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International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2019Inflammation is inherent in prostatic diseases and it is now accepted that it may facilitate cellular proliferation in both benign and malignant conditions. The strong... (Review)
Review
Inflammation is inherent in prostatic diseases and it is now accepted that it may facilitate cellular proliferation in both benign and malignant conditions. The strong relationship between prostatic inflammation and pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is supported by epidemiologic, histopathologic and molecular evidence. Contrariwise, the role of inflammation in prostate carcinogenesis is still controversial, although current data indicate that the inflammatory microenvironment can regulate prostate cancer (PCa) growth and progression. Knowledge of the complex molecular landscape associated with chronic inflammation in the context of PCa may lead to the introduction and optimization of novel targeted therapies. In this perspective, evaluation of the inflammatory component in prostate specimens could be included in routine pathology reports.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic; Disease Progression; Disease Susceptibility; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Male; Prevalence; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis
PubMed: 31390729
DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153833 -
Andrology Sep 2021Due to limited data on the pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and the suboptimal therapeutic effect, the development of new and...
BACKGROUND
Due to limited data on the pathogenesis of chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) and the suboptimal therapeutic effect, the development of new and effective treatment modalities was needed urgently. Low-intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li-ESWT) has been reported for the treatment of CP/CPPS. However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated.
OBJECTIVE
To interrogated the efficacy and the mechanism of Li-ESWT in the treatment of CP/CPPS.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
According to different treatments, RWPE-1 cells (human prostate epithelial cells) were randomly divided into three groups: control group, LPS (lipopolysaccharide) group, or Li-ESWT group (LPS-induced RWPE-1 managed by Li-ESWT). Following the Li-ESWT treatment, the levels of oxidative stress were assayed. We then established a rat model of experimental autoimmune prostatitis (EAP) by injecting prostatic protein homogenate mixed with complete Freund's adjuvant. The Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the control group, EAP group, or Li-ESWT group. Von Frey Filament was used to quantify pelvic hyperalgesia in the rats. Prostates tissues from each group were collected for immunohistochemistry, oxidation stress, and Western blot analysis.
RESULTS
Histological analysis showed reduced inflammation and expression of cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, COX-2, SP) in prostate tissues from the Li-ESWT group compared with those from the EAP group (all p < 0.05). Similarly, there was reduced pelvic pain and allergic symptoms in the Li-ESWT group compared with the EAP group (all p < 0.05). Besides, Li-ESWT treatment could decrease oxidative stress in the prostate and in RWPE-1 cells, respectively (both p < 0.05). Moreover, the Li-ESWT upregulated the expression of CAT through the inhibition of phosphorylation of AKT/FOXO1 signaling pathway.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS
Li-ESWT may reduce inflammation, oxidative stress, and pain in rats with autoimmunity-induced prostatitis via the PI3 K/AKT/FOXO1 pathway. It implies that Li-ESWT can present a potential therapeutic option for the treatment of CP/CPPS.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Disease Models, Animal; Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy; Inflammation; Lipopolysaccharides; Male; Nerve Tissue Proteins; Oxidative Stress; Pelvic Pain; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Prostatitis; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Signal Transduction
PubMed: 33960707
DOI: 10.1111/andr.13027 -
Neurourology and Urodynamics Jun 2011Inflammation of the lower urinary tract occurs frequently in people. The causes remain obscure, with the exception of urinary tract infection. Animal models have proven... (Review)
Review
Inflammation of the lower urinary tract occurs frequently in people. The causes remain obscure, with the exception of urinary tract infection. Animal models have proven useful for investigating and assessing mechanisms underlying symptoms associated with lower urinary tract inflammation and options for suppressing these symptoms. This review will discuss various animal models of lower urinary tract inflammation, including feline spontaneous (interstitial) cystitis, neurogenic cystitis, autoimmune cystitis, cystitis induced by intravesical instillation of chemicals or bacterial products (particularly lipopolysaccharide or LPS), and prostatic inflammation initiated by transurethral instillation of bacteria. Animal models will continue to be of significant value in identifying mechanisms resulting in bladder inflammation, but the relevance of some of these models to the causes underlying clinical disease is unclear. This is primarily because of the lack of understanding of causes of these disorders in people. Comparative and translational studies are required if the full potential of findings obtained with animal models to improve prevention and treatment of lower urinary tract inflammation in people is to be realized.
Topics: Afferent Pathways; Animals; Cystitis; Disease Models, Animal; Female; Humans; Male; Mechanotransduction, Cellular; Prostate; Prostatitis; Urinary Bladder
PubMed: 21661012
DOI: 10.1002/nau.21078 -
Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira de... 2022
Topics: Humans; Male; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Tuberculosis
PubMed: 35416888
DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0726-2021 -
Radiographics : a Review Publication of... 2016Multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging combines anatomic and functional imaging techniques for evaluating the prostate and is increasingly being used in... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Multiparametric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging combines anatomic and functional imaging techniques for evaluating the prostate and is increasingly being used in diagnosis and management of prostate cancer. A wide spectrum of anatomic and pathologic processes in the prostate may masquerade as prostate cancer, complicating the imaging interpretation. The histopathologic and imaging findings of these potential mimics are reviewed. These entities include the anterior fibromuscular stroma, surgical capsule, central zone, periprostatic vein, periprostatic lymph nodes, benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), atrophy, necrosis, calcification, hemorrhage, and prostatitis. An understanding of the prostate zonal anatomy is helpful in distinguishing the anatomic entities from prostate cancer. The anterior fibromuscular stroma, surgical capsule, and central zone are characteristic anatomic features of the prostate with associated low T2 signal intensity due to dense fibromuscular tissue or complex crowded glandular tissue. BPH, atrophy, necrosis, calcification, and hemorrhage all have characteristic features with one or more individual multiparametric MR imaging modalities. Prostatitis constitutes a heterogeneous group of infective and inflammatory conditions including acute and chronic bacterial prostatitis, infective and noninfective granulomatous prostatitis, and malacoplakia. These entities are associated with variable clinical manifestations and are characterized by the histologic hallmark of marked inflammatory cellular infiltration. In some cases, these entities are indistinguishable from prostate cancer at multiparametric MR imaging and may even exhibit extraprostatic extension and lymphadenopathy, mimicking locally advanced prostate cancer. It is important for the radiologists interpreting prostate MR images to be aware of these pitfalls for accurate interpretation. Online supplemental material is available for this article.
Topics: Atrophy; Calcinosis; Humans; Image Enhancement; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Male; Pathology; Prostate; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatic Neoplasms; Prostatitis; Statistics as Topic
PubMed: 26587887
DOI: 10.1148/rg.2016150030 -
The Canadian Journal of Urology Aug 2019Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common conditions affecting the aging man. Over the years, various... (Review)
Review
INTRODUCTION
Lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) secondary to benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common conditions affecting the aging man. Over the years, various treatment modalities with distinct efficacy and safety profiles have emerged in experimental and clinical use. However, only a handful have gained in popularity and stood the test of time.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We provide an update on minimally invasive treatment modalities for BPH, specifically focused on office-based procedures namely the prostatic urethral lift (UroLift) and the convective water vapor ablation therapy (Rezum).
RESULTS
Both the UroLift and Rezum have demonstrated excellent efficacy and durability in relieving LUTS in the BPH patient. When compared to the gold standard TURP, these novel therapies can also be performed as an outpatient procedure under local anesthesia, which allows for decreased hospitalization, operative and catheterization times, subsequently allowing for increased cost savings. Moreover, these procedures have no discernable adverse effects on postoperative sexual function, making it a desirable treatment option for many patients.
CONCLUSIONS
Both the UroLift and Rezum are minimally invasive treatment options capable of providing rapid, significant and durable relief of LUTS secondary to BPH. They demonstrate comparable efficacy to TURP with the added advantage of preserving sexual function and decreasing patient morbidity and healthcare costs.
Topics: Ablation Techniques; Ambulatory Care; Humans; Male; Minimally Invasive Surgical Procedures; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Prostatism; Steam; Urethra
PubMed: 31481142
DOI: No ID Found -
Romanian Journal of Internal Medicine =... Sep 2019A significant workforce shortage of urologists available to serve the US population has been projected to occur over the next decade. Accordingly, much of the management... (Review)
Review
A significant workforce shortage of urologists available to serve the US population has been projected to occur over the next decade. Accordingly, much of the management of urologic patients will need to be assumed by other specialties and practitioners. Since primary care physicians are often first evaluate common urologic complaints, it makes sense that these physicians are in an excellent position to intervene in the management of these patients when appropriate. One of the most common complaints in urology is voiding dysfunction. The incidence of voiding dysfunction increases with age, with conservative estimates showing that over 50% of elderly patients suffer. Despite this high prevalence and its negative impact on quality of life, however, few seek or receive treatment, as many do not readily disclose these impactful yet personal symptoms. We sought to summarize the typical presentation, evaluation, assessment and therapeutic options for both male and female patients presenting with voiding dysfunction.
Topics: Cystitis, Interstitial; Female; Humans; Male; Prostatism; Urinary Bladder, Overactive; Urinary Bladder, Underactive; Urinary Incontinence, Stress; Urination Disorders
PubMed: 30990789
DOI: 10.2478/rjim-2019-0009 -
Molecular Oncology Mar 2023Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) has a high prevalence of up to 15% and accounts for 90-95% of prostatitis diagnoses, and yet its...
Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) has a high prevalence of up to 15% and accounts for 90-95% of prostatitis diagnoses, and yet its etiopathogenesis and link to prostate cancer (PCa) are still unclear. Here, we investigated microRNAs in exosomes isolated from blood and post-prostatic-massage urine of CP/CPPS type IIIb patients and healthy men. THP-1 monocytes (human leukemia monocytic cell line) were treated with exosomes and subjected to mRNA arrays "Cancer Inflammation and Immunity Crosstalk" and "Transcription Factors." Using The Cancer Genome Atlas, the expression of CP/CPPS-associated microRNAs was analyzed in PCa and normal prostate tissue. In silico functional studies were carried out to explore the disease ontology of CP/CPPS. In CP/CPPS, urine exosomes exhibited significant upregulation of eight PCa-specific microRNAs (e.g., hsa-miR-501, hsa-miR-20a, and hsa-miR-106), whose target genes were significantly enriched for GO terms, hallmark gene sets, and pathways specific for carcinogenesis. In THP-1 monocytes, CP/CPPS-derived urine exosomes induced upregulation of PCa-associated proinflammatory genes (e.g., CCR2 and TLR2) and proto-oncogene transcription factors (e.g., MYB and JUNB). In contrast, CP/CPPS-derived blood exosomes exhibited molecular properties similar to those of healthy men. Thus, CP/CPPS exhibits molecular changes that constitute a risk for PCa and should be considered in the development of PCa biomarkers and cancer screening programs.
Topics: Male; Humans; Prostatitis; Chronic Disease; Prostate; Exosomes; Pelvic Pain; Prostatic Neoplasms; MicroRNAs; Proto-Oncogenes; Massage
PubMed: 36321189
DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13329 -
The Journal of Urology Sep 2004We reviewed the current literature on mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS). (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
We reviewed the current literature on mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS).
MATERIALS AND METHODS
A literature review for the years 1966 to 2003 was performed using the MEDLINE database of the United States National Library of Medicine.
RESULTS
National Institutes of Health categories I and II prostatitis result from identifiable prostatic infections, whereas patients with category IV are asymptomatic. The majority of symptomatic cases are category III or chronic prostatitis (CP)/CPPS. The etiology of CP/CPPS is unknown. The traditional marker of inflammation, namely white blood cells in prostatic fluids, does not correlate with the predominant symptom of pelvic pain. An imbalance toward increased proinflammatory and decreased anti-inflammatory cytokines has been implicated and a few studies have shown some correlation of this with pelvic pain. The imbalance in some men may result from polymorphisms at the cytokine loci. An autoimmune process may be involved and experimental evidence indicates that this can be under hormonal influence. Recent findings include possible defects in the androgen receptor. The prostate may not even be the source of the symptoms. Pelvic pain also correlates with the neurotrophin nerve growth factor implicated in neurogenic inflammation and central sensitization. Finally, psychological stress may produce measurable biochemical changes and influence the other processes. The role of normal prostatic bacterial flora in inciting the inflammatory response has also been reconsidered.
CONCLUSIONS
The symptoms of CP/CPPS appear to result from an interplay between psychological factors and dysfunction in the immune, neurological and endocrine systems.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Chronic Disease; Cytokines; Gonadal Steroid Hormones; Humans; Inflammation Mediators; Male; Nervous System; Pelvic Pain; Prostatitis; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 15310980
DOI: 10.1097/01.ju.0000136002.76898.04 -
Parasites, Hosts and Diseases Feb 2023Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan that causes trichomoniasis, a common nonviral sexually transmitted infection. T. vaginalis infection is asymptomatic in... (Review)
Review
Trichomonas vaginalis is a flagellated protozoan that causes trichomoniasis, a common nonviral sexually transmitted infection. T. vaginalis infection is asymptomatic in most infected men but can lead to chronic infection. The inflammatory response to chronic T. vaginalis infection may contribute to prostatic diseases, such as prostatitis and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH); however, studies on the relationship between T. vaginalis infection and prostate diseases are scarce. In this review, we discuss evidence from our studies on the involvement of T. vaginalis in the pathogenesis of prostate diseases, such as prostatitis and BPH. Studies of prostatitis have demonstrated that the attachment of T. vaginalis trophozoite to prostate epithelial cells (PECs) induces inflammatory cytokine production and inflammatory cell migration, leading to prostatitis. T. vaginalis also causes pathological changes, such as inflammatory cell infiltration, acinar changes, interstitial fibrosis, and mast cell infiltration, in prostate tissues of infected rats. Thus, T. vaginalis is considered an infectious agent that triggers prostatitis. Meanwhile, studies of prostatic hyperplasia revealed that mast cells activated by T. vaginalis-infected prostate cells secreted inflammatory mediators, such as β-hexosaminidase and tryptase, which promoted proliferation of prostate stromal cell (PSC). Moreover, interleukin-6 produced by proliferating PSCs induced the multiplication of BPH-1 epithelial cells as a result of stromal-epithelial interaction, suggesting that the proliferation of T. vaginalis-infected prostate cells can be induced through crosstalk with mast cells. These collective findings suggest that T. vaginalis contributes to the progression of prostatitis and prostatic hyperplasia by creating an inflammatory microenvironment involving PECs and PSCs.
Topics: Male; Humans; Rats; Animals; Trichomonas vaginalis; Prostatitis; Prostatic Hyperplasia; Trichomonas Infections; Prostate
PubMed: 37170459
DOI: 10.3347/PHD.22160