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Frontiers in Fungal Biology 2022Sporotrichosis is a worldwide distributed subcutaneous mycosis that affects mammals, including human beings. The infection is caused by members of the pathogenic clade,... (Review)
Review
Sporotrichosis is a worldwide distributed subcutaneous mycosis that affects mammals, including human beings. The infection is caused by members of the pathogenic clade, which includes , and . The fungus can be acquired through traumatic inoculation of conidia growing in vegetal debris or by zoonotic transmission from sick animals. Although is not considered a life-threatening disease, it is an emergent health problem that affects mostly immunocompromised patients. The sporotrichosis causative agents differ in their virulence, host range, and sensitivity to antifungal drugs; therefore, it is relevant to understand the molecular bases of their pathogenesis, interaction with immune effectors, and mechanisms to acquired resistance to antifungal compounds. Murine models are considered the gold standard to address these questions; however, some alternative hosts offer numerous advantages over mammalian models, such as invertebrates like and , or models, which are useful tools to approach questions beyond virulence, without the ethical or budgetary features associated with the use of animal models. In this review, we analyze the different models currently used to study the host- interaction.
PubMed: 37746241
DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2022.833111 -
PeerJ 2022Pathogenic fungal infection success depends on the ability to escape the immune response. Most strategies for fungal infection control are focused on the inhibition of... (Review)
Review
Pathogenic fungal infection success depends on the ability to escape the immune response. Most strategies for fungal infection control are focused on the inhibition of virulence factors and increasing the effectiveness of antifungal drugs. Nevertheless, little attention has been focused on their physiological resistance to the host immune system. Hints may be found in pathogenic fungi that also inhabit the soil. In nature, the saprophyte lifestyle of fungi is also associated with predators that can induce oxidative stress upon cell damage. The natural sources of nutrients for fungi are linked to cellulose degradation, which in turn generates reactive oxygen species (ROS). Overall, the antioxidant arsenal needed to thrive both in free-living and pathogenic lifestyles in fungi is fundamental for success. In this review, we present recent findings regarding catalases and oxidative stress in fungi and how these can be in close relationship with pathogenesis. Additionally, special focus is placed on catalases of as a pathogenic model with a dual lifestyle. It is assumed that catalase expression is activated upon exposure to HO, but there are reports where this is not always the case. Additionally, it may be relevant to consider the role of catalases in survival in the saprophytic lifestyle and why their study can assess their involvement in the survival and therefore, in the virulence phenotype of different species of and when each of the three catalases are required. Also, studying antioxidant mechanisms in other isolates of pathogenic and free-living fungi may be linked to the virulence phenotype and be potential therapeutic and diagnostic targets. Thus, the rationale for this review to place focus on fungal catalases and their role in pathogenesis in addition to counteracting the effect of immune system reactive oxygen species. Fungi that thrive in soil and have mammal hosts could shed light on the importance of these enzymes in the two types of lifestyles. We look forward to encouraging more research in a myriad of areas on catalase biology with a focus on basic and applied objectives and placing these enzymes as virulence determinants.
Topics: Animals; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis; Catalase; Reactive Oxygen Species; Antioxidants; Hydrogen Peroxide; Fungal Proteins; Mammals
PubMed: 36523453
DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14478 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Sep 2023Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are enzymes that participate in many biological processes of fungi and other organisms by hydrolyzing glycosidic linkages in glycosides. They... (Review)
Review
Glycoside hydrolases (GHs) are enzymes that participate in many biological processes of fungi and other organisms by hydrolyzing glycosidic linkages in glycosides. They play fundamental roles in the degradation of carbohydrates and the assembly of glycoproteins and are important subjects of studies in molecular biology and biochemistry. Based on amino acid sequence similarities and 3-dimensional structures in the carbohydrate-active enzyme (CAZy), they have been classified in 171 families. Members of some of these families also exhibit the activity of trans-glycosydase or glycosyl transferase (GT), i.e., they create a new glycosidic bond in a substrate instead of breaking it. Fungal glycosidases are important for virulence by aiding tissue adhesion and colonization, nutrition, immune evasion, biofilm formation, toxin release, and antibiotic resistance. Here, we review fungal glycosidases with a particular emphasis on species and , two well-recognized human pathogens. Covered issues include a brief account of , sporotrichosis, the different types of glycosidases, their substrates, and mechanism of action, recent advances in their identification and characterization, their potential biotechnological applications, and the limitations and challenges of their study given the rather poor available information.
PubMed: 37755027
DOI: 10.3390/jof9090919 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2019Sporotrichosis is a global implantation or subcutaneous mycosis caused by several members of the genus , a thermo-dimorphic fungus. This disease may also depict an... (Review)
Review
Sporotrichosis is a global implantation or subcutaneous mycosis caused by several members of the genus , a thermo-dimorphic fungus. This disease may also depict an endemic profile, especially in tropical to subtropical zones around the world. Interestingly, sporotrichosis is an anthropozoonotic disease that may be transmitted to humans by plants or by animals, especially cats. It may be associated with rather isolated or clustered cases but also with outbreaks in different periods and geographic regions. Usually, sporotrichosis affects immunocompetent hosts, presenting a chronic to subacute evolution course. Less frequently, sporotrichosis may be acquired by inhalation, leading to disseminated clinical forms. Both modes of infection may occur in immunocompromised patients, especially associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, but also diabetes mellitus, chronic alcoholism, steroids, anti-TNF treatment, hematologic cancer and transplanted patients. Similar to other endemic mycoses caused by dimorphic fungi, sporotrichosis in immunocompromised hosts may be associated with rather more severe clinical courses, larger fungal burden and longer periods of systemic antifungal therapy. A prolonged outbreak of cat-transmitted sporotrichosis is in progress in Brazil and potentially crossing the border to neighboring countries. This huge outbreak involves thousands of human and cats, including immunocompromised subjects affected by HIV and FIV (feline immunodeficiency virus), respectively. We reviewed the main epidemiologic, clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of sporotrichosis in immunocompromised hosts.
PubMed: 30641918
DOI: 10.3390/jof5010008 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) Apr 2023Sporotrichosis is known as a subacute or chronic infection, which is caused by thermodimorphic fungi of the genus . It is a cosmopolitan infection, which is more... (Review)
Review
Sporotrichosis is known as a subacute or chronic infection, which is caused by thermodimorphic fungi of the genus . It is a cosmopolitan infection, which is more prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions and can affect both humans and other mammals. The main etiological agents causing this disease are , , and , which have been recognized as members of the pathogenic clade. Within this clade, is considered the most virulent species and represents an important pathogen due to its distribution and prevalence in different regions of South America, such as Brazil, Argentina, Chile, and Paraguay, and Central American countries, such as Panama. In Brazil, has been of great concern due to the number of zoonotic cases that have been reported over the years. In this paper, a detailed review of the current literature on this pathogen and its different aspects will be carried out, including its genome, pathogen-host interaction, resistance mechanisms to antifungal drugs, and the caused zoonosis. Furthermore, we provide the prediction of some putative virulence factors encoded by the genome of this fungal species.
PubMed: 37233242
DOI: 10.3390/jof9050533 -
Cellular Immunology Aug 2022Sporotrichosis is a deep mycosis caused by dimorphic species of the genus Sporothrix, with differences in pathogenicity between S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis species....
Sporotrichosis is a deep mycosis caused by dimorphic species of the genus Sporothrix, with differences in pathogenicity between S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis species. Recently, it was discovered that the cell wall peptidorhamnomannan (PRM) from S. brasiliensis has additional unknown rhamnose residues. We hypothesize that the structural differences of Sporothrix spp PRMs impact the host's immune response and may explain the severity of sporotrichosis caused by S. brasiliensis. We demonstrate that S. brasiliensis yeasts and its PRM (S.b PRM) induced a strong inflammatory response in human PBMCs, with high production of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-1β and induction of T-helper cytokines IFN-γ, IL-17 and IL-22. In contrast, S. schenckii yeasts and its PRM induced higher concentrations of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra), which resulted in low production of T-helper cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-22. CR3 and dectin-1 were required for cytokine induction by both PRMs, while TLR2 and TLR4 were required for the response of S.s PRM and S.b PRM, respectively. IL-1β and IL-1α production induced by S. brasiliensis yeasts and S.b PRM were dependent on inflammasome and caspase-1 activation. S. schenckii and S.s PRM were able to induce IL-1β independent of ROS. In conclusion, these findings improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of Sporothrix spp. by reporting differences of immunological responses induced by S. schenckii and S. brasiliensis. The study also opens the gateway for novel treatment strategies targeting local inflammation and tissue destruction induced by S. brasiliensis infection through IL-1 inhibition.
Topics: Cytokines; Glycoproteins; Humans; Interleukin-17; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis
PubMed: 35696852
DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104555 -
Journal of Fungi (Basel, Switzerland) May 2018Sporotrichosis is a cosmopolitan, chronic granulomatous mycosis, acquired by traumatic inoculation and caused by . Several methods of diagnostic are available, from KOH... (Review)
Review
Sporotrichosis is a cosmopolitan, chronic granulomatous mycosis, acquired by traumatic inoculation and caused by . Several methods of diagnostic are available, from KOH to molecular biology. In this review, we describe from the simplest (clinical diagnosis) to the most advanced diagnostic techniques (molecular biology).
PubMed: 29882883
DOI: 10.3390/jof4020062 -
The Medical Journal of Malaysia Sep 1974
Topics: Cells, Cultured; Female; Humans; Middle Aged; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis
PubMed: 4282637
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal Jun 1969
Topics: Humans; Potassium Iodide; Serologic Tests; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis
PubMed: 5784610
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of the American Veterinary... Oct 2003
Review
Topics: Animal Husbandry; Animals; Cat Diseases; Cats; Humans; Immunocompromised Host; Occupational Diseases; Risk Factors; Sporothrix; Sporotrichosis; Wound Infection; Zoonoses
PubMed: 14584741
DOI: 10.2460/javma.2003.223.1123