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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2022Natural polyphenols have a wide variety of biological activities and are taken into account as healthcare materials. Resveratrol is one such natural polyphenol,... (Review)
Review
Natural polyphenols have a wide variety of biological activities and are taken into account as healthcare materials. Resveratrol is one such natural polyphenol, belonging to a group known as stilbenoids (STBs). Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy--stilbene) is mainly found in grapes, wine, nuts, and berries. A wide range of biological activities has been demonstrated by resveratrol, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, antifungal, and antiaging effects, and many more are still under research. However, as with many other plant-based polyphenol products, resveratrol suffers from low bioavailability once administered in vivo due to its susceptibility to rapid enzyme degradation by the body's innate immune system before it can exercise its therapeutic influence. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to ensure the best use of resveratrol by creating a proper resveratrol delivery system. Nanomedicine and nanodelivery systems utilize nanoscale materials as diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents in a controlled manner to specifically targeted locations. After a brief introduction about polyphenols, this review overviews the physicochemical characteristics of resveratrol, its beneficial effects, and recent advances on novel nanotechnological approaches for its delivery according to the type of nanocarrier utilized. Furthermore, the article summarizes the different potential applications of resveratrol as, for example, a therapeutic and disease-preventing anticancer and antiviral agent.
Topics: Antioxidants; Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System; Polyphenols; Resveratrol; Stilbenes
PubMed: 36014390
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165154 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Mar 2016Resveratrol (3,4',5 trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is one of the best known phytophenols with pleiotropic properties. It is a phytoalexin produced by vine and it leads to... (Review)
Review
Resveratrol (3,4',5 trihydroxy-trans-stilbene) is one of the best known phytophenols with pleiotropic properties. It is a phytoalexin produced by vine and it leads to the stimulation of natural plant defenses but also exhibits many beneficial effects in animals and humans by acting on a wide range of organs and tissues. These include the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, anti-cancer potential, neuroprotective effects, homeostasia maintenance, aging delay and a decrease in inflammation. Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is one of the main causes of deterioration of vision in adults in developed countries This review deals with resveratrol and ophthalmology by focusing on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-angiogenic effects of this molecule. The literature reports that resveratrol is able to act on various cell types of the eye by increasing the level of natural antioxidant enzymatic and molecular defenses. Resveratrol anti-inflammatory effects are due to its capacity to limit the expression of pro-inflammatory factors, such as interleukins and prostaglandins, and also to decrease the chemo-attraction and recruitment of immune cells to the inflammatory site. In addition to this, resveratrol was shown to possess anti-VEGF effects and to inhibit the proliferation and migration of vascular endothelial cells. Resveratrol has the potential to be used in a range of human ocular diseases and conditions, based on animal models and in vitro experiments.
Topics: Angiogenesis Inhibitors; Animals; Anti-Inflammatory Agents; Antioxidants; Disease Models, Animal; Drug Evaluation, Preclinical; Eye Diseases; Gene Expression Regulation; Humans; Resveratrol; Stilbenes
PubMed: 26950104
DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030304 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2017Resveratrol is the most important stilbene phytoalexin synthesized naturally or induced in plants, as a part of their defense mechanism. Grapes and their derivative... (Review)
Review
Resveratrol is the most important stilbene phytoalexin synthesized naturally or induced in plants, as a part of their defense mechanism. Grapes and their derivative products, including juice and wine, are the most important natural sources of resveratrol, consisting of notably higher amounts than other natural sources like peanuts. Consumption of red wine with its presence of resveratrol explained the "French Paradox". Hence, the demand of resveratrol from grapes is increasing. Moreover, as a natural source of resveratrol, grapes became very important in the nutraceutical industry for their benefits to human health. The accumulation of resveratrol in grape skin, juice, and wine has been found to be induced by the external stimuli: microbial infection, ultrasonication (US) treatment, light-emitting diode (LED), ultra violet (UV) irradiation, elicitors or signaling compounds, macronutrients, and fungicides. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase, cinnamate-4-hydroxylase, coumaroyl-CoA ligase, and stilbene synthase play a key role in the synthesis of resveratrol. The up-regulation of those genes have the positive relationship with the elicited accumulation of resveratrol. In this review, we encapsulate the effect of different external stimuli (biotic and abiotic stresses or signaling compounds) in order to obtain the maximum accumulation of resveratrol in grape skin, leaves, juice, wine, and cell cultures.
Topics: Fertilizers; Fruit; Light; Metals; Ozone; Pesticides; Plant Diseases; Resveratrol; Signal Transduction; Stilbenes; Stress, Physiological; Ultrasonics; Ultraviolet Rays; Up-Regulation; Vitis; Wine
PubMed: 28216605
DOI: 10.3390/molecules22020294 -
Biomolecules Aug 2020Grapevine canes are viticulture waste that is usually discarded without any further use. However, recent studies have shown that they contain significant concentrations... (Review)
Review
Grapevine canes are viticulture waste that is usually discarded without any further use. However, recent studies have shown that they contain significant concentrations of health-promoting compounds, such as stilbenes, secondary metabolites of plants produced as a response to biotic and abiotic stress from fungal disease or dryness. Stilbenes have been associated with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-microbial properties and they have been tested as potential treatments of cardiovascular and neurological diseases, and even cancer, with promising results. Stilbenes have been described in the different genus of the family, the genera being one of the most widely studied due to its important applications and economic impact around the world. This review presents an in-depth study of the composition and concentration of stilbenes in grapevine canes. The results show that the concentration of stilbenes in grapevine canes is highly influenced by the genus and cultivar aspects (growing conditions, ultraviolet radiation, fungal attack, etc.). Different methods for extracting stilbenes from grapevine canes have been reviewed, and the extraction conditions have also been studied, underlining the advantages and disadvantages of each technique. After the stilbenes were extracted, they were analyzed to determine the stilbene composition and concentration. Analytical techniques have been employed with this aim, in most cases using liquid chromatography, coupled with others such as mass spectrometry and/or nuclear magnetic resonance to achieve the individual quantification. Finally, stilbene extracts may be applied in multiple fields based on their properties. The five most relevant are preservative, antifungal, insecticide, and biostimulant applications. The current state-of-the-art of the above applications and their prospects are discussed.
Topics: Antioxidants; Chromatography, Liquid; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Mass Spectrometry; Plant Extracts; Species Specificity; Stilbenes; Vitis
PubMed: 32824592
DOI: 10.3390/biom10081195 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jun 2014Resveratrol is a naturally occurring compound contributing to cellular defense mechanisms in plants. Its use as a nutritional component and/or supplement in a number of... (Review)
Review
Resveratrol is a naturally occurring compound contributing to cellular defense mechanisms in plants. Its use as a nutritional component and/or supplement in a number of diseases, disorders, and syndromes such as chronic diseases of the central nervous system, cancer, inflammatory diseases, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases has prompted great interest in the underlying molecular mechanisms of action. The present review focuses on resveratrol, specifically its isomer trans-resveratrol, and its effects on intracellular calcium signaling mechanisms. As resveratrol's mechanisms of action are likely pleiotropic, its effects and interactions with key signaling proteins controlling cellular calcium homeostasis are reviewed and discussed. The clinical relevance of resveratrol's actions on excitable cells, transformed or cancer cells, immune cells and retinal pigment epithelial cells are contrasted with a review of the molecular mechanisms affecting calcium signaling proteins on the plasma membrane, cytoplasm, endoplasmic reticulum, and mitochondria. The present review emphasizes the correlation between molecular mechanisms of action that have recently been identified for resveratrol and their clinical implications.
Topics: Animals; Autoimmune Diseases; Calcium Signaling; Humans; Resveratrol; Signal Transduction; Stilbenes
PubMed: 24905603
DOI: 10.3390/molecules19067327 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Dec 2021Natural stilbenes have unique physiological effects, such as anti-senile dementia, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, lowering blood lipid, and other important biological...
Natural stilbenes have unique physiological effects, such as anti-senile dementia, anti-cancer, anti-bacterial, lowering blood lipid, and other important biological functions, which have attracted great attention from scholars in recent years. In this study, two stilbene compounds, resveratrol (RES) and polydatin (PD), were isolated from Mulberry ( L.), and their antioxidant activity and mechanism were investigated. The results showed that the contents of RES and PD in mulberry roots were 32.45 and 3.15 μg/g, respectively, significantly higher than those in mulberry fruits (0.48 and 0.0020 μg/g) and mulberry branches (5.70 and 0.33 μg/g). Both RES and PD showed high antioxidant potential by DPPH, ABTS free-scavenging methods, and ORAC assay, and provided protection against oxidative damage in HepG2 cells by increased catalase (CAT) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and Glutathione (GSH) content, and decreasing generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Therefore, RES and PD treatment could be effective for attenuating AAPH-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells. This study will promote the development and application of stilbene compounds. Furthermore, the RES and PD could be used as antioxidant supplements in functional foods, cosmetics, or pharmaceuticals, contributing to health improvement.
Topics: Antioxidants; Glucosides; Hep G2 Cells; Humans; Morus; Oxidative Stress; Resveratrol; Stilbenes
PubMed: 34946655
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26247574 -
Zeitschrift Fur Naturforschung. C,... 1990Several years of extensive research using the new powerful techniques of molecular biology have enabled the direct comparison of functionally or evolutionarily related... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Review
Several years of extensive research using the new powerful techniques of molecular biology have enabled the direct comparison of functionally or evolutionarily related genes and their products at the nucleotide and amino acid sequence levels. Two types of synthase with similar functions are discussed as an interesting example. Stilbene synthases, e.g. resveratrol synthase, produce the stilbene backbone as a key reaction in the biosynthesis of stilbene-type phytoalexins. Chalcone synthase is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of flavonoids, including certain phytoalexins derived from a 6'-deoxychalcone which is synthesized by cooperation of chalcone synthase with a reductase. Resveratrol and chalcone synthases utilize the same substrates (4-coumaroyl-CoA and 3 molecules of malonyl-CoA) and catalyze the same condensing type of enzyme reaction (resulting in sequential addition of acetate units via malonyl-CoA), but the products differ in the newly formed ring systems (resveratrol and naringenin chalcone). A comparative analysis of cloned DNA sequences and of the reaction mechanisms indicates that the two enzymes are closely related. It seems likely that the proteins possess a common scaffold for substrate recognition and for the condensing reaction, and that the different folding of an enzyme-bound intermediate prior to closure of the new aromatic ring is responsible for the formation of the different products. The same type of condensing reaction is utilized by the 2-ketoacyl-ACP synthases of fatty-acid biosynthesis. However, the available data indicate that these enzymes share little overall homology with either resveratrol or chalcone synthase. One exception may be a short amino acid sequence which corresponds to the active center of the condensing reaction in 2-ketoacyl-ACP synthases.
Topics: Acyltransferases; Amino Acid Sequence; Molecular Sequence Data; Plants; Sequence Homology, Nucleic Acid; Stilbenes
PubMed: 2184816
DOI: 10.1515/znc-1990-1-202 -
Molecular Diversity May 2017Compounds belonging to the stilbene family have gained remarkable significance in pharmaceutical as well as material chemistry. The current review covers the various... (Review)
Review
Compounds belonging to the stilbene family have gained remarkable significance in pharmaceutical as well as material chemistry. The current review covers the various synthetic approaches for the syntheses of stilbene scaffold and related structures over last 30 years. In addition, this review also highlights the role of stilbene intermediates used in the synthesis of important molecules with diverse applications in the field of pharmaceutics and material science.
Topics: Catalysis; Chemistry Techniques, Synthetic; Stilbenes
PubMed: 28429182
DOI: 10.1007/s11030-017-9736-9 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Jun 2015Significant work has been done towards identifying the health-beneficial effects of the grape antioxidant resveratrol in a variety of bioassay- and disease- models, with... (Review)
Review
Significant work has been done towards identifying the health-beneficial effects of the grape antioxidant resveratrol in a variety of bioassay- and disease- models, with much research being focused on its possible application to cancer management. Despite the large number of preclinical studies dealing with different aspects of the biological effects of resveratrol, its translation to clinics is far from reality due to a variety of challenges. In this review, we discuss the issues and questions associated with resveratrol becoming an effective in vivo anticancer drug, from basic metabolic issues to the problems faced by incomplete understanding of the mechanism(s) of action in the body. We also explore efforts taken by researchers, both public and private, to contend with some of these issues. By examining the published data and previous clinical trials, we have attempted to identify the problems and issues that hinder the clinical translation of resveratrol for cancer management. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Resveratrol: Challenges in translating pre-clinical findings to improved patient outcomes.
Topics: Animals; Antineoplastic Agents; Clinical Trials as Topic; Humans; Neoplasms; Resveratrol; Stilbenes; Translational Research, Biomedical
PubMed: 25446990
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2014.11.004 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2022Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy--stilbene), a polyphenol found in grapes, red wine, peanuts, and apples, has been reported to exhibit a wide range of biological and... (Review)
Review
Resveratrol (3,5,4'-trihydroxy--stilbene), a polyphenol found in grapes, red wine, peanuts, and apples, has been reported to exhibit a wide range of biological and pharmacological properties. In addition, resveratrol has been reported to intervene in multiple stages of carcinogenesis. It has also been known to kill several human cancer cells through programmed cell death (PCD) mechanisms such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necroptosis. However, resveratrol has limitations in its use as an anticancer agent because it is susceptible to photoisomerization owing to its unstable double bond, short half-life, and is rapidly metabolized and eliminated. -()-resveratrol is nontoxic, and has several biological and pharmacological activities. However, little is known about the pharmacological properties of the photoisomerized -()-resveratrol. Therefore, many studies on resveratrol derivatives and analogues that can overcome the shortcomings of resveratrol and increase its anticancer activity are underway. This review comprehensively summarizes the literature related to resveratrol-induced PCD, such as apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and the development status of synthetic resveratrol derivatives and analogues as novel anticancer drugs.
Topics: Humans; Resveratrol; Neoplasms; Apoptosis; Stilbenes; Antineoplastic Agents; Drug Discovery
PubMed: 36430164
DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213689