-
Zoological Research Jul 2023Delirium is a severe acute neuropsychiatric syndrome that commonly occurs in the elderly and is considered an independent risk factor for later dementia. However, given...
Delirium is a severe acute neuropsychiatric syndrome that commonly occurs in the elderly and is considered an independent risk factor for later dementia. However, given its inherent complexity, few animal models of delirium have been established and the mechanism underlying the onset of delirium remains elusive. Here, we conducted a comparison of three mouse models of delirium induced by clinically relevant risk factors, including anesthesia with surgery (AS), systemic inflammation, and neurotransmission modulation. We found that both bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and cholinergic receptor antagonist scopolamine (Scop) induction reduced neuronal activities in the delirium-related brain network, with the latter presenting a similar pattern of reduction as found in delirium patients. Consistently, Scop injection resulted in reversible cognitive impairment with hyperactive behavior. No loss of cholinergic neurons was found with treatment, but hippocampal synaptic functions were affected. These findings provide further clues regarding the mechanism underlying delirium onset and demonstrate the successful application of the Scop injection model in mimicking delirium-like phenotypes in mice.
Topics: Animals; Mice; Scopolamine; Brain Diseases; Brain; Cognitive Dysfunction; Delirium
PubMed: 37313848
DOI: 10.24272/j.issn.2095-8137.2022.473 -
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Mar 2019
Topics: Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Scopolamine
PubMed: 30496790
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.11.020 -
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Jan 2019
Topics: Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Scopolamine
PubMed: 30367929
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.10.497 -
Journal of Pain and Symptom Management Jan 2019
Topics: Hydrocarbons, Brominated; Scopolamine
PubMed: 30267844
DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.09.012 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jun 2011This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in The Cochrane Library in Issue 3, 2004 and previously updated in 2007 and 2009.Motion sickness, the discomfort... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
BACKGROUND
This is an update of a Cochrane Review first published in The Cochrane Library in Issue 3, 2004 and previously updated in 2007 and 2009.Motion sickness, the discomfort experienced when perceived motion disturbs the organs of balance, may include symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, pallor, cold sweats, hypersalivation, hyperventilation and headaches. The control and prevention of these symptoms has included pharmacological, behavioural and complementary therapies. Although scopolamine (hyoscine) has been used in the treatment and prevention of motion sickness for decades, there have been no systematic reviews of its effectiveness.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effectiveness of scopolamine versus no therapy, placebo, other drugs, behavioural and complementary therapy or two or more of the above therapies in combination for motion sickness in persons (both adults and children) without known vestibular, visual or central nervous system pathology.
SEARCH STRATEGY
We searched the Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group Trials Register; the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL); PubMed; EMBASE; CINAHL; Web of Science; BIOSIS Previews; Cambridge Scientific Abstracts; ICTRP and additional sources for published and unpublished trials. The date of the most recent search was 14 April 2011.
SELECTION CRITERIA
All parallel-arm, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on scopolamine versus no therapy, placebo, other drugs, behavioural and complementary therapy or two or more of the above therapies in combination. We considered outcomes relating to the prevention of onset or treatment of clinically-defined motion sickness, task ability and psychological tests, changes in physiological parameters and adverse effects.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Two authors independently extracted data from the studies using standardised forms. We assessed study quality. We expressed dichotomous data as odds ratio (OR) and calculated a pooled OR using the random-effects model.
MAIN RESULTS
Of 35 studies considered potentially relevant, 14 studies enrolling 1025 subjects met the entry criteria. Scopolamine was administered via transdermal patches, tablets or capsules, oral solutions or intravenously. Scopolamine was compared against placebo, calcium channel antagonists, antihistamine, methscopolamine or a combination of scopolamine and ephedrine. Studies were generally small in size and of varying quality.Scopolamine was more effective than placebo in the prevention of symptoms. Comparisons between scopolamine and other agents were few and suggested that scopolamine was superior (versus methscopolamine) or equivalent (versus antihistamines) as a preventative agent. Evidence comparing scopolamine to cinnarizine or combinations of scopolamine and ephedrine is equivocal or minimal.Although sample sizes were small, scopolamine was no more likely to induce drowsiness, blurring of vision or dizziness compared to other agents. Dry mouth was more likely with scopolamine than with methscopolamine or cinnarizine.No studies were available relating to the therapeutic effectiveness of scopolamine in the management of established symptoms of motion sickness.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
The use of scopolamine versus placebo in preventing motion sickness has been shown to be effective. No conclusions can be made on the comparative effectiveness of scopolamine and other agents such as antihistamines and calcium channel antagonists. In addition, we identified no randomised controlled trials that examined the effectiveness of scopolamine in the treatment of established symptoms of motion sickness.
Topics: Adult; Child; Ephedrine; Histamine Antagonists; Humans; Motion Sickness; Muscarinic Antagonists; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Scopolamine; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 21678338
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002851.pub4 -
Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 2021Fasting, anticholinergics, and seizures affect c‑fos activation in the brain. Additionally, antimuscarinic treated fasted animals develop convulsion soon after...
Fasting, anticholinergics, and seizures affect c‑fos activation in the brain. Additionally, antimuscarinic treated fasted animals develop convulsion soon after re‑feeding. Therefore, we assessed whether c‑fos expression changes in fed, fasting, and refed animals and how scopolamine treatment affects these changes. We further assessed whether there is a change in c‑fos expression after convulsions. For this purpose, BALB/c mice fasted for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h periods were used. The animals were treated with saline or scopolamine. Half\r\nof the animals treated with saline or scopolamine were given food 20 min after injection. All animals were observed for development of convulsions for 30 min. At the end of this period, the brains of all animals were removed, and the percentage of c‑fos active cells in the hypothalamus was determined immunohistochemically. Convulsions occurred within 1‑48 h of fasting, after scopolamine treatment and re‑feeding. Compared to fed animals, c‑fos expression was not significantly changed in those undergoing different fasting periods, but significantly decreased after 12 h fasting. After animals were allowed to eat, c‑fos activation significantly increased in the 1, 3, 6 and 12 refed‑saline groups and decreased in the 48 refed‑saline group. Scopolamine treatment in 1‑24 h fasted animals increased c‑fos expression, but decreased in 48 h fasted animals. Whereas convulsion development in scopolamine‑treated 3, 6, 12 and 24 h refed animals suppressed c‑fos expression. These results demonstrate that re‑feeding and scopolamine treatment induces neuronal activity in the hypothalamus, while scopolamine induced convulsions after food intake suppressed the c‑fos activity.
Topics: Animals; Eating; Fasting; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; Scopolamine; Seizures
PubMed: 34672296
DOI: 10.21307/ane-2021-024 -
Pharmacological Reports : PR Dec 2023The desire to find a gold-standard therapy for depression is still ongoing. Developing one universal and effective pharmacotherapy remains troublesome due to the high... (Review)
Review
The desire to find a gold-standard therapy for depression is still ongoing. Developing one universal and effective pharmacotherapy remains troublesome due to the high complexity and variety of symptoms. Over the last decades, the understanding of the mechanism of pathophysiology of depression and its key consequences for brain functioning have undergone significant changes, referring to the monoaminergic theory of the disease. After the breakthrough discovery of ketamine, research began to focus on the modulation of glutamatergic transmission as a new pharmacological target. Glutamate is a crucial player in mechanisms of a novel class of antidepressants, including hallucinogens such as ketamine. The role of glutamatergic transmission is also suggested in the antidepressant (AD) action of scopolamine and psilocybin. Despite fast, robust, and sustained AD action hallucinogens belonging to a group of rapid-acting antidepressants (RAA) exert significant undesired effects, which hamper their use in the clinic. Thus, the synergistic action of more than one substance in lower doses instead of monotherapy may alleviate the likelihood of adverse effects while improving therapeutic outcomes. In this review, we explore AD-like behavioral, synaptic, and molecular action of RAAs such as ketamine, scopolamine, and psilocybin, in combination with mGlu2/3 receptor antagonists.
Topics: Ketamine; Hallucinogens; Psilocybin; Receptors, Metabotropic Glutamate; Antidepressive Agents; Depression; Scopolamine
PubMed: 37932583
DOI: 10.1007/s43440-023-00547-4 -
The Cochrane Database of Systematic... Jul 2007Motion sickness - the discomfort experienced when perceived motion disturbs the organs of balance - may include symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, pallor, cold sweats,... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Motion sickness - the discomfort experienced when perceived motion disturbs the organs of balance - may include symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, pallor, cold sweats, hypersalivation, hyperventilation and headaches. The control and prevention of these symptoms have included pharmacological, behavioural and complementary therapies. Although scopolamine (hyoscine) has been used in the treatment and prevention of motion sickness for decades, there have been no systematic reviews of its effectiveness.
OBJECTIVES
To assess the effectiveness of scopolamine versus no therapy, placebo, other drugs, behavioural and complementary therapy or two or more of the above therapies in combination for motion sickness in persons (both adults and children) without known vestibular, visual or central nervous system pathology.
SEARCH STRATEGY
The Cochrane Ear, Nose and Throat Disorders Group Specialised Register, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 2, 2007), MEDLINE (OVID, 1966 to May 2007), EMBASE (1974 to May 2007) CINAHL (OVID, 1982 to May 2007) and reference lists of retrieved studies were searched for relevant studies. No language restrictions were applied. The date of the last search was May 2007.
SELECTION CRITERIA
All parallel-arm, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) focusing on scopolamine versus no therapy, placebo, other drugs, behavioural and complementary therapy or two or more of the above therapies in combination were included. Outcomes relating to the prevention of onset or treatment of clinically-defined motion sickness, task ability and psychological tests, changes in physiological parameters and adverse effects were considered.
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
Data from the studies were extracted independently by two authors using standardised forms. Study quality was assessed. Dichotomous data were expressed as odds ratio (OR) and a pooled OR was calculated using the random-effects model.
MAIN RESULTS
Of 35 studies considered potentially relevant, 14 studies enrolling 1025 subjects met the entry criteria. Scopolamine was administered via transdermal patches, tablets or capsules, oral solutions or intravenously. Scopolamine was compared against placebo, calcium channel antagonists, antihistamine, methscopolamine or a combination of scopolamine and ephedrine. Studies were generally small in size and of varying quality. Scopolamine was more effective than placebo in the prevention of symptoms. Comparisons between scopolamine and other agents were few and suggested that scopolamine was superior (versus methscopolamine) or equivalent (versus antihistamines) as a preventative agent. Evidence comparing scopolamine to cinnarizine or combinations of scopolamine and ephedrine is equivocal or minimal. Although sample sizes were small, scopolamine was no more likely to induce drowsiness, blurring of vision or dizziness compared to other agents. Dry mouth was more likely with scopolamine than with methscopolamine or cinnarizine. No studies were available relating to the therapeutic effectiveness of scopolamine in the management of established symptoms of motion sickness.
AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS
The use of scopolamine versus placebo in preventing motion sickness has been shown to be effective. No conclusions can be made on the comparative effectiveness of scopolamine and other agents such as antihistamines and calcium channel antagonists. In addition, no randomised controlled trials were identified that examined the effectiveness of scopolamine in the treatment of established symptoms of motion sickness.
Topics: Adult; Child; Humans; Motion Sickness; Muscarinic Antagonists; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic; Scopolamine; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 17636710
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002851.pub3 -
Food Chemistry Nov 2022A high throught methododology based on a green extraction technique, µSPEed®, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS)...
A high throught methododology based on a green extraction technique, µSPEed®, followed by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) has been proposed for the analysis of atropine and scopolamine in tea and herbal tea infusions. For this, a digiVOL® Digital Syringe was used with different sorbents and working conditions to obtain a fast and efficient µSPEed® extraction. The best performance was achieved with a PS/DVB sorbent phase, sample loading of 5 × 500 µL and elution with 2 × 100 µL aliquots of methanol. The strategy based on µSPEed® followed by HPLC-MS/MS was validated, attaining quantitation limits lower than 0.15 ng mL and recoveries between 94 and 106% for both analytes and applied to seventeen tea and herbal tea infusions. Fourteen infusions showed contamination with one or both analytes above the maximum content legislated (sum of atropine and scopolamine < 0.2 ng mL).
Topics: Atropine; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid; Limit of Detection; Scopolamine; Tandem Mass Spectrometry; Tea; Teas, Herbal
PubMed: 35728464
DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133512 -
Toxins Apr 2022This study investigated the effects of wasp venom (WV) from the yellow-legged hornet, , on scopolamine (SCO)-induced memory deficits in mice, as well as the antioxidant...
This study investigated the effects of wasp venom (WV) from the yellow-legged hornet, , on scopolamine (SCO)-induced memory deficits in mice, as well as the antioxidant activity in HT22 murine hippocampal neuronal cells in parallel comparison with bee venom (BV). The WV was collected from the venom sac, freeze-dried. Both venoms exhibited free radical scavenging capabilities in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, the venom treatment enhanced cell viability at the concentrations of ≤40 µg/mL of WV and ≤4 µg/mL of BV in glutamate-treated HT22 cells, and increased the transcriptional activity of the antioxidant response element (ARE), a -acting enhancer which regulates the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-downstream antioxidant enzymes. Concurrently, WV at 20 µg/mL significantly increased the expression of a key antioxidant enzyme heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in HT22 cells despite no significant changes observed in the nuclear level of Nrf2. Furthermore, the intraperitoneal administration of WV to SCO-treated mice at doses ranged from 250 to 500 µg/kg body weight ameliorated memory impairment behavior, reduced histological injury in the hippocampal region, and reduced oxidative stress biomarkers in the brain and blood of SCO-treated mice. Our findings demonstrate that WV possess the potential to improve learning and memory deficit in vivo while further study is needed for the proper dose and safety measures and clinical effectiveness.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Bee Venoms; Memory Disorders; Mice; NF-E2-Related Factor 2; Oxidative Stress; Scopolamine; Wasp Venoms
PubMed: 35448865
DOI: 10.3390/toxins14040256