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Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences :... Jun 2008Glycoprotein G of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is involved in receptor recognition at the host cell surface and then, after endocytosis of the virion, triggers... (Review)
Review
Glycoprotein G of the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) is involved in receptor recognition at the host cell surface and then, after endocytosis of the virion, triggers membrane fusion via a low pH-induced structural rearrangement. G is an atypical fusion protein, as there is a pH-dependent equilibrium between its pre- and post-fusion conformations. The atomic structures of these two conformations reveal that it is homologous to glycoprotein gB of herpesviruses and that it combines features of the previously characterized class I and class II fusion proteins. Comparison of the structures of G pre- and postfusion states shows a dramatic reorganization of the molecule that is reminiscent of that of paramyxovirus fusion protein F. It also allows identification of conserved key residues that constitute pH-sensitive molecular switches. Besides the similarities with other viral fusion machineries, the fusion properties and structures of G also reveal some striking particularities that invite us to reconsider a few dogmas concerning fusion proteins.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Membrane Fusion; Membrane Glycoproteins; Models, Molecular; Molecular Sequence Data; Mutation; Protein Conformation; Rhabdoviridae; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus; Viral Envelope Proteins; Virus Internalization
PubMed: 18345480
DOI: 10.1007/s00018-008-7534-3 -
Uirusu 2012The family Rhabdoviridae has a non-segmented single stranded negative-sense RNA and its genome ranges in size from approximately 11 kb to almost 16 kb. It is one of the... (Review)
Review
The family Rhabdoviridae has a non-segmented single stranded negative-sense RNA and its genome ranges in size from approximately 11 kb to almost 16 kb. It is one of the most ecologically diverse families of RNA viruses with members infecting a wide range of organisms. The five structural protein genes are arranged in the same linear order (3'-N-P-M-G-L-5') and may be interspersed with one more additional accessory gene. For many years, a full of knowledge of the rhabdoviridae has been established on extensive studies of two kinds of prototype viruses; vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies virus (RABV). Among them, the genus Lyssavirus includes RABV and rabies-related viruses naturally infect mammals and chiropterans via bite-exposure by rabid animals and finally cause fatal encephalitis. In this review, we describe the sketch of the various virological features of the Rhabdoviridae, especially focusing on VSV and RABV.
Topics: Animals; Evolution, Molecular; GTP-Binding Proteins; Genome, Viral; Humans; Rabies; Rhabdoviridae; Vesicular Stomatitis; Viral Proteins; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 24153229
DOI: 10.2222/jsv.62.183 -
Virus Research Jan 2017The family Rhabdoviridae consists of mostly enveloped, bullet-shaped or bacilliform viruses with a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that infect vertebrates,... (Review)
Review
The family Rhabdoviridae consists of mostly enveloped, bullet-shaped or bacilliform viruses with a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA genome that infect vertebrates, invertebrates or plants. This ecological diversity is reflected by the diversity and complexity of their genomes. Five canonical structural protein genes are conserved in all rhabdoviruses, but may be overprinted, overlapped or interspersed with several novel and diverse accessory genes. This review gives an overview of the characteristics and diversity of rhabdoviruses, their taxonomic classification, replication mechanism, properties of classical rhabdoviruses such as rabies virus and rhabdoviruses with complex genomes, rhabdoviruses infecting aquatic species, and plant rhabdoviruses with both mono- and bipartite genomes.
Topics: Animals; DNA Barcoding, Taxonomic; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Phylogeny; Plant Viruses; Protein Biosynthesis; RNA Viruses; RNA, Viral; Rhabdoviridae; Transcription, Genetic; Vertebrates; Virus Replication
PubMed: 27773769
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.10.010 -
Viruses Dec 2018Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) conjugation to proteins has essential roles in several processes including localization, stability, and function of several players... (Review)
Review
Small Ubiquitin-like MOdifier (SUMO) conjugation to proteins has essential roles in several processes including localization, stability, and function of several players implicated in intrinsic and innate immunity. In human, five paralogs of SUMO are known of which three are ubiquitously expressed (SUMO1, 2, and 3). Infection by rhabdoviruses triggers cellular responses through the activation of pattern recognition receptors, which leads to the production and secretion of interferon. This review will focus on the effects of the stable expression of the different SUMO paralogs or Ubc9 depletion on rhabdoviruses-induced interferon production and interferon signaling pathways as well as on the expression and functions of restriction factors conferring the resistance to rhabdoviruses.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Immunity, Innate; Interferons; Mice; Myxovirus Resistance Proteins; Protein Binding; Rabies virus; Receptors, Pattern Recognition; Rhabdoviridae; Rhabdoviridae Infections; Signal Transduction; Small Ubiquitin-Related Modifier Proteins; Sumoylation; Ubiquitin; Ubiquitin-Conjugating Enzymes; Vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus; eIF-2 Kinase
PubMed: 30513968
DOI: 10.3390/v10120686 -
Viruses Feb 2020Rhabdoviruses are a large and ecologically diverse family of negative-sense RNA viruses (: ). These viruses are capable of infecting an unexpectedly wide variety of... (Review)
Review
Rhabdoviruses are a large and ecologically diverse family of negative-sense RNA viruses (: ). These viruses are capable of infecting an unexpectedly wide variety of plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates distributed over all human-inhabited continents. However, only a few rhabdoviruses are known to infect humans: a ledantevirus (Le Dantec virus), several lyssaviruses (in particular, rabies virus), and several vesiculoviruses (e.g., Chandipura virus, vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus). Recently, several novel rhabdoviruses have been discovered in the blood of both healthy and severely ill individuals living in Central and Western Africa. These viruses-Bas-Congo virus, Ekpoma virus 1, and Ekpoma virus 2-are members of the little-understood rhabdoviral genus . Other than the basic genomic architecture, tibroviruses bear little resemblance to well-studied rhabdoviruses such as rabies virus and vesicular stomatitis Indiana virus. These three human tibroviruses are quite divergent from each other, and each of them clusters closely with tibroviruses currently known only from biting midges or healthy cattle. Seroprevalence studies suggest that human tibrovirus infections may be common but are almost entirely unrecognized. The pathogenic potential of this diverse group of viruses remains unknown. Although certain tibroviruses may be benign and well-adapted to humans, others could be newly emerging and produce serious disease. Here, we review the current knowledge of tibroviruses and argue that assessing their impact on human health should be an urgent priority.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Biological Products; Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral; Environmental Exposure; Genetic Variation; Genome, Viral; Genomics; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Public Health Surveillance; Rhabdoviridae; Rhabdoviridae Infections; Symbiosis; Viral Tropism; Virus Internalization; Virus Replication
PubMed: 32106547
DOI: 10.3390/v12030252 -
PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases Dec 2022Ticks act as important vectors of infectious agents, and several emerging tick-borne viruses have recently been identified to be associated with human diseases in...
BACKGROUND
Ticks act as important vectors of infectious agents, and several emerging tick-borne viruses have recently been identified to be associated with human diseases in northeastern China. However, little is known about the tick virome in northeastern China.
METHODS
Ticks collected from April 2020 to July 2021 were pooled for metagenomic analysis to investigate the virome diversity in northeastern China.
RESULTS
In total, 22 RNA viruses were identified, including four each in the Nairoviridae and Phenuiviridae families, three each in the Flaviviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Solemoviridae families, two in the Chuviridae family, and one each in the Partitiviridae, Tombusviridae families and an unclassified virus. Of these, eight viruses were of novel species, belonging to the Nairoviridae (Ji'an nairovirus and Yichun nairovirus), Phenuiviridae (Mudanjiang phlebovirus), Rhabdoviridae (Tahe rhabdovirus 1-3), Chuviridae (Yichun mivirus), and Tombusviridae (Yichun tombus-like virus) families, and five members were established human pathogens, including Alongshan virus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, Songling virus, Beiji nairovirus, and Nuomin virus. I. persulcatus ticks had significant higher number of viral species than H. japonica, H. concinna, and D. silvarum ticks. Significant differences in tick viromes were observed among Daxing'an, Xiaoxing'an and Changbai mountains.
CONCLUSIONS
These findings showed an extensive diversity of RNA viruses in ticks in northeastern China, revealing potential public health threats from the emerging tick-borne viruses. Further studies are needed to explain the natural circulation and pathogenicity of these viruses.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Ticks; Metagenomics; RNA Viruses; Viruses; Rhabdoviridae; China; Phylogeny
PubMed: 36542659
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0011017 -
Viruses Jul 2015Interferon (IFN) treatment induces the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, only a selection of their products have been demonstrated to be... (Review)
Review
Interferon (IFN) treatment induces the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs). However, only a selection of their products have been demonstrated to be responsible for the inhibition of rhabdovirus replication in cultured cells; and only a few have been shown to play a role in mediating the antiviral response in vivo using gene knockout mouse models. IFNs inhibit rhabdovirus replication at different stages via the induction of a variety of ISGs. This review will discuss how individual ISG products confer resistance to rhabdoviruses by blocking viral entry, degrading single stranded viral RNA, inhibiting viral translation or preventing release of virions from the cell. Furthermore, this review will highlight how these viruses counteract the host IFN system.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Interferons; Rhabdoviridae; Rhabdoviridae Infections
PubMed: 26198243
DOI: 10.3390/v7072794 -
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 1982Five viruses related to rabies occur in Africa. Two of these, Obodhiang from Sudan and kotonkan from Nigeria, were found in insects and are only distantly related to... (Review)
Review
Five viruses related to rabies occur in Africa. Two of these, Obodhiang from Sudan and kotonkan from Nigeria, were found in insects and are only distantly related to rabies virus. The other three are antigenically more closely related to rabies. Mokola virus was isolated from shrews in Nigeria, Lagos bat virus from fruit bats in Nigeria, and Duvenhage virus from brain of a man bitten by a bat in South Africa. The public health significance of the rabies-related viruses was emphasized in Zimbabwe where in 1981 a rabies-related virus became epizootic in the dog and cat population. It is postulated that the ancestral origin of rabies virus was Africa where the greatest antigenic diversity occurs and that the ancestor may have been an insect virus. Questions are raised why rabies has not evolved more rapidly in the New World, given the frequency and ease with which antigenic changes can be induced in the laboratory, and how the virus became so extensively established in New World bats.
Topics: Africa; Animals; Antigens, Viral; Biological Evolution; Chiroptera; Cross Reactions; Insecta; Rabies virus; Rhabdoviridae; Shrews; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 6758373
DOI: No ID Found -
Antiviral Research Aug 2010Some mammalian rhabdoviruses may infect humans, and also infect invertebrates, dogs, and bats, which may act as vectors transmitting viruses among different host... (Review)
Review
Some mammalian rhabdoviruses may infect humans, and also infect invertebrates, dogs, and bats, which may act as vectors transmitting viruses among different host species. The VIZIER programme, an EU-funded FP6 program, has characterized viruses that belong to the Vesiculovirus, Ephemerovirus and Lyssavirus genera of the Rhabdoviridae family to perform ground-breaking research on the identification of potential new drug targets against these RNA viruses through comprehensive structural characterization of the replicative machinery. The contribution of VIZIER programme was of several orders. First, it contributed substantially to research aimed at understanding the origin, evolution and diversity of rhabdoviruses. This diversity was then used to obtain further structural information on the proteins involved in replication. Two strategies were used to produce recombinant proteins by expression of both full length or domain constructs in either E. coli or insect cells, using the baculovirus system. In both cases, parallel cloning and expression screening at small-scale of multiple constructs based on different viruses including the addition of fusion tags, was key to the rapid generation of expression data. As a result, some progress has been made in the VIZIER programme towards dissecting the multi-functional L protein into components suitable for structural and functional studies. However, the phosphoprotein polymerase co-factor and the structural matrix protein, which play a number of roles during viral replication and drives viral assembly, have both proved much more amenable to structural biology. Applying the multi-construct/multi-virus approach central to protein production processes in VIZIER has yielded new structural information which may ultimately be exploitable in the derivation of novel ways of intervening in viral replication.
Topics: Animals; Baculoviridae; Biomedical Research; Enzymes; Escherichia coli; European Union; Humans; Recombinant Proteins; Rhabdoviridae; Transcription, Genetic; Viral Nonstructural Proteins; Virus Replication
PubMed: 20188763
DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2010.02.322 -
Virus Research Dec 2011The Rhabdoviridae is one of the most ecologically diverse families of RNA viruses with members infecting a wide range of organisms including placental mammals,... (Review)
Review
The Rhabdoviridae is one of the most ecologically diverse families of RNA viruses with members infecting a wide range of organisms including placental mammals, marsupials, birds, reptiles, fish, insects and plants. The availability of complete nucleotide sequences for an increasing number of rhabdoviruses has revealed that their ecological diversity is reflected in the diversity and complexity of their genomes. The five canonical rhabdovirus structural protein genes (N, P, M, G and L) that are shared by all rhabdoviruses are overprinted, overlapped and interspersed with a multitude of novel and diverse accessory genes. Although not essential for replication in cell culture, several of these genes have been shown to have roles associated with pathogenesis and apoptosis in animals, and cell-to-cell movement in plants. Others appear to be secreted or have the characteristics of membrane-anchored glycoproteins or viroporins. However, most encode proteins of unknown function that are unrelated to any other known proteins. Understanding the roles of these accessory genes and the strategies by which rhabdoviruses use them to engage, divert and re-direct cellular processes will not only present opportunities to develop new anti-viral therapies but may also reveal aspects of cellar function that have broader significance in biology, agriculture and medicine.
Topics: Amino Acid Sequence; Animals; Biological Evolution; Fishes; Genes, Viral; Humans; Insecta; Molecular Sequence Data; Phylogeny; Plants; RNA, Viral; Rhabdoviridae; Rhabdoviridae Infections; Sequence Alignment; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid; Transcription, Genetic; Viral Proteins
PubMed: 21933691
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.09.004