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American Journal of Respiratory and... Apr 2021
Topics: Antibodies, Neutralizing; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Humans; Rhinovirus; Vaccines
PubMed: 33600736
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202102-0346ED -
Journal of Virology Aug 2010Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) were discovered as common cold pathogens over 50 years ago. Recent advances in molecular viral diagnostics have led to an appreciation of their... (Review)
Review
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) were discovered as common cold pathogens over 50 years ago. Recent advances in molecular viral diagnostics have led to an appreciation of their role in more-significant respiratory illnesses, including bronchiolitis in infancy, childhood pneumonia, and acute exacerbations of chronic respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic obstructive lung disease, and cystic fibrosis. Until a few years ago, only two groups of HRVs (A and B) had been recognized. However, full and partial sequencing of HRVs led to the discovery of a third species of HRV (HRV-C) that has distinct structural and biologic features. Risk factors and pathogenic mechanisms for more-severe HRV infections are being defined, and yet fundamental questions persist about mechanisms relating this common pathogen to allergic diseases and asthma. The close relationship between HRV infections and asthma suggests that antiviral treatments could have a major impact on the morbidity associated with this chronic respiratory disease.
Topics: Asthma; Humans; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Sounds; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 20375160
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02290-09 -
European Journal of Clinical... Dec 2022With the COVID-19 pandemic still ongoing, the annual season of influenza and other respiratory virus epidemics has arrived. Specimens from patients suspected of...
With the COVID-19 pandemic still ongoing, the annual season of influenza and other respiratory virus epidemics has arrived. Specimens from patients suspected of respiratory viruses infection were collected. Viral detection was performed following RNA extraction and real-time RT-PCR. During the study period, we received and tested a total of 606 specimens. Rhinovirus virus was the viral type most prevalent, detected in 186 (45.47%) specimens. The age range of patients positive for influenza A, influenza A (H1N1), and influenza B was 18 days to 13 years. With female prevalence for this viral type, cough and asthma were the main clinical manifestations presented by this viral type. Our results indicate that rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, metapneumoviruses, and influenza are among the most important agents of ARI in pediatrics. The epidemic period of respiratory infections observed in Goiânia can be useful for planning and implementing some prevention strategies.
Topics: Child; Humans; Female; Influenza, Human; Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype; Prevalence; Pandemics; COVID-19; Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 36287292
DOI: 10.1007/s10096-022-04515-3 -
Mucosal Immunology Aug 2023Rhinoviruses infect ciliated airway epithelial cells, and rhinoviruses' nonstructural proteins quickly inhibit and divert cellular processes for viral replication....
Rhinoviruses infect ciliated airway epithelial cells, and rhinoviruses' nonstructural proteins quickly inhibit and divert cellular processes for viral replication. However, the epithelium can mount a robust innate antiviral immune response. Therefore, we hypothesized that uninfected cells contribute significantly to the antiviral immune response in the airway epithelium. Using single-cell RNA sequencing, we demonstrate that both infected and uninfected cells upregulate antiviral genes (e.g. MX1, IFIT2, IFIH1, and OAS3) with nearly identical kinetics, whereas uninfected non-ciliated cells are the primary source of proinflammatory chemokines. Furthermore, we identified a subset of highly infectable ciliated epithelial cells with minimal interferon responses and determined that interferon responses originate from distinct subsets of ciliated cells with moderate viral replication. These findings suggest that the composition of ciliated airway epithelial cells and coordinated responses of infected and uninfected cells could determine the risk of more severe viral respiratory illnesses in children with asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and genetically susceptible individuals.
Topics: Child; Humans; Cells, Cultured; Interferons; Epithelial Cells; Immunity, Innate; Gene Expression; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 36796588
DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.01.008 -
Journal of Medical Virology Feb 2018To determine the prevalence of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection in children with acute asthma exacerbations, investigation of HRV viral load and severity of asthma...
To determine the prevalence of human rhinovirus (HRV) infection in children with acute asthma exacerbations, investigation of HRV viral load and severity of asthma exacerbations is also required. Nasopharyngeal aspirates and swabs were collected and assessed for respiratory viruses. HRV-positive samples were sequenced to identify types and determine viral load. Outpatients with asthma exacerbations underwent follow-up evaluations, their swabs were collected and clinical outcomes were recorded at their next clinic visit 4 weeks later. One hundred forty-three inpatients and 131 outpatients, including 88 patients with asthma exacerbations and 43 controls with stable asthma were recruited. HRV-A was mainly detected in September and February (45.5% and 33.3%, respectively), while HRV-C was mainly detected in November and April (70.0% and 55.6%, respectively). HRV-C was the primary type and was primarily found in inpatients with severe asthma exacerbations. HRV-A viral load in the group of inpatients with severe exacerbations was higher than in the mild and moderate groups (P < 0.001 and P = 0.022). The HRV-A viral load of both inpatients and outpatients was higher than that of HRV-C (P < 0.001 and P = 0.036). The main genotypes were HRV-C53 and HRV-A20 among inpatients, and this genotype caused more severe clinical manifestations. HRV persisted for no more than 4 weeks, and their symptoms or signs of disease were well-controlled well. HRV-C was most frequently detected in asthma exacerbations. HRV-A with high viral load led to severe asthma exacerbations.
Topics: Adolescent; Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Progression; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Genotype; Humans; Infant; Male; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus; Viral Load
PubMed: 28500687
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24850 -
American Journal of Respiratory and... Dec 2018Rhinoviruses (RVs) are major triggers of common cold and acute asthma exacerbations. RV species A, B, and C may have distinct clinical impact; however, little is known... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Rhinoviruses (RVs) are major triggers of common cold and acute asthma exacerbations. RV species A, B, and C may have distinct clinical impact; however, little is known regarding RV species-specific antibody responses in health and asthma. To describe and compare total and RV species-specific antibody levels in healthy children and children with asthma, away from an acute event. Serum samples from 163 preschool children with mild to moderate asthma and 72 healthy control subjects from the multinational Predicta cohort were analyzed using the recently developed PreDicta RV antibody chip. RV antibody levels varied, with RV-C and RV-A being higher than RV-B in both groups. Compared with control subjects, asthma was characterized by significantly higher levels of antibodies to RV-A and RV-C, but not RV-B. RV antibody levels positively correlated with the number of common colds over the previous year in healthy children, and wheeze episodes in children with asthma. Antibody levels also positively correlated with asthma severity but not with current asthma control. The variable humoral response to RV species in both groups suggests a differential infectivity pattern between RV species. In healthy preschoolers, RV antibodies accumulate with colds. In asthma, RV-A and RV-C antibodies are much higher and further increase with disease severity and wheeze episodes. Higher antibody levels in asthma may be caused by a compromised innate immune response, leading to increased exposure of the adaptive immune response to the virus. Importantly, there is no apparent protection with increasing levels of antibodies.
Topics: Antibodies, Viral; Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Prospective Studies; Rhinovirus; Severity of Illness Index; Species Specificity
PubMed: 30134114
DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201803-0575OC -
Current Opinion in Immunology Dec 2013Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) and viral death in infants. RSV disease in infants is characterized by... (Review)
Review
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infection (LRI) and viral death in infants. RSV disease in infants is characterized by epithelial desquamation, neutrophilic bronchiolitis and pneumonia and obstructive pulmonary mucus. Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are by far the most common cause of symptomatic upper respiratory tract infection (URI) in people and are more recently appreciated as a significant cause of LRI. RSV and HRV are also implicated in asthma pathogenesis. Within both RSV and HRV, viral genetic differences play a role in disease severity and/or prevalence in patient populations, and viral genetic differences affect pathogenesis. Here, we review data on how viral genetic differences impact disease using RSV and HRV as examples, including effects on the host immune response. Virus genotype–phenotype relationships can be exploited in the laboratory to gain insight into mechanisms by which respiratory viruses modulate host immune responses and cause disease.
Topics: Animals; Genotype; Humans; Neutrophils; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Rhinovirus; Severity of Illness Index; Viral Fusion Proteins
PubMed: 24455766
DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2013.09.016 -
Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946) May 2016For infection, viruses deliver their genomes into the host cell. These nucleic acids are usually tightly packed within the viral capsid, which, in turn, is often further... (Review)
Review
For infection, viruses deliver their genomes into the host cell. These nucleic acids are usually tightly packed within the viral capsid, which, in turn, is often further enveloped within a lipid membrane. Both protect them against the hostile environment. Proteins and/or lipids on the viral particle promote attachment to the cell surface and internalization. They are likewise often involved in release of the genome inside the cell for its use as a blueprint for production of new viruses. In the following, I shall cursorily discuss the early more general steps of viral infection that include receptor recognition, uptake into the cell, and uncoating of the viral genome. The later sections will concentrate on human rhinoviruses, the main cause of the common cold, with respect to the above processes. Much of what is known on the underlying mechanisms has been worked out by Renate Fuchs at the Medical University of Vienna.
Topics: Common Cold; Genome, Viral; Humans; Lysosomes; Rhinovirus; Virus Attachment; Virus Internalization; Virus Replication; Virus Uncoating
PubMed: 27174165
DOI: 10.1007/s10354-016-0461-2 -
Journal of Infection and Public Health Nov 2021Rhinoviruses (RV) are associated with the development and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. They've also been linked to more severe...
BACKGROUND
Rhinoviruses (RV) are associated with the development and exacerbations of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. They've also been linked to more severe diseases like pneumonia, acute bronchiolitis, croup, and otitis media. Because of the hypervariable sequences in the same serotypes, no effective vaccine against rhinoviruses has been developed to date. With the availability of new full-length genome sequences for all RV-A and RV-B serotyped strains, this study used bioinformatics to find a suitable RV strain with the highest similarity matrices to the other strains.
METHODS
The full genomic sequences of all known different RV-A and -B prototypes were downloaded from the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and divided into minor low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) and major intercellular adhesion molecule groups (ICAM). The sequences were edited using Biological Sequence Alignment Editor, v 7.2.0 (BioEdit software) to study each capsid protein (VP1, VP2, VP3, and VP4) and analyzed using the EMBL-EBI ClustalW server and the more current Clustal Omega tool for the calculation of the identities and similarities.
RESULTS
We analyzed and predicted immunogenic motifs from capsid proteins that are conserved across distinct RV serotypes using a bioinformatics technique. The amino acid sequences of VP3 were found to be the most varied, while VP4 was the most conserved protein among all RV-A and RV-B strains. Among all strains studied, RV-74 demonstrated the highest degree of homology to other strains and could be a potential genetic source for recombinant protein production. Nine highly conserved regions with a minimum length of 9-mers were identified, which could serve as potential immune targets against rhinoviruses.
CONCLUSION
Therefore, bioinformatics analysis conducted in the current study has paved the way for the selection of immunogenic targets. Bioinformatically, the ideal strain's capsid protein is suggested to contain the most common RVs immunogenic sites.
Topics: Asthma; Capsid Proteins; Cell Adhesion Molecules; Computational Biology; Humans; Receptors, LDL; Rhinovirus; Serogroup
PubMed: 34624714
DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2021.09.001 -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Sep 2013It is increasingly recognized that human rhinoviruses (HRV) can be associated with severe infections. However, conflicting results have been reported on the relative...
BACKGROUND
It is increasingly recognized that human rhinoviruses (HRV) can be associated with severe infections. However, conflicting results have been reported on the relative prevalence and severity of the three HRV species.
OBJECTIVES
The relative prevalence and clinical characteristics of HRV-A, B and C, in children attending a South London teaching hospital were investigated retrospectively.
STUDY DESIGN
Children aged<16 years with episodes of respiratory tract infections and detectable entero/rhinovirus RNA in respiratory samples between November 2009 and December 2010 were investigated. Retrospective case review was performed and patients' characteristics recorded.
RESULTS
Entero/rhinoviruses were the commonest viral pathogens (498/2316; 21.5%). Amongst 204 infection episodes associated with entero/rhinovirus, 167 were typed HRV, HRV-C was the most prevalent (99/167, 59.3%) followed by HRV-A (60/167; 35.9%) and HRV-B (8/167, 4.8%). The severity spectrum of HRV-A and HRV-C infections were similar and affected all parts of the respiratory tract. Co-pathogens were observed in 54 (26.5%) episodes. Severity was increased in patients with non-viral co-pathogens and those with an underlying respiratory condition. Univariate and multiple regression analyses of potential prognostic variables including age, co-pathogens and underlying respiratory illnesses showed that mono-infection with HRV-C, as compared with other HRV species, was associated with more severe disease in young children<3 years.
CONCLUSIONS
HRV-C was the most prevalent species and on its own was associated with severe disease in children<3 years. The association between infection with HRV species and clinical presentation is complex and affected by many confounding factors.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Enterovirus; Enterovirus Infections; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; London; Male; Picornaviridae Infections; RNA, Viral; Respiratory Tract Infections; Retrospective Studies; Rhinovirus; Severity of Illness Index
PubMed: 23886500
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2013.06.042