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Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses Sep 2022The epidemiology, clinical features, and socioeconomic burden associated with detection of rhinoviruses (RV)/enteroviruses (EV) from individuals in the community with...
BACKGROUND
The epidemiology, clinical features, and socioeconomic burden associated with detection of rhinoviruses (RV)/enteroviruses (EV) from individuals in the community with acute respiratory infections (ARIs) are not fully understood.
METHODS
To assess the clinical and socioeconomic burden associated with RV/EV, a secondary analysis of data collected during a prospective, community-based ARI surveillance study was performed. From December 2012 to September 2017, adult and pediatric participants with ARIs had nasopharyngeal specimens obtained and tested by multiplex polymerase chain reaction assay. Characteristics and socioeconomic burden including missed school or work and/or antibiotic use among participants who did and did not seek medical care and among participants with and without co-detection of another respiratory pathogen with RV/EV were compared.
RESULTS
Throughout the study period, RV/EV was detected in 54.7% (885/1617) of ARIs with a respiratory pathogen detected. Most ARI episodes associated with RV/EV occurred in females (59.1%) and children ≤17 years old (64.2%). Those ≤17 years were more likely to seek medical care. Compared to those not seeking medical care (n = 686), those seeking medical care (n = 199) had a longer duration of illness (5 vs. 7 days) and were more likely to miss work/school (16.4% vs. 47.7%) and/or use antibiotics (3.6% vs. 34.2%). Co-detection occurred in 8% of ARIs of which 81% occurred in children. Co-detection was not associated with longer illness, more missed work/or school, or antibiotic use.
CONCLUSION
Non-medically attended and medically attended ARIs associated with RV/EV resulted in clinical and socioeconomic burden, regardless of co-detection of other respiratory pathogens.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Child; Enterovirus Infections; Female; Humans; Infant; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Socioeconomic Factors; Viruses
PubMed: 35485187
DOI: 10.1111/irv.12989 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Apr 2020Rhinovirus is the most common virus causing respiratory tract illnesses in children. Rhinoviruses are classified into species A, B and C. We examined the associations... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
Rhinovirus is the most common virus causing respiratory tract illnesses in children. Rhinoviruses are classified into species A, B and C. We examined the associations between different rhinovirus species and respiratory illness severity.
METHODS
This is a retrospective observational cohort study on confirmed rhinovirus infections in 134 children 3-23 months of age, who were enrolled in 2 prospective studies on bronchiolitis and acute otitis media, respectively, conducted simultaneously in Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland, between September 2007 and December 2008.
RESULTS
Rhinovirus C is the most prevalent species in our study, and it was associated with severe wheezing and febrile illness. We also noted that history of atopic eczema was associated with wheezing.
CONCLUSIONS
Our understanding of rhinovirus C as the most pathogenic rhinovirus species was fortified. Existing research supports the idea that atopic characteristics are associated with the severity of the rhinovirus C-induced illness.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Enterovirus; Female; Fever; Finland; Humans; Infant; Male; Picornaviridae Infections; Prospective Studies; Respiratory Sounds; Respiratory Tract Infections; Retrospective Studies; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 31876616
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0000000000002570 -
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine Mar 1975
Topics: Adult; Animals; Antigens, Viral; Cells, Cultured; Child; Child, Preschool; Disease Vectors; Female; History, 20th Century; History, Ancient; Humans; Infant; Male; Methods; Mice; Military Personnel; Population Surveillance; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Sampling Studies; Serotyping; United States; Virus Replication
PubMed: 165644
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Aug 2008Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most common cause of viral illness worldwide but today, less than half the strains have been sequenced and only a handful examined... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Human rhinoviruses (HRVs) are the most common cause of viral illness worldwide but today, less than half the strains have been sequenced and only a handful examined structurally. This viral super-group, known for decades, has still to face the full force of a molecular biology onslaught. However, newly identified viruses (NIVs) including human metapneumovirus and bocavirus and emergent viruses including SARS-CoV have already been exhaustively scrutinized. The clinical impact of most respiratory NIVs is attributable to one or two major strains but there are 100+ distinct HRVs and, because we have never sought them independently, we must arbitrarily divide the literature's clinical impact findings among them. Early findings from infection studies and use of inefficient detection methods have shaped the way we think of 'common cold' viruses today.
OBJECTIVES
To review past HRV-related studies in order to put recent HRV discoveries into context.
RESULTS
HRV infections result in undue antibiotic prescriptions, sizable healthcare-related expenditure and exacerbation of expiratory wheezing associated with hospital admission.
CONCLUSION
The finding of many divergent and previously unrecognized HRV strains has drawn attention and resources back to the most widespread and frequent infectious agent of humans; providing us the chance to seize the advantage in a decades-long cold war.
Topics: Common Cold; Humans; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 18502684
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2008.04.002 -
Clinical Microbiology and Infection :... Apr 2015Rhinovirus is the main cause of the common cold, which remains the most frequent infection worldwide among humans. Knowledge and understanding of the rhinovirus...
Rhinovirus is the main cause of the common cold, which remains the most frequent infection worldwide among humans. Knowledge and understanding of the rhinovirus transmission route is important to reduce morbidity as only preventive measures are effective. In this study, we investigated the potential of rhinovirus to survive on fingers. Rhinovirus-B14 was deposited on fingers for 30, 60, 90 and 120 min. Survival was defined as the ability of the virus to grow after 7 days, confirmed by immunofluorescence. Rhinovirus survival was not dependent on incubation time on fingers. Droplet disruption had no influence on survival. Survival was frequent with high rhinovirus concentrations, but rare with low-concentration droplets, which corresponded to the usual rhinovirus concentrations in mucus observed in children and adults, respectively. Our study confirms that rhinovirus infectiousness is related to the viral concentration in droplets and suggests that children represent the main transmission source, which occurs only rarely via adults. It confirms also that rhinovirus hand-related transmission is possible and supports hand hygiene as a key prevention measure.
Topics: Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Fingers; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Microbial Viability; Rhinovirus; Time Factors
PubMed: 25614158
DOI: 10.1016/j.cmi.2014.12.002 -
The Journal of Infectious Diseases Aug 2018Despite the frequency of human rhinovirus (HRV), data describing the molecular epidemiology of HRV in the community are limited. Childcare centers are optimal settings...
BACKGROUND
Despite the frequency of human rhinovirus (HRV), data describing the molecular epidemiology of HRV in the community are limited. Childcare centers are optimal settings to characterize heterotypic HRV cocirculation.
METHODS
HRV specimens were prospectively obtained from a cohort of childcare attendees at enrollment and weekly during respiratory illness. The 5' noncoding region sequences were used to determine HRV species (A, B, C) and genotypes.
RESULTS
Among 225 children followed, sequence data were available for 92 HRV infections: HRV-A (n = 80; 59%) was most common, followed by HRV-C (n = 52, 39%), and HRV-B (n = 3, 2%). Forty-one genotypes were identified and cocirculation was common. Frequent spread between classrooms occurred with 2 HRV-A genotypes. Repeated detections within single illnesses were a combination of persistent (n = 7) and distinct (n = 7) genotypes. Prevalence of HRV among asymptomatic children was 41%. HRV-C was clinically similar to HRV-A and HRV-B.
CONCLUSIONS
HRV epidemiology in childcare consists of heterotypic cocirculation of genotypes with periodic spread within and among classrooms. Based on our finding of multiple genotypes evident during the course of single illnesses, the use of sequence-based HRV type determination is critical in longitudinal studies of HRV epidemiology and transmission.
Topics: Child Day Care Centers; Child, Preschool; Cross-Sectional Studies; Enterovirus; Female; Genotype; Genotyping Techniques; Humans; Infant; Male; Phylogeny; Picornaviridae Infections; Prevalence; RNA, Viral; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Sequence Analysis, RNA
PubMed: 29684211
DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiy232 -
Acta Bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis Mar 2020Human rhinovirus infection has been identified as the commonest cause of common cold. We were therefore interested in cytological assessment of nasal cells from patients...
Human rhinovirus infection has been identified as the commonest cause of common cold. We were therefore interested in cytological assessment of nasal cells from patients with human rhinovirus infection. Cytological examination was undertaken of nasal smears from a group of 7 patients, 4 females and 3 males; aged between 27 and 14 years-old (average = 17.5), who had longstanding perennial rhinitis (in all cases 7 years or more). They presented at our research unit showing clinical symptoms of a common cold, including sore throat, nasal congestion, sneezing, and watery rhinorrhea. Serology and DNA real-time PCR demonstrated human rhinoviruses type A (5 cases) and C (two cases) as the cause of the infection. Nasopharyngeal swabs were taken, fixed with 96% ethanol and stained using the Papanicolaou method and Giemsa stain. Under light microscopy the Pap smears showed the presence of numerous detached ciliated nasal epithelial cells, with approximately one third of the cells showed destruction and irregular attachment of cilia, microvacuolated cytoplasm, and large red round intranuclear bodies, similar to inclusions, surrounded by clear halos, where the nuclear borders were visible. Ultrastructural examination of the cells indicated disappearance of cilia, or shortened, fragmented and disordered cilia. Large intranuclear bodies appeared as a compact mass similar, similar to the condensed chromatin, and separated from the nuclear membrane by a clear space (Figure 1B). No viral particles were observed in the cytoplasm or nucleus. Our results confirm that human rhinovirus can alter the morphology of the ciliated nasal epithelial cells, principally causing alterations to the cilia and provoking nuclear changes.
Topics: Cilia; Common Cold; Epithelial Cells; Female; Humans; Male; Nasal Mucosa; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 32191672
DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i1.8924 -
Reviews in Medical Virology May 2010Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections cause at least 70% of virus-related wheezing exacerbations and cold and flu-like illnesses. They are associated with otitis media,... (Review)
Review
Human rhinovirus (HRV) infections cause at least 70% of virus-related wheezing exacerbations and cold and flu-like illnesses. They are associated with otitis media, sinusitis and pneumonia. Annually, the economic impact of HRV infections costs billions in healthcare and lost productivity. Since 1987, 100 officially recognised HRV serotypes reside in two genetically distinct species; HRV A and HRV B, within the genus Enterovirus, family Picornaviridae. Sequencing of their approximately 7kb genomes was finalised in 2009. Since 1999, many globally circulating, molecularly-defined 'strains', perhaps equivalent to novel serotypes, have been discovered but remain uncharacterised. Many of these currently unculturable strains have been assigned to a proposed new species, HRV C although confusion exists over the membership of the species. There has not been sufficient sampling to ensure the identification of all strains and no consensus criteria exist to define whether clinical HRV detections are best described as a distinct strain or a closely related variant of a previously identified strain (or serotype). We cannot yet robustly identify patterns in the circulation of newly identified HRVs (niHRVs) or the full range of associated illnesses and more data are required. Many questions arise from this new found diversity: what drives the development of so many distinct viruses compared to other species of RNA viruses? What role does recombination play in generating this diversity? Are there species- or strain-specific circulation patterns and clinical outcomes? Are divergent strains sensitive to existing capsid-binding antivirals? This update reviews the findings that trigger these and other questions arising during the current cycle of intense rhinovirus discovery.
Topics: Common Cold; Evolution, Molecular; Humans; Molecular Epidemiology; Polymorphism, Genetic; Recombination, Genetic; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 20127751
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.644 -
Current Opinion in Allergy and Clinical... Apr 2010To discuss the role of human rhinoviruses (HRVs) in early childhood wheezing illnesses and how HRVs contribute to the development of childhood asthma. (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF REVIEW
To discuss the role of human rhinoviruses (HRVs) in early childhood wheezing illnesses and how HRVs contribute to the development of childhood asthma.
RECENT FINDINGS
Advanced molecular diagnostics have identified HRVs as pathogens frequently causing wheezing illnesses in infants and young children. Wheezing during HRV infection in early life identifies children at particularly high-risk of asthma development. Plausible mechanisms by which HRV could cause airway damage, promote airway remodeling, and lead to asthma development have recently been identified.
SUMMARY
HRV is a significant source of morbidity in infants and young children. The present review identifies mechanisms by which HRV lower respiratory tract infection, particularly in a susceptible host, could promote the development of childhood asthma. Further studies are needed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the link between HRV wheezing in early childhood and subsequent asthma development, with the critical goal of identifying novel therapeutic and prevention strategies for both early childhood wheezing and asthma.
Topics: Asthma; Child; Child, Preschool; Comorbidity; Humans; Infant; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Sounds; Rhinovirus; Risk Factors
PubMed: 19996738
DOI: 10.1097/ACI.0b013e3283352f7c -
Viruses Feb 2021The role of rhinoviruses (RVs) in children with clinical syndromes not classically associated with RV infections is not well understood. We analyzed a cohort of children...
The role of rhinoviruses (RVs) in children with clinical syndromes not classically associated with RV infections is not well understood. We analyzed a cohort of children ≤21 years old who were PCR+ for RV at a large Pediatric Hospital from 2011 to 2013. Using univariate and multivariable logistic regression, we analyzed the associations between demographic, clinical characteristics, microbiology data, and clinical outcomes in children with compatible symptoms and incidental RV detection. Of the 2473 children (inpatients and outpatients) with an RV+ PCR, 2382 (96%) had compatible symptoms, and 91 (4%) did not. The overall median age was 14 months and 78% had underlying comorbidities. No differences in RV viral loads were found according to the presence of compatible symptoms, while in children with classic RV symptoms, RV viral loads were higher in single RV infections versus RV viral co-infections. Bacterial co-infections were more common in RV incidental detection (7.6%) than in children with compatible symptoms (1.9%, < 0.001). The presence of compatible symptoms independently increased the odds ratio (OR, 95% CI) of hospitalization 4.8 (3.1-7.4), prolonged hospital stays 1.9 (1.1-3.1), need for oxygen 12 (5.8-25.0) and pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) admission 4.13 (2.0-8.2). Thus, despite comparable RV loads, disease severity was significantly worse in children with compatible symptoms.
Topics: Adolescent; Child; Child, Preschool; Cohort Studies; Coinfection; Female; Hospitalization; Humans; Infant; Male; Picornaviridae Infections; Rhinovirus; Severity of Illness Index; Viral Load; Young Adult
PubMed: 33668603
DOI: 10.3390/v13020295