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Veterinaria Italiana 2004Sulfonamides represent a wide range of synthetic compounds commonly used in veterinary therapy for the treatment of several bacterial and protozoan infections in cattle,...
Sulfonamides represent a wide range of synthetic compounds commonly used in veterinary therapy for the treatment of several bacterial and protozoan infections in cattle, swine and poultry. Trimethoprim is another antibacterial agent mainly used in fish culture and often combined with sulfonamides in commercial preparations. Residues of these drugs in foodstuffs are of concern because of their potential carcinogenic character. Consequently, the European Union (EU) and United States Food and Drug Administration set maximum residue limits for both sulfonamides (100 microg/kg either as a single molecule or as a sum of all detected compounds within the class) and trimethoprim (TMP) (50 microg and 100 microg/kg, according to the matrix) in chicken, fish muscle and eggs.On the other hand, these limits have made of concern the development of confirmatory methods for the analysis of these molecules. LC-MS/MS technique, in particular, resulted fit for the detection of these medium polarity compounds. An effective multi-residue method is presented for the simultaneous determination of certain sulfonamides (sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimethoxine and sulfaquinoxaline) and TMP in products of animal origin (chicken muscle, fish muscle and eggs) by liquid chromatographymass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) at levels in compliance with the legislation in force. The drugs were extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane/acetone (1:1, v/v) and clean-up was carried out by solid phase extraction (SPE) on a sulfonic acid column after addition of acetic acid to the extract, so as to allow for ionexchange. Sulfonamides and TMP were then eluted from the SPE column using a solution of ammonia in methanol. The chromatographic separation was performed on a C18 column by using a mobile phase of methanol/5 mM aqueous ammonium acetate and 0.1% formic acid in gradient, and the LC-MS/MS analysis was performed in a triplequadrupole mass spectrometer equipped with a TurboIonSpray source and operated in positive ion mode. The multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) approach was adopted for the identification and quantification of the molecules of concern and was applied by selecting three specific diagnostic ions (one precursor ion and two product ions) for each analyte, so as to meet the criteria set by the EU both for the minimum required number of identification points and for the ion intensity ratio tolerances. Calculated detection limits for sulfonamides (signal/noise ratio 3:1) ranged from 0.1 microg to 1.7 microg/kg, whereas the recovery rates varied between 69.5% and 94.2% throughout the different compounds and matrices. The corresponding values for TMP ranged from 0.2 microg to 0.4 microg/kg and between 51.9% and 52.8%, according to the matrix. The easy sample preparation procedure and the specific and selective mass spectrometric detection make the present method reliable and suitable for the unambiguous identification and quantitation of the analytes taken into account in chicken, fish muscle and eggs. Moreover, method application has successfully extended to other sulfonamides, such as sulfaguanidine, sulfapyridine, sulfamoxole and sulfamethizole.
PubMed: 20437390
DOI: No ID Found -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Apr 1996A remarkably high rate of adverse events is associated with the use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. We... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
A remarkably high rate of adverse events is associated with the use of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in patients with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. We examined the efficacies of sulfonamides alone in the prevention of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonitis, with the assumption that at least some of the adverse events with the drug combination might be due to trimethoprim. With the immunosuppressed rat model, eight sulfonamides were studied at 100, 10, and 1.0 mg/kg/day (10 rats per dosage and drug). P. carinii infection was prevented in all animals (100%) receiving dosages of as little as 1.0 mg of sulfamethoxazole, sulfamethoxypyridazine, and sulfadimethoxine per kg per day, as little as 10 mg of sulfameter, sulfachlorpyridazine, and sulfaquinoxaline per kg per day; and 100 mg of sulfaguanidine and sulfanilamide per kg per day. These studies suggest that a sulfonamide, such as sulfamethoxazole, might provide effective prophylaxis for P. carinii pneumonitis without trimethoprim.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Male; Pneumonia, Pneumocystis; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Sulfadimethoxine; Sulfamethoxazole; Sulfamethoxypyridazine
PubMed: 8849260
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.40.4.962 -
Talanta Apr 2014A rapid and simple screening method was developed for the determination of sulfonamides in honey samples by flow injection analysis (FIA) coupled to a liquid waveguide...
A rapid and simple screening method was developed for the determination of sulfonamides in honey samples by flow injection analysis (FIA) coupled to a liquid waveguide capillary cell. The proposed method is based on the reaction between sulfonamides and p-dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde (p-DAC) in the presence of sodium dodecylsulate (SDS) in dilute acid medium (hydrochloric acid), with the reaction product being measured spectrophotometrically at λ(max) = 565 nm. Experimental design methodology was used to optimize the analytical conditions. The proposed technique was applied to the determination of sulfonamides (sulfaquinoxaline, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfathiazole) in honey samples, in a concentration range from 6.00 × 10(-3) to 1.15 × 10(-1)mg L(-1). The detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) limits were 1.66 × 10(-3) and 5.54 × 10(-3)mg L(-1), respectively. Positive and false positive samples were also analyzed by a confirmatory HPLC method. The proposed system enables the screening of sulfonamides in honey samples with a low number of false positive results, with fast response therefore offers a new tool for consumer protection.
Topics: Flow Injection Analysis; Honey; Sulfonamides
PubMed: 24607139
DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.12.034 -
The Canadian Veterinary Journal = La... Sep 1975
Topics: Animals; Dog Diseases; Dogs; Female; Hemorrhage; Male; Sulfanilamides; Sulfaquinoxaline
PubMed: 1236770
DOI: No ID Found -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Oct 1987We examined the susceptibility of promastigotes of Leishmania major to sulfonamides and sulfones in vitro. In a completely defined medium only sulfamoxole,...
We examined the susceptibility of promastigotes of Leishmania major to sulfonamides and sulfones in vitro. In a completely defined medium only sulfamoxole, sulfaquinoxaline, and dapsone were inhibitory; the concentrations required for 50% inhibition of the rate of growth were 150, 600, and 600 microM, respectively. Eleven other sulfa drugs were ineffective at concentrations up to 2 mM. The growth inhibition was similar to that observed in procaryotes: the cells continued logarithmic growth for several cell doublings before inhibition was observed. Surprisingly, the addition of p-aminobenzoate or folate did not reverse the effects of the active sulfa drugs, the effects of sulfamoxole and methotrexate were additive rather than synergistic, and the addition of thymidine reversed methotrexate but not sulfa-drug inhibition. These results suggest that the mode of action of sulfa drugs on L. major is not by the classical route of inhibition of de novo folate synthesis. Promastigotes could be propagated for more than 40 passages in a completely defined medium in which the only added pterin was biopterin. The folate concentration in this medium was less than 10(-10) to 10(-11) M, as determined by a Leishmania bioassay. Although these data suggest that L. major may be capable of de novo synthesis of folate, the nonclassical mode of action of sulfa drugs, as well as other studies, favors the view that L. major is auxotrophic for folate.
Topics: Animals; Drug Synergism; Folic Acid Antagonists; Leishmania; Methotrexate; Sulfamoxole; Sulfonamides; Sulfones; Thymidine
PubMed: 3435106
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.31.10.1575 -
Poultry Science May 1975Eimeria tenella was passaged in the presence of suboptimal and optimal concentrations of lasalocid (X-537A, sodium salt) in feed. Lasalocid was equally active at...
Eimeria tenella was passaged in the presence of suboptimal and optimal concentrations of lasalocid (X-537A, sodium salt) in feed. Lasalocid was equally active at concentrations of 0.006 and 0.0075% against the 10th and 15th passage of E. tenella lasalocid exposed strains. Resistance to lasalocid could not be induced. Lasalocid administered in the feed at 0.0075% was tested in controlled battery experiments against E. tenella strains resistant to known anticoccidials in chicks. These studies demonstrated that lasalocis, at the optimal feed concentration of 0.0075% was highly effective against coccidiosis induced by strains of E. tenella resistant to sulfaquinoxaline, nicarbazine, zoalene, emprolium, clopidol and 4-hydroxyquinoline. Lasalocid medicated chicks were heavier, converted feed more efficiently, showed less pathologic lesions, and had lower mortality (P less than or equal to .05) than the infected unmedicated controls as well as sulfaquinoxaline, nicarbazine, zoalene, amprolium-ethopabate, clopidol, buquinolate, decoquinate and nequinate medicated groups. Cross-resistance to lasalocid was not demonstrated.
Topics: Amprolium; Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Clopidol; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; Dinitolmide; Drug Resistance; Eimeria; Feces; Female; Hydroxyquinolines; Lasalocid; Male; Nicarbazin; Poultry Diseases; Sulfaquinoxaline
PubMed: 1153374
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0540750 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2019The development of multianalyte immunoassays with an emphasis on food safety has attracted increasing interest, due to its high target throughput, short detection time,...
The development of multianalyte immunoassays with an emphasis on food safety has attracted increasing interest, due to its high target throughput, short detection time, reduced sample consumption, and low overall cost. In this study, a superior polyclonal antibody (pAb) against sulfonamides (SAs) was raised by using a bioconjugate of bovine serum albumin with a rationally designed hapten 4-[(4-aminophenyl) sulfonyl-amino]-2-methoxybenzoic acid (SA10-X). The results showed that the pAb could recognize 19 SAs with 50% inhibition (IC) below 100 µg L and a recognition profile for SAs containing, either a five-atom ring or a six-atom ring, with highly uniform affinity. A three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis indicated that the electrostatic features of SAs play a considerably important role, during recognition with pAb than stereochemical effects. Skimmed milk samples were directly diluted five times before analysis. After optimization, the limit of detection for sulfamonomethoxine, sulfamethoxazole, sulfaquinoxaline, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfamethazine were 1.00, 1.25, 2.95, 3.35, and 6.10 µg L, respectively. The average recoveries for these 5 SAs were 72.0⁻107.5% with coefficients of variation less than 14.1%. The established method, based on pAb, with broad specificity and uniform affinity, offered a simple, sensitive, and high-throughput screening tool for the detection of multi-SAs in milk samples.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies; Antibody Affinity; Antibody Specificity; Food Analysis; Haptens; Immunoassay; Milk; Models, Molecular; Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization; Structure-Activity Relationship; Sulfonamides
PubMed: 30691168
DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030443 -
Poultry Science Jan 1976Five groups of turkeys received C.U. strain Pasteurella multocida vaccine in the drinking water for one day. One group received the 0.1% level of sulfaquinoxaline feed...
Five groups of turkeys received C.U. strain Pasteurella multocida vaccine in the drinking water for one day. One group received the 0.1% level of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication at the time of vaccination, while 4 other groups received the feed medication 1, 2, 3 and 4 days after vaccination, respectively. Two weeks after vaccination all groups were exposed to a virulent P-1059 strain of P. multocida by the drinking water route. The results suggest that turkeys on the feed medication at the time of vaccination and possibly those receiving the initial fed medication the next day, failed to experience a satisfactory immunologic response. The possible ill effects of the sulfaquinoxaline feed medication on the duration of the immunity was not determined. A schedule and level of feed medication approved by the Food and Drug Administration was used; namely, 2 days on the 0.1% level, 3 days on a normal ration, and then 2 additional days on the 0.05% level of sulfaquinoxaline feed medication.
Topics: Administration, Oral; Animal Feed; Animals; Antibody Formation; Bacterial Vaccines; Pasteurella; Sulfanilamides; Sulfaquinoxaline; Turkeys; Water
PubMed: 934983
DOI: 10.3382/ps.0550209 -
Poultry Science Apr 2009"Continuous feeding of low concentrations of sulfaquinoxaline for the control of coccidiosis in poultry" by L. C. Grumbles, J. P. Delaplane, and T. C. Higgins [Poult....
"Continuous feeding of low concentrations of sulfaquinoxaline for the control of coccidiosis in poultry" by L. C. Grumbles, J. P. Delaplane, and T. C. Higgins [Poult. Sci. (1948) 27:605-608] was the first paper to demonstrate that it was possible to control coccidiosis by the continuous inclusion of a low level of a drug in the feed of chickens. The principle involved (prevention or prophylaxis) has had a profound impact on our ability to grow chickens and turkeys under intensive conditions. Indeed, it is possible that the modern poultry industry could never have developed to its present extent without the advent of drugs used prophylactically to control coccidiosis. One particular insight was that use of a compound in this manner did not necessarily prevent the acquisition of immunity, an important principle that helps explain the continued efficacy of ionophorous antibiotics used today. The significance of this work to the poultry industry and individuals involved in research, whether employed by government, academia, or pharmaceutical companies, cannot be overstated. Economic benefits, in terms of improved productivity, have been demonstrated in numerous studies published in Poultry Science. In addition, the livelihoods of many poultry farmers have been helped by the control of a disease that in the past caused substantial morbidity and mortality in their flocks. The paper is brief and contains no critical science involving novel procedures but has had a profound influence on the health of poultry for the last 6 decades. For this reason, it is nominated as a landmark contribution from the first 100 yr of Poultry Science.
Topics: Animal Feed; Animals; Coccidiosis; Coccidiostats; History, 20th Century; Poultry; Poultry Diseases; Publishing; Sulfaquinoxaline; Veterinary Medicine
PubMed: 19276426
DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00316 -
Journal of Food Protection Dec 1993A new continuous separation method was developed for the determination of nine different sulfonamides (sulfaguanidine, sulfamethazine, sulfapyridine, sulfadiazine,...
A new continuous separation method was developed for the determination of nine different sulfonamides (sulfaguanidine, sulfamethazine, sulfapyridine, sulfadiazine, sulfathiazole, sulfamethizole, sulfamethoxazole, sulfadimethoxine, and sulfaquinoxaline). Bioassay on minimum medium seeded with Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 was carried out for detection. An extract taken from an agar block of the clear inhibition zone on minimum medium produced by a mixture of sulfonamides was then subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography. For identification, high-performance liquid chromatography analyses were performed using two different columns and analytical conditions. Using a μ-Bondapak C column, the sulfonamides were separated at room temperature using a mobile phase of methanol: 0.1 M KHPO (30:70, vol/vol) at a flow rate of 1.0 ml/min. A variable wavelength detector set at 265 nm and recorder set at 4 mm/min were used for the detection. The entire mixture was resolved as eight peaks from 4.68 to 50.78 min. When an Asahipak GS-320 column was employed, nine peaks were separated with retention times ranging from 12.62 to 54.43 min using a mobile phase of acetonitrile: 1% acetic acid (25:75, vol/vol) at a flow rate of 2.0 ml/min. Correlation coefficients of standard curves for individual sulfonamides were linear (>0.99) with recoveries ranging from 25.2 ± 8.6% to 64.1 ± 8.6% for a concentration range of 1.0-25 μg/ml.
PubMed: 31113115
DOI: 10.4315/0362-028X-56.12.1067