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Journal of Virology Jun 2018Human noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. Noroviruses also infect animals, such as cows, mice, cats, and dogs. How noroviruses bind and...
Human noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis in humans. Noroviruses also infect animals, such as cows, mice, cats, and dogs. How noroviruses bind and enter host cells is still incompletely understood. Recently, the type I transmembrane protein CD300lf was identified as the murine norovirus receptor, yet it is unclear how the virus capsid and receptor interact at the molecular level. In this study, we determined the X-ray crystal structure of the soluble CD300lf (sCD300lf) and the murine norovirus capsid protruding domain complex at a 2.05-Å resolution. We found that the sCD300lf-binding site is located on the topside of the protruding domain and involves a network of hydrophilic and hydrophobic interactions. sCD300lf locked nicely into a complementary cavity on the protruding domain that is additionally coordinated with a positive surface charge on sCD300lf and a negative surface charge on the protruding domain. Five of six protruding domain residues interacting with sCD300lf were maintained between different murine norovirus strains, suggesting that sCD300lf was capable of binding to a highly conserved pocket. Moreover, a sequence alignment with other CD300 paralogs showed that the sCD300lf-interacting residues were partially conserved in CD300ld but variable in other CD300 family members, consistent with previously reported infection selectivity. Overall, these data provide insights into how a norovirus engages a protein receptor and will be important for a better understanding of selective recognition and norovirus attachment and entry mechanisms. Noroviruses exhibit exquisite host range specificity due to species-specific interactions between the norovirus capsid protein and host molecules. Given this strict host range restriction, it has been unclear how the viruses are maintained within a species between relatively sporadic epidemics. While much data demonstrate that noroviruses can interact with carbohydrates, recent work has shown that expression of the protein CD300lf is both necessary and sufficient for murine norovirus infection of mice and binding of the virus to permissive cells. Importantly, the expression of this murine protein by human cells renders them fully permissive for murine norovirus infection, indicating that at least in this case, host range restriction is determined by molecular events that control receptor binding and entry. Defining the atomic-resolution interactions between the norovirus capsid protein and its cognate receptor is essential for a molecular understanding of host-range restriction and norovirus tropism.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Binding Sites; Caliciviridae Infections; Capsid Proteins; Cell Line, Transformed; Crystallography, X-Ray; Gastroenteritis; Host Specificity; Hydrophobic and Hydrophilic Interactions; Mice; Norovirus; Protein Domains; RAW 264.7 Cells; Receptors, Immunologic; Receptors, Virus; Sequence Alignment; Virus Attachment
PubMed: 29563286
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.00413-18 -
The Journal of General Virology Mar 2020The family includes viruses that replicate in hyperthermophilic archaea from the genus . The non-enveloped, hollow, cylindrical virions are formed from a coiling fibre...
The family includes viruses that replicate in hyperthermophilic archaea from the genus . The non-enveloped, hollow, cylindrical virions are formed from a coiling fibre that consists of two intertwining halves of a single circular nucleoprotein filament. A short appendage protrudes from each end of the cylindrical virion. The genome is circular, positive-sense, single-stranded DNA of 24 893 nucleotides. This is a summary of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) report on the family , which is available at ictv.global/report/spiraviridae.
Topics: Aeropyrum; DNA Viruses; DNA, Single-Stranded; DNA, Viral; Genome, Viral; Nucleoproteins; Open Reading Frames; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 31961791
DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001385 -
Frontiers in Cell and Developmental... 2021Primary cilia are evolutionarily conserved and highly specialized organelles that protrude from cell membranes. Mutations in genes encoding ciliary proteins can cause... (Review)
Review
Primary cilia are evolutionarily conserved and highly specialized organelles that protrude from cell membranes. Mutations in genes encoding ciliary proteins can cause structural and functional ciliary defects and consequently multiple diseases, collectively termed ciliopathies. The mammalian auditory system is responsible for perceiving external sound stimuli that are ultimately processed in the brain through a series of physical and biochemical reactions. Here we review the structure and function of the specialized primary cilia of hair cells, termed kinocilia, found in the mammalian auditory system. We also discuss areas that might prove amenable for therapeutic management of auditory ciliopathies.
PubMed: 34422834
DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.715037 -
Frontiers in Microbiology 2020is a new genus ( family, order) that comprises a group of emerging tick-borne viruses with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and Heartland...
Combinatorial Minigenome Systems for Emerging Banyangviruses Reveal Viral Reassortment Potential and Importance of a Protruding Nucleotide in Genome "Panhandle" for Promoter Activity and Reassortment.
is a new genus ( family, order) that comprises a group of emerging tick-borne viruses with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and Heartland virus (HRTV) as virulent representatives. As segmented RNA viruses, bunyaviruses may have genome reassortment potential, increasing the concern about new life-threatening bunyavirus emergence. Using a series of combinatory minigenome reporter assays based on transfection and superinfection, we showed that replication machinery proteins of designated banyangviruses can recognize genomic untranslated regions (UTRs) of other banyangviruses and assemble heterogenous minigenomes into functional ribonucleoproteins (RNPs). Moreover, both heterogenous and heterozygous RNPs were efficiently packaged by viral glycoproteins into infectious virus-like particles, manifesting remarkable reassortment potential of banyangviruses. Meanwhile, UTR promoter strength of the three banyangvirus segments appeared to be M > L > S. Secondary structure analysis revealed a conservative non-basepairing protruding nucleotide in the terminal UTR panhandles of M and L (but not S) segments of all banyangviruses and some related phleboviruses ( genus). Furthermore, not only a conserved panhandle region but also the protruding nucleotide proved important for UTR function. Removal of the protruding nucleotide abated M and L UTR activities and compatibilities with heterogenous viral proteins, and introduction of a protruding nucleotide into S panhandle, conversely, enhanced UTR promoter strength and compatibility, revealing the significance of the protruding nucleotide as a new signature of the genomic panhandle structure in both UTR activity and reassortment potential. The study demonstrates not only banyangvirus reassortment potential but also the notable role of the protruding nucleotide in UTR function and reassortment, providing clues to viral evolution and replication mechanisms and perhaps benefiting disease control and prevention in the future.
PubMed: 32322247
DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00599 -
Cureus May 2020Umbilical hernia is a common cause for patient presentation to the surgeon, often on a nonemergent basis for a bulge at or lateral to the umbilicus but occasionally...
Umbilical hernia is a common cause for patient presentation to the surgeon, often on a nonemergent basis for a bulge at or lateral to the umbilicus but occasionally under emergency circumstances for pain or bowel obstruction when the hernia contents become incarcerated or strangulated. Risk factors for umbilical hernia include female gender, obesity, and ascites. A defect in the abdominal wall fascia at the umbilicus allows the preperitoneal adipose tissue, omentum, or small or large bowel to protrude through the defect. Rarely described is herniation of the appendix through an umbilical hernia, though appendix-containing femoral hernia (de Garengeot hernia) and appendix-containing inguinal hernia (Amyand hernia) are more common. There are 10 available case reports in the medical literature that describe an appendix-containing umbilical hernia; in this case report, we present the 11th case report of appendicitis within an umbilical hernia.
PubMed: 32542130
DOI: 10.7759/cureus.8075 -
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery.... Nov 2022A severely protruding premaxilla in a patient with bilateral cleft lip and palate prevents functional closure of the orbicularis oris muscle and acceptable...
A severely protruding premaxilla in a patient with bilateral cleft lip and palate prevents functional closure of the orbicularis oris muscle and acceptable reconstruction of the nasolabial components during primary cheiloplasty. This is typically corrected with vomerine osteotomy and premaxillary setback, followed by cheiloplasty and rhinoplasty. Due to the risk of vascular compromise to the prolabium and premaxillary segment, the lip and nose repair is often staged after the vomerine osteotomy and premaxillary setback has healed. Stabilizing the premaxillary segment to allow adequate healing has been a topic of interest. Several methods have been described, but each is associated with varying degrees of compromise of the blood supply to the premaxilla. To combat this, the authors created a custom oral splint that effectively maintained the position of the premaxilla with minimal impingement of the blood supply. The authors present two cases in which a two-stage premaxillary setback with a custom-stabilizing oral splint was performed, followed by primary cheiloplasty and rhinoplasty in an age-appropriate and delayed presentation of bilateral cleft lip and palate and protruding premaxilla.
PubMed: 36381491
DOI: 10.1097/GOX.0000000000004653 -
PloS One 2022Colorectal cancer (CRC) can be classified into four consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) according to genomic aberrations and gene expression profiles. CMS is expected to...
BACKGROUND
Colorectal cancer (CRC) can be classified into four consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) according to genomic aberrations and gene expression profiles. CMS is expected to be useful in predicting prognosis and selecting chemotherapy regimens. However, there are still no reports on the relationship between the morphology and CMS.
METHODS
This retrospective study included 55 subjects with T2 CRC undergoing surgical resection, of whom 30 had the depressed type and 25 the protruded type. In the classification of the CMS, we first defined cases with deficient mismatch repair as CMS1. And then, CMS2/3 and CMS4 were classified using an online classifier developed by Trinh et al. The staining intensity of CDX2, HTR2B, FRMD6, ZEB1, and KER and the percentage contents of CDX2, FRMD6, and KER are input into the classifier to obtain automatic output classifying the specimen as CMS2/3 or CMS4.
RESULTS
According to the results yielded by the online classifier, of the 30 depressed-type cases, 15 (50%) were classified as CMS2/3 and 15 (50%) as CMS4. Of the 25 protruded-type cases, 3 (12%) were classified as CMS1 and 22 (88%) as CMS2/3. All of the T2 CRCs classified as CMS4 were depressed CRCs. More malignant pathological findings such as lymphatic invasion were associated with the depressed rather than protruded T2 CRC cases.
CONCLUSIONS
Depressed-type T2 CRC had a significant association with CMS4, showing more malignant pathological findings such as lymphatic invasion than the protruded-type, which could explain the reported association between CMS4 CRC and poor prognosis.
Topics: Humans; Biomarkers, Tumor; Colorectal Neoplasms; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; Transcriptome
PubMed: 36264865
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273566 -
The Journal of Invasive Cardiology May 2023PCI in the setting of previous aorto-ostial stenting can be difficult, especially if there is excessive stent protrusion. Various techniques have been described,...
PCI in the setting of previous aorto-ostial stenting can be difficult, especially if there is excessive stent protrusion. Various techniques have been described, including double-wire technique, double-guide snare technique, side-strut sequential ballooning technique, and guide extension facilitated sidestrut stenting. These techniques can sometimes be complicated, and intervention through a side-strut may lead to excessive stent deformation or avulsion of the protruding segment. Our novel technique uses a dual-lumen catheter and floating wire to back the JR4 guide away from the protruding stent while maintaining stability for another guidewire to enter the central lumen.
Topics: Humans; Percutaneous Coronary Intervention; Catheters; Stents
PubMed: 37219854
DOI: No ID Found -
Scientific Reports Jun 2018The currently unsurpassed diversity of photoreceptors found in the eyes of stomatopods, or mantis shrimps, is achieved through a variety of opsin-based visual pigments...
The currently unsurpassed diversity of photoreceptors found in the eyes of stomatopods, or mantis shrimps, is achieved through a variety of opsin-based visual pigments and optical filters. However, the presence of extraocular photoreceptors in these crustaceans is undescribed. Opsins have been found in extraocular tissues across animal taxa, but their functions are often unknown. Here, we show that the mantis shrimp Neogonodactylus oerstedii has functional cerebral photoreceptors, which expands the suite of mechanisms by which mantis shrimp sense light. Illumination of extraocular photoreceptors elicits behaviors akin to common arthropod escape responses, which persist in blinded individuals. The anterior central nervous system, which is illuminated when a mantis shrimp's cephalothorax protrudes from its burrow to search for predators, prey, or mates, appears to be photosensitive and to feature two types of opsin-based, potentially histaminergic photoreceptors. A pigmented ventral eye that may be capable of color discrimination extends from the cerebral ganglion, or brain, against the transparent outer carapace, and exhibits a rapid electrical response when illuminated. Additionally, opsins and histamine are expressed in several locations of the eyestalks and cerebral ganglion, where any photoresponses could contribute to shelter-seeking behaviors and other functions.
Topics: Animals; Brain; Decapoda; Ganglion Cysts; Histamine; Opsins; Photoreceptor Cells, Vertebrate
PubMed: 29946145
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-28004-w -
Revista Espanola de Enfermedades... Feb 2023capsule endoscopy (CE) revolutionized the study of the small intestine. Nevertheless, reviewing CE images is time-consuming and prone to error. Artificial intelligence...
BACKGROUND AND AIMS
capsule endoscopy (CE) revolutionized the study of the small intestine. Nevertheless, reviewing CE images is time-consuming and prone to error. Artificial intelligence algorithms, particularly convolutional neural networks (CNN), are expected to overcome these drawbacks. Protruding lesions of the small intestine exhibit enormous morphological diversity in CE images. This study aimed to develop a CNN-based algorithm for the automatic detection small bowel protruding lesions.
METHODS
a CNN was developed using a pool of CE images containing protruding lesions or normal mucosa from 1,229 patients. A training dataset was used for the development of the model. The performance of the network was evaluated using an independent dataset, by calculating its sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, positive and negative predictive values.
RESULTS
a total of 18,625 CE images (2,830 showing protruding lesions and 15,795 normal mucosa) were included. Training and validation datasets were built with an 80 %/20 % distribution, respectively. After optimizing the architecture of the network, our model automatically detected small-bowel protruding lesions with an accuracy of 92.5 %. CNN had a sensitivity and specificity of 96.8 % and 96.5 %, respectively. The CNN analyzed the validation dataset in 53 seconds, at a rate of approximately 70 frames per second.
CONCLUSIONS
we developed an accurate CNN for the automatic detection of enteric protruding lesions with a wide range of morphologies. The development of these tools may enhance the diagnostic efficiency of CE.
Topics: Humans; Artificial Intelligence; Capsule Endoscopy; Neural Networks, Computer; Algorithms; Intestine, Small
PubMed: 34517717
DOI: 10.17235/reed.2021.7979/2021