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Journal of Child Psychology and... Dec 2022Early detection is critical for easing the rising burden of psychiatric disorders. However, the specificity of psychopathological measurements and genetic predictors is...
BACKGROUND
Early detection is critical for easing the rising burden of psychiatric disorders. However, the specificity of psychopathological measurements and genetic predictors is unclear among youth.
METHODS
We measured associations between genetic risk for psychopathology (polygenic risk scores (PRS) and family history (FH) measures) and a wide range of behavioral measures in a large sample (n = 5,204) of early adolescent participants (9-11 years) from the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development Study . Associations were measured both with and without accounting for shared variance across measures of genetic risk.
RESULTS
When controlling for genetic risk for other psychiatric disorders, polygenic risk for problematic opioid use (POU) is uniquely associated with lower behavioral inhibition. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), depression (DEP), and attempted suicide (SUIC) PRS shared many significant associations with externalizing, internalizing, and psychosis-related behaviors. However, when accounting for all measures of genetic and familial risk, these PRS also showed clear, unique patterns of association. Polygenic risk for ASD, BIP, and SCZ, and attempted suicide uniquely predicted variability in cognitive performance. FH accounted for unique variability in behavior above and beyond PRS and vice versa, with FH measures explaining a greater proportion of unique variability compared to the PRS.
CONCLUSION
Our results indicate that, among youth, many behaviors show shared genetic influences; however, there is also specificity in the profile of emerging psychopathologies for individuals with high genetic risk for particular disorders. This may be useful for quantifying early, differential risk for psychopathology in development.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Longitudinal Studies; Multifactorial Inheritance; Psychopathology; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Risk Factors
PubMed: 35764363
DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13649 -
Clinical Psychology Review Jul 2022Trauma-related psychopathology, most notably posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), poses unique challenges for psychiatric nosology due to the wide range of symptoms and... (Review)
Review
Trauma-related psychopathology, most notably posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), poses unique challenges for psychiatric nosology due to the wide range of symptoms and diagnoses associated with trauma and challenges representing the impact of trauma exposure on psychopathology. In this paper, we review the literature on categorical (i.e., Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and International Classification of Diseases systems) versus dimensional conceptualizations of trauma-related symptoms with an emphasis on the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) and the Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) frameworks. We identify strengths of each approach and challenges in accommodating the full range of trauma-related psychopathology and the clinical implications thereof. We discuss several potential approaches for improving the representation of traumatic stress, including the use of PTSD subtypes, trauma-related specifiers for psychiatric diagnoses, and the development of a dimension that we call the traumatic stress spectrum, which spans both adaptive and adverse reactions to trauma. These approaches to representing traumatic stress can be evaluated empirically and further refined. We also discuss how the use of an integrated RDoC-HiTOP approach to reconceptualize traumatic stress might maximize the ability to model valid and reliable trauma-related phenotypes, which would aid in the investigation of clinically relevant biological correlates.
Topics: Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Humans; Psychopathology; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic
PubMed: 35690042
DOI: 10.1016/j.cpr.2022.102177 -
Development and Psychopathology Nov 2013Research on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis has emerged as a vital area within the field of developmental psychopathology in the past 25 years.... (Review)
Review
Research on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis has emerged as a vital area within the field of developmental psychopathology in the past 25 years. Extensive animal research has provided knowledge of the substrates and physiological mechanisms that guide development of stress reactivity and regulation using methods that are not feasible in humans. Recent advances in understanding the anatomy and physiology of the HPA axis in humans and its interactions with other stress-mediating systems, including accurate assessment of salivary cortisol, more sophisticated neuroimaging methods, and a variety of genetic analyses, have led to greater knowledge of how psychological and biological processes impact functioning. A growing body of research on HPA axis regulation and reactivity in relation to psychopathology has drawn increased focus on the prenatal period, infancy, and the pubertal transition as potentially sensitive periods of stress system development in children. Theories such as the allostatic load model have guided research by integrating multiple physiological systems and mechanisms by which stress can affect mental and physical health. However, almost none of the prominent theoretical models in stress physiology are truly developmental, and future work must incorporate how systems interact with the environment across the life span in normal and atypical development. Our theoretical advancement will depend on our ability to integrate biological and psychological models. Researchers are increasingly realizing the importance of communication across disciplinary boundaries in order to understand how experiences influence neurobehavioral development. It is important that knowledge gained over the past 25 years has been translated to prevention and treatment interventions, and we look forward to the dissemination of interventions that promote recovery from adversity.
Topics: Allostasis; Child; Child Development; Humans; Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System; Mental Disorders; Models, Psychological; Pituitary-Adrenal System; Psychopathology; Stress, Psychological
PubMed: 24342845
DOI: 10.1017/S0954579413000667 -
Biological Psychiatry Jul 2020Co-occurrence of psychiatric disorders is well documented. Recent quantitative efforts have moved toward an understanding of this phenomenon, with the general... (Review)
Review
Co-occurrence of psychiatric disorders is well documented. Recent quantitative efforts have moved toward an understanding of this phenomenon, with the general psychopathology or p-factor model emerging as the most prominent characterization. Over the past decade, bifactor model analysis has become increasingly popular as a statistical approach to describe common/shared and unique elements in psychopathology. However, recent work has highlighted potential problems with common approaches to evaluating and interpreting bifactor models. Here, we argue that bifactor models, when properly applied and interpreted, can be useful for answering some important questions in psychology and psychiatry research. We review problems with evaluating bifactor models based on global model fit statistics. We then describe more valid approaches to evaluating bifactor models and highlight 3 types of research questions for which bifactor models are well suited to answer. We also discuss the utility and limits of bifactor applications in genetic and neurobiological research. We close by comparing advantages and disadvantages of bifactor models with other analytic approaches and note that no statistical model is a panacea to rectify limitations of the research design used to gather data.
Topics: Humans; Mental Disorders; Models, Statistical; Neurobiology; Psychiatry; Psychopathology
PubMed: 32199605
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.01.013 -
Journal of Clinical Child and... 2020Now over 10 years old, the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) has gained impressive traction in the adult psychopathology literature, but enthusiasm among child and...
Now over 10 years old, the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) has gained impressive traction in the adult psychopathology literature, but enthusiasm among child and adolescent psychopathologists lags somewhat behind. We consider possible reasons why RDoC has not been embraced fully in the child and adolescent literatures. We emphasize common, interrelated, and sometimes outdated assumptions that impede scientific progress that RDoC could facilitate. Traditionally, child and adolescent psychopathologists have used behavioral syndromes as gold standards against which biological markers are validated, even though behavioral syndromes are often measured with less precision; sought to identify large main effects of single biological functions on single behavioral syndromes, thereby ignoring (even if implicitly) the overwhelming etiological complexity of psychopathology; expected 1:1 correspondencies between biological functions and behaviors, despite evidence that core biological systems subserving behavior are (i.e., modulate one another); and failed to consider neurobiological mechanisms of homotypic and heterotypic comorbidity and continuity. Using examples from our work, we show how a developmental, RDoC-informed approach to externalizing behavior enriches our understanding of psychopathology. We also provide an agenda for future research, which includes calls to (1) adopt neural-systems-first approaches over disorder-first approaches when studying psychopathology, (2) eschew biological reductionism by integrating environmental risk mediators into our etiopathophysiological models, (3) integrate neural vulnerabilities into the empirical latent structure of psychopathology, and (4) replace null hypothesis significance testing with computational approaches that accommodate etiological complexity by evaluating functional dependencies among RDoC constructs, including positive valence systems (approach), negative valence systems (avoidance), and arousal/regulatory systems (self-regulation).
Topics: Adolescent; Behavioral Symptoms; Child; Emotions; Humans; Mental Disorders; Psychopathology; Research; Research Design
PubMed: 32525746
DOI: 10.1080/15374416.2020.1750022 -
Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics 2019
Topics: Humans; Iatrogenic Disease; Psychopathology; Psychotropic Drugs
PubMed: 31085917
DOI: 10.1159/000500151 -
Journal of the American Academy of... Jan 2023Correlations between cognitive ability and psychopathology are well recognized, but prior research has been limited by focusing on individuals with intellectual...
OBJECTIVE
Correlations between cognitive ability and psychopathology are well recognized, but prior research has been limited by focusing on individuals with intellectual disability, single-diagnosis psychiatric populations, or few measures of psychopathology. Here, we quantify relationships between full-scale IQ and multiple dimensions of psychopathology in a diverse care-seeking population, with a novel focus on differential coupling between psychopathology dimensions as a function of IQ.
METHOD
A total of 70 dimensional measures of psychopathology, plus IQ and demographic data, were collated for 2,752 children and adolescents from the Healthy Brain Network dataset. We first examined univariate associations between IQ and psychopathology, and then characterized how the correlational architecture of psychopathology differs between groups at extremes of the IQ distribution.
RESULTS
Associations with IQ vary in magnitude between different domains of psychopathology: IQ shows the strongest negative correlations with attentional and social impairments, but is largely unrelated to affective symptoms and psychopathy. Lower IQ is associated with stronger coupling between internalizing problems and aggression, repetitive behaviors, and hyperactivity/inattentiveness.
CONCLUSION
Our analyses reveal that variation in general cognitive ability is associated not only with significant and selective shifts in severity of psychopathology, but also in the coupling between different dimensions of psychopathology. These findings have relevance for the clinical assessment of mental health in populations with varying IQ, and may also inform ongoing efforts to improve the measurement of psychopathology and to understand how relationships between cognition and behavior are reflected in brain organization.
DIVERSITY & INCLUSION STATEMENT
We worked to ensure sex and gender balance in the recruitment of human participants. We worked to ensure sex balance in the selection of non-human subjects. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. One or more of the authors of this paper received support from a program designed to increase minority representation in science. We actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our author group. We actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our author group. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote sex and gender balance in our reference list. The author list of this paper includes contributors from the location and/or community where the research was conducted who participated in the data collection, design, analysis, and/or interpretation of the work. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented sexual and/or gender groups in science.
Topics: Male; Female; Humans; Child; Adolescent; Psychopathology; Mental Health; Longitudinal Studies; Cognition; Cognition Disorders
PubMed: 35868430
DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2022.06.015 -
Pediatrics Oct 2016Although children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at elevated risk for comorbid psychopathology, the clinical correlates of ADHD in girls are... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
CONTEXT
Although children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are at elevated risk for comorbid psychopathology, the clinical correlates of ADHD in girls are far less understood relative to boys, despite ADHD being one of the most common childhood disorders in girls.
OBJECTIVE
To meta-analytically summarize rates of comorbid internalizing (anxiety, depression) and externalizing (oppositional defiant disorder [ODD], conduct disorder [CD]) psychopathology among girls with and without ADHD.
DATA SOURCES
Literature searches (PubMed, Google Scholar) identified published studies examining comorbid psychopathology in girls with and without ADHD.
STUDY SELECTION
Eighteen studies (1997 participants) met inclusion criteria and had sufficient data for the meta-analysis.
DATA EXTRACTION
Odds ratios for each comorbid disorder were calculated from available data. Demographic (eg, age, race/ethnicity) and study characteristics (eg, referral source, diagnostic method) were also coded.
RESULTS
Compared with girls without ADHD, girls with ADHD were significantly more likely to meet Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition criteria for each comorbid disorder assessed. Relative odds were higher for externalizing (ODD: 5.6×; CD: 9.4×) relative to internalizing disorders (anxiety: 3.2×; depression: 4.2×). Meta-regression revealed larger effect sizes of ADHD on anxiety for studies using multiple diagnostic methods, featuring younger children, and including clinic-referred (versus community-referred) girls; the effect of ADHD on ODD varied based on diagnostic informant.
LIMITATIONS
Findings were derived from cross-sectional studies, precluding causal inferences.
CONCLUSIONS
Girls with ADHD frequently exhibit comorbid externalizing and internalizing disorders. We discuss future research priorities and consider intervention implications for ADHD and comorbid psychopathology in girls.
Topics: Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Child; Comorbidity; Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders; Female; Humans; Mental Disorders; Psychopathology
PubMed: 27694280
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2016-0430 -
European Neurology 2020Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), thanks to his insight as a clinician can be said to be one of the precursors of scientific psychology. Charcot's 30 years of activity at... (Review)
Review
Jean-Martin Charcot (1825-1893), thanks to his insight as a clinician can be said to be one of the precursors of scientific psychology. Charcot's 30 years of activity at La Salpêtrière hospital display an intellectual trajectory that decisively changed the idea of human psychology by favouring the emergence of two concepts: the subconscious and the unconscious. It was his collaboration with Pierre Janet (1859-1947), a philosopher turned physician, that led to this evolution, relying on the search for hysteria's aetiology, using hypnosis as a method of exploration. Focusing on clinical psychology that was experimental and observational, Janet built a theory of psychic automatism, "the involuntary exercise of memory and intelligence" leading to "independence of the faculties, freed from personal power." From all that came the idea of the subconscious, a functioning as a passive mental mechanism, resulting from a more or less temporary dissociation of previously associated mental content.
Topics: France; History, 19th Century; History, 20th Century; Humans; Neurology; Physicians; Psychopathology
PubMed: 32554964
DOI: 10.1159/000508267 -
Journal of Research on Adolescence :... Dec 2022Transdiagnostic frameworks posit a causal link between emotion regulation (ER) ability and psychopathology. However, there is little supporting longitudinal evidence for...
Transdiagnostic frameworks posit a causal link between emotion regulation (ER) ability and psychopathology. However, there is little supporting longitudinal evidence for such frameworks. Among N = 1,262 adolescents, we examined the prospective bidirectional relationship between ER and future pathological anxiety, depression, and substance dependence symptoms in 10 assessment waves over 7 years. In Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models, within-person results do not reveal prospective lag-1 effects of either ER or symptoms. However, between-person analyses showed that dispositional ER ability at baseline predicted greater risk for developing clinically significant depression, anxiety, and substance dependence over the 7-year follow-up period. These findings provide some of the first direct evidence of prospective effects of ER on future symptom risk across affect-related disorders, and should strengthen existing claims that ER ability represents a key transdiagnostic risk factor.
Topics: Adolescent; Humans; Emotional Regulation; Psychopathology; Anxiety; Substance-Related Disorders
PubMed: 35301763
DOI: 10.1111/jora.12743