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Genes Apr 2022Cotton is an important agro-industrial crop providing raw material for the textile industry. Fiber length is the key factor that directly affects fiber quality. ADC,...
Cotton is an important agro-industrial crop providing raw material for the textile industry. Fiber length is the key factor that directly affects fiber quality. ADC, arginine decarboxylase, is the key rate-limiting enzyme in the polyamine synthesis pathway; whereas, there is no experimental evidence that ADC is involved in fiber development in cotton yet. Our transcriptome analysis of the fiber initiation material of L. showed that the expression profile of was induced significantly. Here, , the allele of in tetraploid upland cotton L., exhibited up-regulated expression pattern during fiber elongation in cotton. Levels of polyamine are correlated with fiber elongation; especially, the amount of putrescine regulated by ADC was increased. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the fiber length was increased with exogenous addition of an ADC substrate or product putrescine; whereas, the fiber density was decreased with exogenous addition of an ADC specific inhibitor. Next, genome-wide transcriptome profiling of fiber elongation with exogenous putrescine addition was performed to determine the molecular basis in . A total of 3163 differentially expressed genes were detected, which mainly participated in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, fatty acid elongation, and sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis pathways. Genes encoding transcription factors , , and were enriched. Therefore, these results suggested the and putrescine involvement in the development and fiber elongation of , and provides a basis for cotton fiber development research in future.
Topics: Carboxy-Lyases; Cotton Fiber; Gossypium; Putrescine
PubMed: 35627169
DOI: 10.3390/genes13050784 -
Biomolecules Mar 2022Polyamines (PAs) are small, versatile molecules with two or more nitrogen-containing positively charged groups and provide widespread biological functions. Most of these... (Review)
Review
Polyamines (PAs) are small, versatile molecules with two or more nitrogen-containing positively charged groups and provide widespread biological functions. Most of these aspects are well known and covered by quite a number of excellent surveys. Here, the present review includes novel aspects and questions: (1) It summarizes the role of most natural and some important synthetic PAs. (2) It depicts PA uptake from nutrition and bacterial production in the intestinal system following loss of PAs via defecation. (3) It highlights the discrepancy between the high concentrations of PAs in the gut lumen and their low concentration in the blood plasma and cerebrospinal fluid, while concentrations in cellular cytoplasm are much higher. (4) The present review provides a novel and complete scheme for the biosynthesis of Pas, including glycine, glutamate, proline and others as PA precursors, and provides a hypothesis that the agmatine pathway may rescue putrescine production when ODC knockout seems to be lethal (solving the apparent contradiction in the literature). (5) It summarizes novel data on PA transport in brain glial cells explaining why these cells but not neurons preferentially accumulate PAs. (6) Finally, it provides a novel and complete scheme for PA interconversion, including hypusine, putreanine, and GABA (unique gliotransmitter) as end-products. Altogether, this review can serve as an updated contribution to understanding the PA mystery.
Topics: Central Nervous System; Neuroglia; Polyamines; Putrescine; Spermine
PubMed: 35454090
DOI: 10.3390/biom12040501 -
Analytical Sciences : the International... Feb 2021A convenient and uncomplicated scheme has been projected for the quantitative determination of essential diamines putrescine (PUT) and cadaverine (CAD) via sodium...
A convenient and uncomplicated scheme has been projected for the quantitative determination of essential diamines putrescine (PUT) and cadaverine (CAD) via sodium dodecyl sulfate protected silver nanoparticles (SDS-AgNPs). This scheme is based on the chemical interaction of a SDS-AgNPs probe with PUT and CAD, leading to a color change from yellow to red or reddish brown. The interaction was investigated through different techniques such as using a UV-visible spectrophotometer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS) and the zeta potential. Both amines possess a close resemblance in structure (except for the addition of one more methylene group in CAD), and no any distinguishable color change was noted. However, the maximum absorption band at 580 and 600 nm was demonstrated for PUT and CAD correspondingly. The methodical response was observed at absorption ratios of 580/410 and 600/410 nm, with the linear regression within 4 - 12 and 6 - 14 μg/mL for PUT and CAD. The detection limits calculated for both the diamines PUT and CAD were 0.333 and 1.638 μg/mL. The scheme was successfully applied for determinations in biological samples, including spiked blood plasma and urine. Putrescine exhibited % recovery within 95.717 - 105.200%, while cadaverine was within 95.940 - 105.109%, respectively. The scheme was reproducible and precise with inter-day RSD (n = 5) within 1.126, 0.018% and the intraday RSD (n = 5) was within 0.005, 0.002% for PUT and CAD, respectively.
Topics: Cadaverine; Colorimetry; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Metal Nanoparticles; Putrescine; Silver; Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate
PubMed: 32779576
DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20P153 -
Scientific Reports Mar 2023Bacterial phytopathogens living on the surface or within plant tissues may experience oxidative stress because of the triggered plant defense responses. Although it has...
Bacterial phytopathogens living on the surface or within plant tissues may experience oxidative stress because of the triggered plant defense responses. Although it has been suggested that polyamines can defend bacteria from this stress, the mechanism behind this action is not entirely understood. In this study, we investigated the effects of oxidative stress on the polyamine homeostasis of the plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae and the functions of these compounds in bacterial stress tolerance. We demonstrated that bacteria respond to HO by increasing the external levels of the polyamine putrescine while maintaining the inner concentrations of this compound as well as the analogue amine spermidine. In line with this, adding exogenous putrescine to media increased bacterial tolerance to HO. Deletion of arginine decarboxylase (speA) and ornithine decarboxylate (speC), prevented the synthesis of putrescine and augmented susceptibility to HO, whereas targeting spermidine synthesis alone through deletion of spermidine synthase (speE) increased the level of extracellular putrescine and enhanced HO tolerance. Further research demonstrated that the increased tolerance of the ΔspeE mutant correlated with higher expression of HO-degrading catalases and enhanced outer cell membrane stability. Thus, this work demonstrates previously unrecognized connections between bacterial defense mechanisms against oxidative stress and the polyamine metabolism.
Topics: Polyamines; Spermidine; Putrescine; Pseudomonas syringae; Hydrogen Peroxide; Oxidative Stress; Ornithine Decarboxylase
PubMed: 36922543
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31239-x -
Amino Acids Jun 2023Dietary polyamines have been associated with slowing ageing processes and various pathologies, raising the importance of establishing reference values at different ages...
Dietary polyamines have been associated with slowing ageing processes and various pathologies, raising the importance of establishing reference values at different ages throughout life. This study aimed to analyse age-dependent variations in polyamine content using peripheral blood cells and plasma in a healthy and homogeneous population. Peripheral blood of 193 volunteers of both sexes (20-70 years), selected by convenience, was processed to separate cells and plasma. A pre-column derivatization method was used to determine the amines by HPLC (nmol or pmol/mg protein or nmol/ml) to analyse their association with the age (continuous or ordinal in decades) of the subjects. Putrescine and spermine weakly declined significantly in mononuclear cells with age. In erythrocytes and plasma, putrescine showed an evident decrease in the 60-70-year-old group compared to the rest. The ratios between polyamines, mainly in erythrocytes, decreased in the 60-70 years age group and increased the ratio of putrescine in mononuclear cells/erythrocytes. The ratio of putrescine in mononuclear cells/erythrocytes was higher in the 60-70-year-old age group than in the rest. In a sample of subjects (20-29 vs. 60-70 years), whole blood polyamines were not significantly different when differences existed in erythrocytes. Polyamine homeostasis in blood cells and plasma changed with age. Putrescine declined in mononuclear cells and decreased in erythrocytes and plasma in the decade of the 60 s. Further studies should establish an age-dependent phenotype and whether polyamines' supplementation could restore the decreased values and be associated with long-term overall biological benefits.
Topics: Male; Female; Animals; Polyamines; Putrescine; Spermidine; Spermine; Blood Cells
PubMed: 37310532
DOI: 10.1007/s00726-023-03269-2 -
International Journal of Molecular... Mar 2022is a soil bacterium living in a habitat with very changeable nutrient availability. This organism possesses a complex nitrogen metabolism and is able to utilize the...
is a soil bacterium living in a habitat with very changeable nutrient availability. This organism possesses a complex nitrogen metabolism and is able to utilize the polyamines putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, and spermine and the monoamine ethanolamine. We demonstrated that GlnA2 (SCO2241) facilitates to survive under high toxic polyamine concentrations. GlnA2 is a gamma-glutamylpolyamine synthetase, an enzyme catalyzing the first step in polyamine catabolism. The role of GlnA2 was confirmed in phenotypical studies with a deletion mutant as well as in transcriptional and biochemical analyses. Among all GS-like enzymes in , GlnA2 possesses the highest specificity towards short-chain polyamines (putrescine and cadaverine), while its functional homolog GlnA3 (SCO6962) prefers long-chain polyamines (spermidine and spermine) and GlnA4 (SCO1613) accepts only monoamines. The genome-wide RNAseq analysis in the presence of the polyamines putrescine, cadaverine, spermidine, or spermine revealed indication of the occurrence of different routes for polyamine catabolism in involving GlnA2 and GlnA3. Furthermore, GlnA2 and GlnA3 are differently regulated. From our results, we can propose a complemented model of polyamine catabolism in , which involves the gamma-glutamylation pathway as well as other alternative utilization pathways.
Topics: Cadaverine; Ligases; Polyamines; Putrescine; Spermidine; Spermine; Streptomyces coelicolor
PubMed: 35409114
DOI: 10.3390/ijms23073752 -
Journal of Assisted Reproduction and... Mar 2022To investigate the epigenetic safety of putrescine supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) to offspring.
PURPOSE
To investigate the epigenetic safety of putrescine supplementation during in vitro maturation (IVM) to offspring.
METHODS
Germinal vesicle oocytes retrieved from 12-week-old mice were randomly divided into two groups and cultured in IVM medium with or without 1 mmol/L putrescine for 16 h. Then, in vitro fertilization and embryo transplantation were conducted to produce the F1 offspring. The F1 mated with ordinary mice and bred the F2 offspring. The DNA methylation patterns in the brain and heart of F1 were investigated by reduced representation bisulfite sequencing. Imprinted gene expression levels of F1 oocytes were tested. The global methylation of F2 was examined by dot blot.
RESULTS
The weight, organ coefficient, and histology were normal in the F1 and F2 offspring from the putrescine-treated oocytes. An overall methylation level of 31.23 to 32.53% was observed for all CpG sites in the brain and heart of the two groups. The DNA methylation patterns of the brain and heart in F1 were not altered in general, with subtle differences. The expression levels of imprinted genes including H19, Snrpn, Peg3, Igf2, and Igf2r did not statistically change. The global 5mC level of F2 was consistent with the control group.
CONCLUSION
Putrescine supplementation during IVM did not directly affect the development, health, and reproduction, and did not affect the genome and global epigenetics of mouse offspring derived from those oocytes. The transient putrescine treatment for improving oocyte maturation shows its long-term safety of genome and epigenetics in the offspring of mice.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Dietary Supplements; DNA Methylation; Epigenesis, Genetic; In Vitro Oocyte Maturation Techniques; Oocytes; Putrescine
PubMed: 35254568
DOI: 10.1007/s10815-022-02448-6 -
Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and... Feb 1986The contents of free and conjugated polyamines in cyst fluids of brain tumours were analysed. The putrescine and N1-acetylspermidine levels in cyst fluids of malignant...
The contents of free and conjugated polyamines in cyst fluids of brain tumours were analysed. The putrescine and N1-acetylspermidine levels in cyst fluids of malignant brain tumours were significantly higher than those of benign tumours. The free spermidine levels in malignant and benign tumours were about the same, while the total spermidine levels were higher in malignant than those in benign tumours. These results suggest that polyamine levels in cyst fluids reflect the altered polyamine metabolism in brain tumours.
Topics: Brain; Brain Neoplasms; Cysts; Humans; Putrescine; Spermidine; Spermine
PubMed: 3950641
DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.49.2.209 -
Aging Nov 2012
Review
Topics: Aneuploidy; Animals; Female; Fertilization; Humans; Meiosis; Oocytes; Putrescine
PubMed: 23178463
DOI: 10.18632/aging.100500 -
Behavioural Processes Dec 2021As in many other species of nonhuman primates, chimpanzee mothers with a dead infant may continue to care for and transport the infant for days, weeks, or even longer....
As in many other species of nonhuman primates, chimpanzee mothers with a dead infant may continue to care for and transport the infant for days, weeks, or even longer. The bereaved females do this despite what humans perceive as the foul odour from the putrefying corpse. Putrescine is a major contributor to the "smell of death," and it elicits behaviours aimed at getting rid of the source of the smell, or escape responses in mammals including humans. However, it has never been shown that the odour of putrescine is aversive to chimpanzees. To address this question, we visually presented six adult chimpanzees with the corpse of a small bird, or a stuffed glove, in association with putrescine, ammonia, or water, and recorded the chimpanzees' reactions. The apes spent significantly less time near the object when it was paired with putrescine than the other substances, although they showed no signs of increased arousal or anxiety. We interpret the findings as evidence of an aversion to the smell of death in chimpanzees, discuss the implications for understanding the continued maternal-like behaviour of bereaved female chimpanzees, and suggest future research directions for the field of comparative evolutionary thanatology.
Topics: Animals; Cues; Death; Female; Pan troglodytes; Putrescine; Social Behavior
PubMed: 34742895
DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2021.104538