-
Poultry Science Nov 2020The anticoccidial activity of thymol, carvacrol, and saponins was assessed in an in vitro model of coccidiosis. Eimeria spp. sporozoites were collected from field...
The anticoccidial activity of thymol, carvacrol, and saponins was assessed in an in vitro model of coccidiosis. Eimeria spp. sporozoites were collected from field samples, characterized, and used for 2 different invasion assays on Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney cells (MDBK). The cells were challenged with 5 × 10 sporozoites without (control) or with various treatments: saponins (10 ppm), thymol, and carvacrol (7 ppm each) or a combination of saponins, thymol, and carvacrol at 2 doses; MIX 1 (saponins 5 ppm, thymol 3.5 ppm, and carvacrol 3.5 ppm) and MIX 2 (saponins 10 ppm, thymol 7 ppm, and carvacrol 7 ppm). The treated cells were incubated at 37°C for 24 h (invasion assay 1) and for 2, 24, and 48 h (invasion assay 2). The efficiency of invasion was determined by counting the sporozoites left in the supernatant that were not able to invade the cells, whereas intracellular Eimeria DNA was detected by qPCR to confirm the data. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, and differences were considered significant when P value was ≤0.05. Data from invasion assay 1 showed that the thymol and carvacrol-containing blends significantly reduced invasion, especially in combination with saponins at the highest dose. Saponins alone did not have a strong inhibiting activity but acted synergistically with the other molecules. Interestingly, in invasion assay 2, it was found that the effect of the highest dose of the blend of saponins, thymol, and carvacrol was already visible at 2 h postinfection, whereas the other treatments were significantly successful at 24 h postinfection. The invasion assay protocol was designed to screen molecules in vitro starting from field fecal samples, and it can represent a potential tool in Eimeria research. Moreover, this study shows that invasion in MDBK cells by Eimeria sporozoites is inhibited in presence of thymol, carvacrol, and saponins, thus highlighting the anticoccidial potential of these compounds.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cell Line; Coccidiostats; Cymenes; Eimeria; Host-Parasite Interactions; In Vitro Techniques; Saponins; Thymol
PubMed: 33142451
DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.07.035 -
Oxidative Medicine and Cellular... 2019Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a common cause of infertility in premenopausal women who are unavoidably exposed to cytotoxic therapy. Radiotherapy is one of the most...
Premature ovarian failure (POF) is a common cause of infertility in premenopausal women who are unavoidably exposed to cytotoxic therapy. Radiotherapy is one of the most effective cytotoxic treatments. However, the radiosensitivity of ovarian tissues limits its therapeutic outcome and results in the depletion of the primordial follicle and loss of fertility. Therefore, the need for an effective radioprotective therapy is evident especially when none of the current clinically used modalities for radioprotection succeeds efficiently. The present study investigated the potential radioprotective effect of carvacrol (CAR) (80 mg) or thymol (80 mg) on gamma- (-) irradiation-induced ovarian damage as well as their role in the cross-talk between IGF-1 and TNF- signaling and antioxidative activity. In immature female Wister rats, a single dose of whole-body irradiation (3.2 Gy, LD) produced considerable ovarian damage, which was evident by histopathological findings and hormonal changes. Interestingly, pretreatment with CAR or thymol significantly enhanced the follicular development and restored the anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), E2, and FSH levels. Both essential oils improved the irradiation-mediated oxidative stress and reduction in proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression. Moreover, irradiated rats exhibited an inverse relationship between IGF-1 and TNF- levels two days post irradiation, which was further inverted by the pretreatment with CAR and thymol and ought to contribute in their radioprotective mechanisms. In conclusion, CAR and thymol showed a radioprotective effect and rescued the ovarian reserve mainly through counteracting oxidative stress and the dysregulated cross-talk between IGF-1 and TNF-.
Topics: Animals; Cymenes; Female; Gamma Rays; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I; Primary Ovarian Insufficiency; Radiation-Protective Agents; Radiotherapy; Rats; Rats, Wistar; Signal Transduction; Thymol; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 31531182
DOI: 10.1155/2019/3173745 -
Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia... 2017Thymol is a monoterpene and acetylation form of this compound can reduce the toxicity and enhance its biological effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the...
Thymol is a monoterpene and acetylation form of this compound can reduce the toxicity and enhance its biological effects. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of thymol and thymol acetate (TA) on egg, larva and adult Haemonchus contortus and the cuticular changes, acute toxicity in mice and the efficacy on sheep gastrointestinal nematodes. In vitro tests results were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and followed by comparison with Tukey test or Bonferroni. The efficacy of in vivo test was calculated by the BootStreet program. In the egg hatch test (EHT), thymol (0.5 mg/mL) and TA (4 mg/mL) inhibited larval hatching by 98% and 67.1%, respectively. Thymol and TA (8 mg/mL) inhibited 100% of larval development. Thymol and TA (800 µg/mL) reduced the motility of adult worms, by 100% and 83.4%, respectively. Thymol caused cuticular changes in adult worm teguments. In the acute toxicity test, the LD50 of thymol and TA were 1,350.9 mg/kg and 4,144.4 mg/kg, respectively. Thymol and TA reduced sheep egg count per gram of faeces (epg) by 59.8% and 76.2%, respectively. In in vitro tests thymol presented better anthelmintic activity than TA. However TA was less toxic and in in vivo test efficacy was similar.
Topics: Acetates; Acetylation; Animals; Anthelmintics; Female; Haemonchus; Mice; Nematoda; Nematode Infections; Sheep; Sheep Diseases; Thymol
PubMed: 28977246
DOI: 10.1590/S1984-29612017056 -
Animal : An International Journal of... Jan 2022Thymol α-D-glucopyranoside (TαG) and thymol β-D-glucopyranoside (TβG) are believed to have different kinetic behaviours in the porcine gut than its parent aglycon...
Thymol α-D-glucopyranoside (TαG) and thymol β-D-glucopyranoside (TβG) are believed to have different kinetic behaviours in the porcine gut than its parent aglycon thymol. However, recently, it was shown that concentrations of both glucosides decreased rapidly in the stomach and proximal small intestine following oral supplementation to piglets as did thymol. Yet, the stability of thymol glucosides in gut contents and their absorption route remains obscure. Therefore, a series of in vitro incubations were performed, simulating the impact of pH, digestive enzymes, bacterial activity and mucosal extracts on stability of these glucosides. Their absorption mechanisms were investigated using the Ussing chamber model in the presence or the absence of inhibitors of sodium-dependent glucose linked transporter 1 and lactase phlorizin hydrolase. Both glucosides remained intact at physiological pH levels in the presence of digestive enzymes. Recoveries from TαG and TβG were below 90% when incubated with small intestinal homogenates from the distal jejunum or from all sampled sites, respectively. However, no aglycon could be detected in these samples. Bacterial inoculum of the small intestine, on the other hand, hydrolysed TβG quickly with up to 44% of free aglycon appearing. TαG proved more resistant to porcine gastro-intestinal bacterial glucosidases with only trace amounts (<1%) of free thymol at the end of the incubations. Electrophysiological measurements in Ussing chambers did not suggest active transport of the glucosides. Mucosal TαG and TβG concentrations were unchanged between start and end of the absorption measurements. Additionally, no TαG and only a very limited amount of TβG were retrieved from the serosal side. Tissue associated concentrations, although marginal (<1% of luminal concentration), were mainly as intact glucoside or as aglycon for TαG and TβG, respectively. Addition of both inhibitors significantly increased the amount of intact glucosides retrieved from the mucosal tissues as compared to controls. In conclusion, bacterial hydrolysis was identified as the most important source of TβG loss, whereas TαG seemed less prone to degradation or absorption in these in vitro and ex vivo models.
Topics: Animals; Bacteria; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestine, Small; Jejunum; Swine; Thymol
PubMed: 34942568
DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.100417 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Nov 2021Oral candidiasis is frequently associated with Candida biofilms. Biofilms are microbial communities related to persistent, recalcitrant and difficult to-treat... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study
Oral candidiasis is frequently associated with Candida biofilms. Biofilms are microbial communities related to persistent, recalcitrant and difficult to-treat infections. Conventional treatments are not sufficient to overcome biofilm-associated candidiasis; thus, the search of new antifungal compounds is necessary. In the current study, we have evaluated the effect of three phytocompounds, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde and thymol, against Candida planktonic and sessile cells. Reduction in biofilm biomass and metabolic activity was assessed during adhesion and mature biofilm phases. Candida albicans was the most biofilm-producing Candida species. All phytocompounds tested were fungicidal against Candida planktonic cells. Cinnamaldehyde was the most active in inhibiting biofilm adhesion, but carvacrol and thymol significantly reduced both mature biofilm biomass and metabolic activity. These results highlight the role of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol and thymol as promising alternatives for the treatment of candidiasis due to their antibiofilm capacities, and stress the necessity to continue studies on their safety, toxicity and pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
Topics: Acrolein; Antifungal Agents; Biofilms; Candida; Candidiasis, Oral; Cymenes; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Thymol
PubMed: 34649348
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112218 -
Contrast Media & Molecular Imaging 2022() is a typical kind of symbiotic bacteria, which can cause human pneumonia, food poisoning, and other health problems. Nowadays, the corresponding prevention and...
() is a typical kind of symbiotic bacteria, which can cause human pneumonia, food poisoning, and other health problems. Nowadays, the corresponding prevention and treatment have been a hot issue of general concern in related research areas. However, the mechanism of action against is not well understood. In order to tackle such problem, we used broth microdilution to discuss the antibacterial effect of 5-methyl-2-isopropylphenol and determine inhibitory concentration. In addition, membrane potential and lipid peroxidation levels were also measured under experimental conditions. The experimental results suggested that 300 g/mL thymol might cause cell membrane damage and decrease of NADPH concentration and increase of NADP and lipid peroxidation level. In such condition, thymol has the potential to result in membrane rupture and disruption of cellular homeostasis. Furthermore, we also found that NOX is involved in maintaining the balance of NADPH/NADP in cells. Finally, our work confirms that NOX is a potential downstream target for thymol in the cell. Such target can provide specific guidance and recommendations for its application in antifungal activity. Meanwhile, our study also provides a new inspiration for the molecular mechanism of thymol's bacteriostatic action.
Topics: Homeostasis; Humans; NADP; Staphylococcal Infections; Staphylococcus aureus; Thymol
PubMed: 36034206
DOI: 10.1155/2022/8743096 -
Renal Failure Dec 2023Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome characterized by an accelerating decrease in renal function in a short time. Thymol is one of the main components of thyme...
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a syndrome characterized by an accelerating decrease in renal function in a short time. Thymol is one of the main components of thyme species and has a variety of pharmacological effects. Here, we investigated whether thymol could ameliorate rhabdomyolysis (RM)-induced AKI and its related mechanism. Glycerol was used to induce RM-associated AKI in rats. Rats received thymol (20 mg/kg/day or 40 mg/kg/day) gavage 24 h before glycerol injection until 72 h after injection daily. Kidney injury was identified by measuring serum creatinine (Scr) and urea levels and by H&E and PAS staining and immunohistochemistry (the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)). Renal superoxide dismutase (SOD), malondialdehyde (MDA), and oxidative stress-related Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways were measured. The expression of the inflammatory markers TNF-α, IL-6, MCP-1, and NF-κB was assessed by ELISA and western blotting. Finally, the expression of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway was detected by western blotting. Glycerol administration induced obvious renal histologic damage and increased Scr, urea, and PCNA expression. Notably, thymol treatment attenuated these structural and functional changes and prevented renal oxidative stress, inflammatory damage and PI3K/Akt pathway downregulation associated with glycerol-induced AKI. In conclusion, thymol might have potential applications in the amelioration of AKI via its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects and upregulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Topics: Rats; Animals; Glycerol; Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen; Thymol; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases; Acute Kidney Injury; Oxidative Stress; Kidney; Rhabdomyolysis; Urea
PubMed: 37417222
DOI: 10.1080/0886022X.2023.2227728 -
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy Mar 2021There is an increasing need for novel drugs and new strategies for the therapy of invasive candidiasis. This study aimed to develop and characterize liposome-based...
There is an increasing need for novel drugs and new strategies for the therapy of invasive candidiasis. This study aimed to develop and characterize liposome-based nanoparticles of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, citral, and thymol with anti- activities. Dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide- and monoolein-based liposomes in a 1:2 molar ratio were prepared using a lipid-film hydration method. Liposomes were assembled with equal volumes of liposomal stock dispersion and stock solutions of carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, citral, or thymol in dimethyl sulfoxide. Cytotoxicity was tested on RAW 264.7 macrophages. antifungal activity of liposomes with phytocompounds was evaluated according to European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) methodology using clinical isolates of , , , and Finally, the ability of macrophage cells to kill isolates after addition of phytocompounds and their nanoparticles was determined. Nanoparticles with 64 μg/ml of cinnamaldehyde, 256 μg/ml of citral, and 128 μg/ml of thymol had the best characteristics among the formulations tested. The highest encapsulation efficiencies were achieved with citral (78% to 83%) and carvacrol (66% to 71%) liposomes. Carvacrol and thymol in liposome-based nanoparticles were nontoxic regardless of the concentration. Moreover, carvacrol and thymol maintained their antifungal activity after encapsulation, and there was a significant reduction (∼41%) of yeast survival when macrophages were incubated with carvacrol or thymol liposomes. In conclusion, carvacrol and thymol liposomes possess high stability, low cytotoxicity, and antifungal activity that act synergistically with macrophages.
Topics: Acrolein; Acyclic Monoterpenes; Antifungal Agents; Candida; Cymenes; Glycerides; Liposomes; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Monoterpenes; Thymol
PubMed: 33468460
DOI: 10.1128/AAC.01628-20 -
BMC Plant Biology Jan 2022Salt stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting the yield and quality of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Thymol (a natural medicine) has been widely...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE
Salt stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses affecting the yield and quality of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Thymol (a natural medicine) has been widely used in medical research because of its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the influence of thymol on the root growth of tobacco is not fully elucidated. In this study, the regulatory effects of different concentrations of thymol were investigated.
METHODOLOGY
Here, histochemical staining and biochemical methods, non-invasive micro-test technology (NMT), and qPCR assay were performed to investigate the effect of thymol and mechanism of it improving salinity tolerance in tobacco seedlings.
RESULTS
In this study, our results showed that thymol rescued root growth from salt stress by ameliorating ROS accumulation, lipid peroxidation, and cell death. Furthermore, thymol enhanced contents of NO and GSH to repress ROS accumulation, further protecting the stability of the cell membrane. And, thymol improved Na efflux and the expression of SOS1, HKT1, and NHX1, thus protecting the stability of Na and K.
CONCLUSION
Our study confirmed the protecting effect of thymol in tobacco under salt stress, and we also identified the mechanism of it, involving dynamic regulation of antioxidant system and the maintenance of Na homeostasis. It can be a new method to improve salinity tolerance in plants.
Topics: Crops, Agricultural; Glutathione; Ion Transport; Nitric Oxide; Plant Roots; Salt Tolerance; Sodium; Thymol; Nicotiana
PubMed: 35027009
DOI: 10.1186/s12870-021-03395-7 -
Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021Strategies are sought to reduce the carriage and dissemination of zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant microbes within food-producing animals and their...
Strategies are sought to reduce the carriage and dissemination of zoonotic pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant microbes within food-producing animals and their production environment. Thymol (an essential oil) is a potent bactericide but efficacy has been inconsistent, largely due to its lipophilicity and absorption, which limits its passage and subsequent availability in the distal gastrointestinal tract. Conjugation of thymol to glucose to form thymol-β-d-glucopyranoside can decrease its absorption, but passage of effective concentrations to the lower gut remains suboptimal. Considering that contemporary swine diets often contain 5% or more added fat (to increase caloric density and reduce dustiness), we hypothesized that there may be sufficient residual fat in the distal intestinal tract to sequester free or conjugated thymol, thereby limiting the availability and subsequent effectiveness of this biocide. In support of this hypothesis, the anti- Typhimurium effects of 6 mM free or conjugated thymol, expressed as log-fold reductions of colony-forming units (CFU) ml, were diminished 90 and 58%, respectively, following 24-h anaerobic fecal incubation (at 39°C) with 3% added vegetable oil compared to reductions achieved during culture without added oil (6.1 log CFU ml). The antagonistic effect of vegetable oil and the bactericidal effect of free and conjugated thymol against K88 tested similarly were diminished 86 and 84%, respectively, compared to reductions achieved in cultures incubated without added vegetable oil (5.7 log CFU ml). Inclusion of taurine (8 mg/ml), bile acids (0.6 mg/ml), or emulsifiers such as polyoxyethylene-40 stearate (0.2%), Tween 20, or Tween 80 (each at 1%) in the incubations had little effect on vegetable oil-caused inhibition of free or conjugated thymol. Based on these results, it seems reasonable to suspect that undigested lipid in the distal gut may limit the effectiveness of free or conjugated thymol. Accordingly, additional research is warranted to learn how to overcome obstacles diminishing bactericidal activity of free and conjugated thymol in the lower gastrointestinal tract of food-producing animals.
PubMed: 34631867
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.751266