochemical parameters. However, the data provided, the measures used, and the statistics presented do not make these findings convincing that changes in urine and prostatic secretion composition regarding purine and pyrimidine bases resulted in the relief of symptoms. Further studies of allopurinol treatment using standardized and validated outcomes measures and analyses are necessary to determine whether allopurinol is effective.
Topics: Allopurinol; Antimetabolites; Chronic Disease; Humans; Male; Prostatitis
PubMed: 10796738
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001041 -
Journal of the Science of Food and... Dec 2023Rapeseed bee pollen has been recognized as a critical treatment for chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP) and it also can modulate gut microbiota and improve gut...
BACKGROUND
Rapeseed bee pollen has been recognized as a critical treatment for chronic non-bacterial prostatitis (CNP) and it also can modulate gut microbiota and improve gut health. This study aimed to explore the anti-prostatitis effects of rapeseed bee pollen with or without wall-disruption, and to investigate the connection between this treatment and gut microbiota.
RESULTS
The results reveal that rapeseed bee pollen can effectively alleviate chronic non-bacteria prostatitis by selectively regulating gut microbiota, with higher doses and wall-disrupted pollen showing greater efficacy. Treatment with a high dose of wall-disrupted rapeseed bee pollen (WDH, 1.26 g kg body weight) reduced prostate wet weight and prostate index by approximately 32% and 36%, respectively, nearly the levels observed in the control group. Wall-disrupted rapeseed bee pollen treatment also reduced significantly (p < 0.05) the expression of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-8, IL-1β, and TNF-α), as confirmed by immunofluorescence with laser scanning confocal microscope. Our results show that rapeseed bee pollen can inhibit pathogenic bacteria and enhance probiotics, particularly in the Firmicutes-to-Bacteroidetes (F/B) ratio and the abundance of Prevotella (genus).
CONCLUSION
This is the first study to investigate the alleviation of CNP with rapeseed bee pollen through gut microbiota. These results seem to provide better understanding for the development of rapeseed bee pollen as a complementary medicine. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
Topics: Humans; Male; Bees; Animals; Prostatitis; Gastrointestinal Microbiome; Brassica napus; Pollen; Bacteria; Brassica rapa
PubMed: 37486857
DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.12878 -
Nature Reviews. Urology May 2014The cause of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) has yet to be established. Since the late 1980s, cytokine, chemokine, and immunological classification studies using... (Review)
Review
The cause of chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) has yet to be established. Since the late 1980s, cytokine, chemokine, and immunological classification studies using human samples have focused on identifying biomarkers for CPPS, but no diagnostically beneficial biomarkers have been identified, and these studies have done little to deepen our understanding of the mechanisms underlying chronic prostatic pain. Given the large number of men thought to be affected by this condition and the ineffective nature of current treatments, there is a pressing need to elucidate these mechanisms. Prostatitis types IIIa and IIIb are classified according to the presence of pain without concurrent presence of bacteria; however, it is becoming more evident that, although levels of bacteria are not directly associated with levels of pain, the presence of bacteria might act as the initiating factor that drives primary activation of mast-cell-mediated inflammation in the prostate. Mast cell activation is also known to suppress regulatory T cell (Treg) control of self-tolerance and also activate neural sensitization. This combination of established autoimmunity coupled with peripheral and central neural sensitization can result in the development of multiple symptoms, including pelvic pain and bladder irritation. Identifying these mechanisms as central mediators in CPPS offers new insight into the prospective treatment of the disease.
Topics: Autoimmune Diseases; Biomarkers; Chemokines; Chronic Disease; Cytokines; Humans; Male; Mast Cells; Pelvic Pain; Prostatitis; Syndrome
PubMed: 24686526
DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2014.63 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020Experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) is a well-established model induced by an autoimmune response to prostate antigen. The symptomatic, pathological, and...
Experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) is a well-established model induced by an autoimmune response to prostate antigen. The symptomatic, pathological, and immunological characteristics of EAP animals are highly consistent with human chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS), which makes EAP an ideal model for this disease. Here, we investigate the influence of EAP on male rat sexual function and the efficacy of anti-inflammatory therapy with celecoxib. EAP rat models were established using male Wistar rats. Rats were randomly assigned to a normal control group, an EAP model group, or an EAP model with celecoxib treatment group (celecoxib group). Behavioral changes, sexual behavioral changes, and erectile function were estimated using an open-field test, a sucrose consumption test, mating experiments, and by intracavernous pressure/mean arterial pressure ratio (ICP/MAP). Histological changes in the prostate were observed by HE staining, and the serum inflammatory factors IL-1β and TNF-α levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT), 5-HT receptor, 5-HT receptor, and serotonin transporter (SERT) expression levels in the hippocampus and spinal cord (T13-L1, L5-S2) were examined by immunohistochemistry and western blot analysis. Results showed that EAP rats exhibited characteristics of depression, decreased sexual drive, premature ejaculation, and increased threshold of penile erection. Moreover, all these changes were effectively alleviated by celecoxib. Significant increases in prostatic interstitial infiltration by inflammatory cells and in serum IL-1β and TNF-α levels were observed in EAP rats, and these were partially reduced by celecoxib. Additionally, the expression pattern of serotonin system regulators in the hippocampus and spinal cord were altered in EAP model rats, including a decrease in 5-HT levels and an increase in 5-HT receptor levels. In conclusion, autoimmune prostatitis impaired rat sexual function, and this was effectively prevented by anti-inflammatory therapy with celecoxib. Moreover, a serotonin system disorder in the central nervous system was likely mediated via inflammation in EAP rats.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal; Autoimmune Diseases; Celecoxib; Depression; Disease Models, Animal; Erectile Dysfunction; Hippocampus; Inflammation; Interleukin-1beta; Male; Prostate; Prostatitis; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Serotonin; Sexual Behavior; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 33013933
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.574212 -
American Family Physician May 2000The term prostatitis is applied to a series of disorders, ranging from acute bacterial infection to chronic pain syndromes, in which the prostate gland is inflamed....
The term prostatitis is applied to a series of disorders, ranging from acute bacterial infection to chronic pain syndromes, in which the prostate gland is inflamed. Patients present with a variety of symptoms, including urinary obstruction, fever, myalgias, decreased libido or impotence, painful ejaculation and low-back and perineal pain. Physical examination often fails to clarify the cause of the pain. Cultures and microscopic examination of urine and prostatic secretions before and after prostatic massage may help differentiate prostatitis caused by infection from prostatitis with other causes. Because the rate of occult infection is high, a therapeutic trial of antibiotics is often in order even when patients do not appear to have bacterial prostatitis. If the patient responds to therapy, antibiotics are continued for at least three to four weeks, although some men require treatment for several months. A patient who does not respond might be evaluated for chronic nonbacterial prostatitis, in which nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, alpha-blocking agents, anticholinergic agents or other therapies may provide symptomatic relief.
Topics: Abscess; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Chronic Disease; Humans; Male; Pelvic Pain; Prostatic Diseases; Prostatitis
PubMed: 10839552
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Prostatitis is an inflammatory disease of the prostate gland, which affects 2-16% of men worldwide and thought to be a cause for prostate cancer (PCa) development....
BACKGROUND
Prostatitis is an inflammatory disease of the prostate gland, which affects 2-16% of men worldwide and thought to be a cause for prostate cancer (PCa) development. Carcinoembryogenic antigen-related cell adhesion molecules (CEACAMs) are deregulated in inflammation and in PCa. The role of CEACAMs in prostate inflammation and their possible contribution to the malignant transformation of prostate epithelial cells is still elusive. In this study, we investigated the expression of CEACAMs in an prostatitis model and their potential role in malignant transformation of prostate epithelial cells.
METHODS
Normal prostate epithelial RWPE-1 cells were treated with pro-inflammatory cytokines to achieve an inflammatory state of the cells. The expression of CEACAMs and their related isoforms were analyzed. Additionally, the expression levels of selected CEACAMs were correlated with the expression of malignancy markers and the migratory properties of the cells.
RESULTS
This study demonstrates that the pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interferon-gamma (IFNγ), induce synergistically an up-regulation of CEACAM1 expression in RWPE-1 cells, specifically favoring the CEACAM1-L isoform. Furthermore, overexpressed CEACAM1-L is associated with the deregulated expression of JAK/STAT, NFκB, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) genes, as well as an increased cell migration.
CONCLUSION
We postulate that CEACAM1 isoform CEACAM1-4L may synergistically contribute to inflammation-induced oncogenesis in the prostate.
Topics: Male; Humans; Prostatitis; Prostate; Inflammation; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Transcription Factors; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Cytokines
PubMed: 37691945
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1236343 -
The Canadian Journal of Urology Aug 2019Open prostatectomy and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) has been the gold standard therapy for moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS)... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Open prostatectomy and transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) has been the gold standard therapy for moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In recent years, laser vaporization technologies have now been recognized by international guidelines as an effective treatment alternative to TURP for treating BPH.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this contemporary review, we aim to discuss the application, outcomes and safety of photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP), specifically with the GreenLight laser. We also discuss the properties and evolution of the GreenLight laser as understanding the basic principles of this laser system.
RESULTS
GreenLight PVP is a durable and effective alternative to TURP, especially in high-risk patients on systemic anticoagulation. Aside from providing similar efficacy and safety, the GreenLight PVP also allows for decreased hospitalization times, catheterization times and subsequently decreased healthcare costs. The latest generation laser, 180W XPS system, is found to be more cost-effective and efficacious in tissue vaporization when compared to previous laser generations.
CONCLUSIONS
Laser vaporization is a safe and effective option to treating LUTS secondary to BPH. A patient-centered approach considering patient preference and preoperative parameters should be employed to determine the ideal treatment option for each individual patient.
Topics: Color; Humans; Laser Therapy; Male; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatism
PubMed: 31481143
DOI: No ID Found -
Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 2007The prostate is one of the main male sex accessory glands and the target of many pathological conditions affecting men of all ages. Pathological conditions of the... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
The prostate is one of the main male sex accessory glands and the target of many pathological conditions affecting men of all ages. Pathological conditions of the prostate gland range from infections, chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) of a still unknown aetiology to benign hyperplasia and cancer. CP/CPPS is one of the most prevalent diseases in the urologic clinic and affects men younger than 50 years old. A significant advance in the understanding of CP/CPPS was made when an autoimmune response against prostate antigens was revealed in a considerable number of patients. During the last 30 years, extensive work has been done regarding the development and characterization of different rodent models of experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP). It has been demonstrated that tolerance to prostate antigens can be disrupted in some strains of rats and mice and cellular and humoral responses to prostate antigens are elicited. A Th1 pattern has been described and the cellular response seems to be the major pathogenic mechanism involved. Immune cells infiltrate the gland and induce prostate lesions. The genetic background and hormonal imbalance are factors that could contribute to the onset of the disease in susceptible young males. Moreover, spontaneous autoimmune prostatitis could also occur with advanced age in susceptible strains. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge regarding rodent models of EAP and the immunological alterations present in CP/CPPS patients. We also discuss the reliability of these experimental approaches as genuine tools for the study of human disease.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Chronic Disease; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Male; Prostatitis
PubMed: 17635799
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2007.01971.x