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BMC Plant Biology Mar 2023Cold stress is an effective factor in reducing production and injuring fruit trees. Various materials, such as salicylic acid, ascorbic acid, and putrescine, are used to...
BACKGROUND
Cold stress is an effective factor in reducing production and injuring fruit trees. Various materials, such as salicylic acid, ascorbic acid, and putrescine, are used to alleviate the damage of abiotic stress.
RESULTS
The effect of different treatments of putrescine, salicylic acid, and ascorbic acid on alleviating the damage of frost stress (- 3 °C) to grapes 'Giziluzum' was investigated. Frost stress increased the amount of HO, MDA, proline, and MSI. On the other hand, it decreased the concentration of chlorophyll and carotenoids in the leaves. Putrescine, salicylic acid and ascorbic acid significantly increased the activities of catalase, guaiacol peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase under frost stress. Following frost stress, the grapes treated with putrescine, salicylic acid, and ascorbic acid showed higher levels of DHA, AsA, and AsA/DHA than the untreated grapes. Our results showed that the treatment with ascorbic acid outperformed the other treatments in adjusting frost stress damages.
CONCLUSION
The use of compounds, such as ascorbic ac id, salicylic acid, and putrescine, modulates the effects of frost stress, thereby increasing the antioxidant defense system of cells, reducing its damage, and stabilizing stable cell conditions, so it can be used to reduce frost damage to different grape cultivars.
Topics: Ascorbic Acid; Vitis; Salicylic Acid; Putrescine; Hydrogen Peroxide; Antioxidants
PubMed: 36899321
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04126-w -
International Journal of Molecular... Jan 2024Ammonium and polyamines are essential nitrogen metabolites in all living organisms. Crosstalk between ammonium and polyamines through their metabolic pathways has been...
Ammonium and polyamines are essential nitrogen metabolites in all living organisms. Crosstalk between ammonium and polyamines through their metabolic pathways has been demonstrated in plants and animals, while no research has been directed to explore this relationship in algae or to investigate the underlying molecular mechanisms. Previous research demonstrated that high concentrations of ammonium and putrescine were among the active substances in bacteria-derived algicide targeting dinoflagellates, suggesting that the biochemical inter-connection and/or interaction of these nitrogen compounds play an essential role in controlling these ecologically important algal species. In this research, putrescine, ammonium, or a combination of putrescine and ammonium was added to cultures of three dinoflagellate species to explore their effects. The results demonstrated the dose-dependent and species-specific synergistic effects of putrescine and ammonium on these species. To further explore the molecular mechanisms behind the synergistic effects, transcriptome analysis was conducted on dinoflagellate treated with putrescine or ammonium vs. a combination of putrescine and ammonium. The results suggested that the synergistic effects of putrescine and ammonium disrupted polyamine homeostasis and reduced ammonium tolerance, which may have contributed to the cell death of . There was also transcriptomic evidence of damage to chloroplasts and impaired photosynthesis of . This research illustrates the molecular mechanisms underlying the synergistic effects of the major nitrogen metabolites, ammonium and putrescine, in dinoflagellates and provides direction for future studies on polyamine biology in algal species.
Topics: Animals; Putrescine; Dinoflagellida; Ammonium Compounds; Polyamines; Nitrogen
PubMed: 38279308
DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021306 -
The Journal of Investigative Dermatology Oct 2020Hyperpigmentary conditions can arise when melanogenesis in the epidermis is misregulated. Understanding the pathways underlying melanogenesis is essential for the...
Hyperpigmentary conditions can arise when melanogenesis in the epidermis is misregulated. Understanding the pathways underlying melanogenesis is essential for the development of effective treatments. Here, we report that a group of metabolites called polyamines are important in the control of melanogenesis in human skin. Polyamines are cationic molecules present in all cells and are essential for cellular function. We report that polyamine regulator ODC1 is upregulated in melanocytes from melasma lesional skin. We report that the polyamine putrescine can promote pigmentation in human skin explants and primary normal human epidermal melanocytes through induction of tyrosinase which is rate-limiting for the synthesis of melanin. Putrescine supplementation on normal human epidermal melanocytes results in the activation of polyamine catabolism, which results in increased intracellular HO Polyamine catabolism is also increased in human skin explants that have been treated with putrescine. We further report that inhibition of polyamine catabolism prevents putrescine-induced promotion of tyrosinase levels and pigmentation in normal human epidermal melanocytes, showing that polyamine catabolism is responsible for the putrescine induction of melanogenesis. Our data showing that putrescine promotes pigmentation has important consequences for hyperpigmented and hypopigmented conditions. Further understanding of how polyamines control epidermal pigmentation could open the door for the development of new therapeutics.
Topics: Biogenic Polyamines; Cells, Cultured; Dicarboxylic Acid Transporters; Epidermis; Humans; Melanins; Melanocytes; Middle Aged; Mitochondrial Membrane Transport Proteins; Putrescine; Skin Pigmentation
PubMed: 32119868
DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2020.02.009 -
Nutrients Apr 2023(1) Background: Spermidine is a biogenic polyamine that plays a crucial role in mammalian metabolism. As spermidine levels decline with age, spermidine supplementation... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
High-Dose Spermidine Supplementation Does Not Increase Spermidine Levels in Blood Plasma and Saliva of Healthy Adults: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Pharmacokinetic and Metabolomic Study.
(1) Background: Spermidine is a biogenic polyamine that plays a crucial role in mammalian metabolism. As spermidine levels decline with age, spermidine supplementation is suggested to prevent or delay age-related diseases. However, valid pharmacokinetic data regarding spermidine remains lacking. Therefore, for the first time, the present study investigated the pharmacokinetics of oral spermidine supplementation. (2) Methods: This study was designed as a randomized, placebo-controlled, triple-blinded, two-armed crossover trial with two 5-day intervention phases separated by a washout phase of 9 days. In 12 healthy volunteers, 15 mg/d of spermidine was administered orally, and blood and saliva samples were taken. Spermidine, spermine, and putrescine were quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The plasma metabolome was investigated using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics. (3) Results: Compared with a placebo, spermidine supplementation significantly increased spermine levels in the plasma, but it did not affect spermidine or putrescine levels. No effect on salivary polyamine concentrations was observed. (4) Conclusions: This study's results suggest that dietary spermidine is presystemically converted into spermine, which then enters systemic circulation. Presumably, the in vitro and clinical effects of spermidine are at least in part attributable to its metabolite, spermine. It is rather unlikely that spermidine supplements with doses <15 mg/d exert any short-term effects.
Topics: Animals; Adult; Humans; Spermidine; Spermine; Putrescine; Chromatography, Liquid; Saliva; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Polyamines; Plasma; Dietary Supplements; Mammals
PubMed: 37111071
DOI: 10.3390/nu15081852 -
Plant, Cell & Environment Nov 2020Polyamines are small amines that accumulate during stress and contribute to disease resistance through as yet unknown signaling pathways. Using a comprehensive...
Polyamines are small amines that accumulate during stress and contribute to disease resistance through as yet unknown signaling pathways. Using a comprehensive RNA-sequencing analysis, we show that early transcriptional responses triggered by each of the most abundant polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, spermine, thermospermine and cadaverine) exhibit specific quantitative differences, suggesting that polyamines (rather than downstream metabolites) elicit defense responses. Signaling by putrescine, which accumulates in response to bacteria that trigger effector triggered immunity (ETI) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR), is largely dependent on the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, and is partly dependent on salicylic acid (SA), the expression of ENHANCED DISEASE SUSCEPTIBILITY (EDS1) and NONEXPRESSOR of PR GENES1 (NPR1). Putrescine elicits local SA accumulation as well as local and systemic transcriptional reprogramming that overlaps with SAR. Loss-of-function mutations in arginine decarboxylase 2 (ADC2), which is required for putrescine synthesis and copper amine oxidase (CuAO), which is involved in putrescine oxidation, compromise basal defenses, as well as putrescine and pathogen-triggered systemic resistance. These findings confirm that putrescine elicits ROS-dependent SA pathways in the activation of plant defenses.
Topics: Arabidopsis; Cadaverine; Gene Expression Profiling; Plant Growth Regulators; Plant Leaves; Putrescine; Reactive Oxygen Species; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Salicylic Acid; Signal Transduction; Spermidine; Spermine
PubMed: 32839979
DOI: 10.1111/pce.13874 -
BMC Plant Biology May 2016With the increasing interest in metabolic engineering of plants using genetic manipulation and gene editing technologies to enhance growth, nutritional value and...
BACKGROUND
With the increasing interest in metabolic engineering of plants using genetic manipulation and gene editing technologies to enhance growth, nutritional value and environmental adaptation, a major concern is the potential of undesirable broad and distant effects of manipulating the target gene or metabolic step in the resulting plant. A comprehensive transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of the product may shed some useful light in this regard. The present study used these two techniques with plant cell cultures to analyze the effects of genetic manipulation of a single step in the biosynthesis of polyamines because of their well-known roles in plant growth, development and stress responses.
RESULTS
The transcriptomes and metabolomes of a control and a high putrescine (HP) producing cell line of poplar (Populus nigra x maximowiczii) were compared using microarrays and GC/MS. The HP cells expressed an ornithine decarboxylase transgene and accumulated several-fold higher concentrations of putrescine, with only small changes in spermidine and spermine. The results show that up-regulation of a single step in the polyamine biosynthetic pathway (i.e. ornithine → putrescine) altered the expression of a broad spectrum of genes; many of which were involved in transcription, translation, membrane transport, osmoregulation, shock/stress/wounding, and cell wall metabolism. More than half of the 200 detected metabolites were significantly altered (p ≤ 0.05) in the HP cells irrespective of sampling date. The most noteworthy differences were in organic acids, carbohydrates and nitrogen-containing metabolites.
CONCLUSIONS
The results provide valuable information about the role of polyamines in regulating nitrogen and carbon use pathways in cell cultures of high putrescine producing transgenic cells of poplar vs. their low putrescine counterparts. The results underscore the complexity of cellular responses to genetic perturbation of a single metabolic step related to nitrogen metabolism in plants. Combined with recent studies from our lab, where we showed that higher putrescine production caused an increased flux of glutamate into ornithine concurrent with enhancement in glutamate production via additional nitrogen and carbon assimilation, the results from this study provide guidance in designing transgenic plants with increased nitrogen use efficiency, especially in plants intended for non-food/feed applications (e.g. increased biomass production for biofuels).
Topics: Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Metabolome; Ornithine Decarboxylase; Polyamines; Populus; Putrescine; Spermidine; Spermine; Transcriptome
PubMed: 27188293
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0796-2 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022An extreme thermophile, , produces 16 different polyamines including long-chain and branched-chain polyamines. The composition and content of polyamines in the...
An extreme thermophile, , produces 16 different polyamines including long-chain and branched-chain polyamines. The composition and content of polyamines in the thermophile cells change not only with growth temperature but also with pH changes. In particular, cell growth decreased greatly at alkaline medium together with significant changes in the composition and content of polyamines. The amounts of tetraamines (spermine and its homologs) markedly decreased at alkaline pH. Thus, we knocked out the gene, which is involved in the biosynthesis of tetraamines, and changes of composition of polyamines with pH changes in the mutant cells were studied. Cell growth in the Δ strain was decreased compared with that of the wild-type strain for all pHs, suggesting that tetraamines are important for cell proliferation. Interestingly, the amount of spermidine decreased and that of putrescine increased in wild-type cells at elevated pH, although lacks a putrescine synthesizing pathway. In addition, polyamines possessing a diaminobutane moiety, such as spermine, decreased greatly at high pH. We assessed whether the gene encoding aminopropylagmatine ureohydrolase (TtSpeB) is directly involved in the synthesis of putrescine. The catalytic assay of the purified enzyme indicated that TtSpeB accepts agmatine as its substrate and produces putrescine due to the change in substrate specificity at high pH. These results suggest that pH stress was exacerbated upon intracellular depletion of polyamines possessing a diaminobutane moiety induced by unusual changes in polyamine biosynthesis under high pH conditions.
Topics: Thermus thermophilus; Spermine; Putrescine; Polyamines; Spermidine
PubMed: 36362306
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113523 -
Frontiers in Bioscience (Landmark... Jun 2022Polyamines have been demonstrated to be beneficial to porcine intestinal development. Our previous study showed that putrescine mitigates intestinal atrophy in weanling...
BACKGROUND
Polyamines have been demonstrated to be beneficial to porcine intestinal development. Our previous study showed that putrescine mitigates intestinal atrophy in weanling piglets and suppresses inflammatory response in porcine intestinal epithelial cells, it is still unknown the role of spermidine in mediating putrescine function.
OBJECTIVE
The current study aimed to investigate the effect of spermidine on the proliferation, migration, and inflammatory response in porcine intestinal epithelial cells (IPEC-J2 cell line).
METHODS
The effects of spermidine on proliferation and migration of IPEC-J2 cells were measured. Difluoromethyl ornithine (DFMO) and diethylglyoxal bis (guanylhydrazone) (DEGBG) were used to block the production of putrescine and spermidine, respectively. A cell inflammation model was established with lipopolysaccharides (LPS) stimulation. Gene expression and protein abundance were determined by real-time quantitative PCR and western blotting, respectively.
RESULT
Spermidine significantly enhanced cell proliferation in DFMO (or/and) DEGBG treated IPEC-J2 cells ( < 0.05). Pretreatment with putrescine restored cell growth inhibited by DFMO but did not prevent the decrease in cell proliferation caused by DEGBG ( > 0.05). Similarly, spermidine but not putrescine significantly elevated the rate of migration in DEGBG treated IPEC-J2 cells ( < 0.05). Spermidine deprivation by DEGBG dramatically enhanced mRNA abundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-8, IL-6, and TNF-α ( < 0.05), and the addition of spermidine attenuated excessive expression of those inflammatory pro-inflammatory cytokines, moreover, spermidine but not putrescine suppressed the phosphorylation of NF-κB induced by DEGBG. Spermidine supplementation also significantly suppressed LPS-induced the expression of TNF-α.
CONCLUSIONS
The present study highlights a novel insight that putrescine may be converted into spermidine to modulate cell proliferation, migration, and inflammatory response on porcine enterocytes.
Topics: Animals; Cell Proliferation; Cytokines; Eflornithine; Enterocytes; Lipopolysaccharides; Putrescine; Spermidine; Swine; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 35748270
DOI: 10.31083/j.fbl2706194 -
Biosensors Aug 2022The biogenic aliphatic polyamines (spermine, spermidine, and putrescine) are responsible for numerous cell functions, including cell proliferation, the stabilization of... (Review)
Review
The biogenic aliphatic polyamines (spermine, spermidine, and putrescine) are responsible for numerous cell functions, including cell proliferation, the stabilization of nucleic acid conformations, cell division, homeostasis, gene expression, and protein synthesis in living organisms. The change of polyamine concentrations in the urine or blood is usually related to the presence of malignant tumors and is regarded as a biomarker for the early diagnosis of cancer. Therefore, the detection of polyamine levels in physiological fluids can provide valuable information in terms of cancer diagnosis and in monitoring therapeutic effects. In this review, we summarize the recent advances in fluorescent methods for polyamine detection (supramolecular fluorescent sensing systems, fluorescent probes based on the chromophore reaction, fluorescent small molecules, and fluorescent nanoparticles). In addition, tumor polyamine-suppressing strategies (such as polyamine conjugate, polyamine analogs, combinations that target multiple components, spermine-responsive supramolecular chemotherapy, a combination of polyamine consumption and photodynamic therapy, etc.) are highlighted. We hope that this review promotes the development of more efficient polyamine detection methods and provides a comprehensive understanding of polyamine-based tumor suppressor strategies.
Topics: Humans; Neoplasms; Polyamines; Putrescine; Spermidine; Spermine
PubMed: 36005029
DOI: 10.3390/bios12080633 -
Scientific Reports Jan 2019Putrescine and cadaverine are among the most common biogenic amines (BA) in foods, but it is advisable that their accumulation be avoided. Present knowledge about their...
Putrescine and cadaverine are among the most common biogenic amines (BA) in foods, but it is advisable that their accumulation be avoided. Present knowledge about their toxicity is, however, limited; further research is needed if qualitative and quantitative risk assessments for foods are to be conducted. The present work describes a real-time analysis of the cytotoxicity of putrescine and cadaverine on intestinal cell cultures. Both BA were cytotoxic at concentrations found in BA-rich foods, although the cytotoxicity threshold for cadaverine was twice that of putrescine. Their mode of cytotoxic action was similar, with both BA causing cell necrosis; they did not induce apoptosis. The present results may help in establishing legal limits for both putrescine and cadaverine in food.
Topics: Apoptosis; Biogenic Amines; Cadaverine; Cells, Cultured; Cytotoxins; Food Analysis; HT29 Cells; Humans; Intestines; Necrosis; Putrescine
PubMed: 30644398
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36239-w