-
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research :... Sep 1993The assessment of vertebral fracture by conventional radiography has been refined and improved using either semiquantitative or quantitative criteria. The inter- and...
The assessment of vertebral fracture by conventional radiography has been refined and improved using either semiquantitative or quantitative criteria. The inter- and intraobserver variability was determined for a semiquantitative visual approach that we routinely use in clinical studies for assessing prevalent and incident vertebral fractures. In addition, the semiquantitative approach was compared with a quantitative morphometric approach. The incidence and prevalence of vertebral fractures were determined in 57 postmenopausal women (age 65-75 years) by three independent observers. The radiographic basis for fracture definitions and the source of interobserver agreement for the semiquantitative technique. We conclude that the semiquantitative approach can be applied reliably in vertebral fracture assessment when performed using well-defined criteria.
Topics: Aged; Female; Follow-Up Studies; Fractures, Spontaneous; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Observer Variation; Osteoporosis, Postmenopausal; Radiography; Spinal Fractures; Thoracic Vertebrae
PubMed: 8237484
DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650080915 -
Anatomical Record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) Sep 2022The notarium is a rigid bony structure, which resulted from the fusion of thoracic vertebrae of some pterosaurs and birds. It is high variable, ranging from two to six... (Review)
Review
The notarium is a rigid bony structure, which resulted from the fusion of thoracic vertebrae of some pterosaurs and birds. It is high variable, ranging from two to six fused thoracic vertebrae. In this study, we reviewed and analyzed approximately 270 specimens of neornithine birds (representing 80% of the living orders) and some fossils in order to identify the number of fused vertebrae, degree and sites of vertebral fusion, occurrence of sutures, and other structures of potential phylogenetic and functional significance. These data were analyzed using a recent time-calibrated molecular phylogenetic tree and principal component analyses analysis evaluating the relationship with long bones in order to reconstruct macroevolutionary trends related to the evolution of the notarium. The occurrence of this structure shows a mosaic distribution over neornithine phylogeny, originating several times independently, especially during the Paleogene, in predominantly ground-dwelling forms. The notarium of these groups is characterized by: neural spines fused into single structure, intervertebral openings small to absent, large ventral keels forming ventral plates, and fused transverse processes. Derived neornithines, such as aquatic forms and long-legged birds, have a tendency to display a decreased degree of fusion between the vertebrae, which may indicate a reduction or disappearance of the notarium.
Topics: Animals; Biological Evolution; Birds; Fossils; Phylogeny; Thoracic Vertebrae
PubMed: 34910372
DOI: 10.1002/ar.24852 -
Veterinary Medicine and Science Sep 2022Computed tomography currently has a prominent role in diagnosis and evaluation of vertebral column. On the other hand, a thorough knowledge about vertebral column...
BACKGROUND
Computed tomography currently has a prominent role in diagnosis and evaluation of vertebral column. On the other hand, a thorough knowledge about vertebral column property in normal state is prerequisite an accurate diagnosis of different abnormalities in this region.
OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to present a complete and exact descriptive and morphometric evaluation of thoracic vertebrae in rabbits with computed tomography. In images which were constructed by CT, several structures and different parts of the thoracic vertebrae have been named.
METHODS
Ten healthy, mature, White New Zealand rabbits were evaluated. The morphologic and morphometric parameters of the thoracic vertebrae were studied. In this study, several parameters of thoracic vertebrae, such as vertebral body height, spinous process height, transverse process length, transverse process width, etc., were measured by computed tomography.
RESULTS
Some parameters, such as spinal canal height, spinal canal width, pedicle length, pedicle width, end plate width, and endplate height, had no significant difference through thoracic vertebrae but other parameters, such as vertebral body height, transverse process length, transverse process width, spinous process angle, transverse process angle, and vertebral body length, had a significant difference.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, a comprehensive anatomic atlas of CT anatomy of the thoracic vertebrae was produced for use by veterinary radiologists, clinicians, and surgeons. Finally, we must mention these two important points: (1) Many of the differences observed between rabbits and humans are based on the way the trunks of these two creatures are located on the ground and the differences in the way their bodies move. (2) In studies that are done by modelling humans on animals, it should be noted that the terms used in animal anatomy are different and the names are used using the principles of veterinary anatomy.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Rabbits; Thoracic Vertebrae; Tomography, X-Ray Computed
PubMed: 35763843
DOI: 10.1002/vms3.847 -
Korean Journal of Anesthesiology Oct 2020Paravertebral block, especially thoracic paravertebral block, is an effective regional anesthetic technique that can provide significant analgesia for numerous surgical... (Review)
Review
Paravertebral block, especially thoracic paravertebral block, is an effective regional anesthetic technique that can provide significant analgesia for numerous surgical procedures, including breast surgery, pulmonary surgery, and herniorrhaphy. The technique, although straightforward, is not devoid of potential adverse effects. Proper anatomic knowledge and adequate technique may help decrease the risk of these effects. In this brief discourse, we discuss the anatomy and technical aspects of paravertebral blocks and emphasize the importance of appropriate needle manipulation in order to minimize the risk of complications. We propose that, when using a landmark-based approach, limiting medial and lateral needle orientation and implementing caudal (rather than cephalad) needle redirection may provide an extra margin of safety when performing this technique. Likewise, recognizing a target that is not in close proximity to the neurovascular bundle when using ultrasound guidance may be beneficial.
Topics: Anesthetics, Local; Humans; Nerve Block; Pneumothorax; Punctures; Thoracic Vertebrae
PubMed: 32172551
DOI: 10.4097/kja.20065 -
Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal... Oct 2001During adolescence the spine undergoes rapid growth and changes in anatomy and biomechanical properties. Fractures of the adolescent spine are relatively uncommon but... (Review)
Review
During adolescence the spine undergoes rapid growth and changes in anatomy and biomechanical properties. Fractures of the adolescent spine are relatively uncommon but may give rise to serious problems. This review describes thoracolumbar fractures in adolescents with respect to epidemiology, anatomy, mechanisms of injury, clinical and radiologic assessment, and nonoperative and operative treatment. The treatment of these injuries follows many of the same principles as spinal fractures in adults but nonoperative treatment is used more frequently because there is less spinal instability and better tolerance of bed rest and spinal immobilization in this young population.
Topics: Adolescent; Biomechanical Phenomena; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Radiography; Spinal Fractures; Thoracic Vertebrae
PubMed: 11603746
DOI: No ID Found -
The Journal of Spinal Cord Medicine Jul 2019Current treatment of TLST should consider injury morphology, neurological status, clinical status (pain and disability) and also multimodal radiological evaluation... (Review)
Review
CONTEXT
Current treatment of TLST should consider injury morphology, neurological status, clinical status (pain and disability) and also multimodal radiological evaluation (MMRE) with CT, MRI and dynamic/ standing plain radiographs.
METHODS
A narrative literature review was performed to propose a treatment algorithm to guide the management of thoracolumbar spinal trauma (TLST). In order to classify injuries and surgical indications, we utilized the two most recent classification systems (TLICS and new AO spine classification) and related recent literature.
RESULTS
Injuries were categorized into three groups according to stability: 1) Stable injuries, 2) Potentially unstable injuries/ delayed instability or 3) Clearly unstable injuries. Stable injuries included most of AO type A fractures without neurological deficit, mild clinical symptoms and without risk factors for late deformity. Potentially unstable injuries generally included patients without neurological deficits but with some risk factors for late deformity or with severe clinical symptoms. Surgery may be recommended in this group. Finally, clearly unstable injuries are those with spinal dislocations and/ or with neurological deficits, especially in the setting of persistent neural tissue compression, requiring early surgical treatment.
CONCLUSIONS
The proposed treatment algorithm is intended to help surgeons select the best treatment modality for their patients, categorizing injuries according to their main characteristics into one of these three groups. Further studies addressing the reliability and safety of this algorithm are necessary.
Topics: Algorithms; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Spinal Cord Injuries; Thoracic Vertebrae; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 29412065
DOI: 10.1080/10790268.2018.1433267 -
Archives of Orthopaedic and Trauma... Jul 2022The aim of this study was to give a systematic overview over the rate and location of concomitant injuries, the probability of suffering from neurological deficits, and... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
The aim of this study was to give a systematic overview over the rate and location of concomitant injuries, the probability of suffering from neurological deficits, and to give evidence of the timing of surgery in severely injured patients with unstable thoracic vertebral body fractures.
METHODS
This review is based on articles retrieved by a systematic search in the PubMed and Web of Science database for publications up to November 2020 dealing with unstable fractures of the mid-thoracic spine.
RESULTS
Altogether, 1109 articles were retrieved from the literature search. A total of 1095 articles were excluded. Thus, 16 remaining original articles were included in this systematic review depicting the topics timing of surgery in polytraumatized patients, outcome neurologic deficits, and impact of concomitant injuries. The overall level of evidence of the vast majority of studies is low.
CONCLUSION
The evidence of the available literature is low. The cited studies reveal that thoracic spinal fractures are associated with a high number of neurological deficits and concomitant injuries, particularly of the thoracic cage and the lung. Thereby, diagnostic algorithm should include computer tomography of the whole thoracic cage if there is any clinical sign of concomitant injuries. Patients with incomplete neurologic deficits benefit from early surgery consisting of decompression and long-segmental stabilization.
Topics: Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Spinal Fractures; Thoracic Injuries; Thoracic Vertebrae; Vertebral Body
PubMed: 33649914
DOI: 10.1007/s00402-021-03830-2 -
Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and... May 2018An increasing number of studies on spinal morphology in asymptomatic Asian and Western patients have been reported. Variation in spinal anatomy among patients is...
BACKGROUND
An increasing number of studies on spinal morphology in asymptomatic Asian and Western patients have been reported. Variation in spinal anatomy among patients is considered as the cause of wrong-level surgery in up to 40% of cases. The present study examined the rate of presence of 11 thoracic vertebrae and 6 lumbar vertebrae in 293 asymptomatic Chinese adult volunteers.
METHODS
From May 27, 2016, to November 11, 2017, a cohort of 325 asymptomatic Chinese adults meeting the study exclusion criteria was recruited. The radiographs were examined by a spine surgeon and a radiologist to assess the number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae.
RESULTS
In total, 293 volunteers were included in this study: 17 (5.8%) had 11 thoracic vertebrae, and 16 (5.5%) had 6 lumbar vertebrae. Among all volunteers, 12 (4.1%) had 7 cervical vertebrae (C), 11 thoracic vertebrae (T), and 5 lumbar vertebrae (L); 5 (1.7%) had 7C, 11T, and 6L; and 11 (3.8%) had 7C, 12T, and 6L. There was no difference between the findings of the spine surgeon and the radiologist.
CONCLUSIONS
For the first time, this study describes the rate of presence of 11 thoracic vertebrae and 6 lumbar vertebrae in 293 asymptomatic Chinese adult volunteers. Variations in the number of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae tend to be ignored by spine surgeons. We encourage spinal surgeons and researchers to be aware of such variations when performing thoracic- and lumbar-level surgery and assessing spinal alignment and parameters.
Topics: Adult; Asymptomatic Diseases; China; Cohort Studies; Female; Healthy Volunteers; Humans; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Thoracic Vertebrae
PubMed: 29792213
DOI: 10.1186/s13018-018-0835-9 -
Acta Cirurgica Brasileira 2023To create three-dimensional anatomical models of the thoracic and lumbar portions of the canine spine that reproduce the vertebral surgical approaches of dorsal...
PURPOSE
To create three-dimensional anatomical models of the thoracic and lumbar portions of the canine spine that reproduce the vertebral surgical approaches of dorsal laminectomy and hemilaminectomy, and to perform the respective radiographic evaluations of each approach.
METHODS
In a digital archive of the canine spine, digitally replicate the dorsal laminectomy and hemilaminectomy in the thoracic and lumbar portions and, then, make tridimensional prints of the vertebral models and obtain radiographs in three dorsoventral, ventrodorsal and laterolateral projections.
RESULTS
The anatomical models of the surgical spinal canal accesses of the thoracic and lumbar portions showed great fidelity to the natural bones. The created accesses have the proper shape, location and size, and their radiographic images showed similar radiodensities.
CONCLUSIONS
The replicas of the dorsal laminectomy and hemilaminectomy developed in the anatomical models in the thoracic and lumbar portions are able to represent the technical recommendations of the specialized literature, as well as their respective radiographic images, which have certain radiological properties that allow to make a deep radiological study. Therefore, the models are useful for neurosurgical training.
Topics: Dogs; Animals; Laminectomy; Thoracic Vertebrae; Lumbar Vertebrae; Dog Diseases; Radiography
PubMed: 37556719
DOI: 10.1590/acb382623 -
Reumatologia Clinica 2015
Topics: Diagnosis, Differential; Diagnostic Errors; Female; Fractures, Compression; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Middle Aged; Musculoskeletal Abnormalities; Osteoporotic Fractures; Spinal Fractures; Thoracic Vertebrae
PubMed: 24582140
DOI: 10.1016/j.reuma.2014.01.001