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BMC Veterinary Research Aug 2020The recent identification of the endocannabinoid system in the gastrointestinal tract suggests a role in controlling intestinal inflammation. In addition, the gut...
BACKGROUND
The recent identification of the endocannabinoid system in the gastrointestinal tract suggests a role in controlling intestinal inflammation. In addition, the gut chemosensing system has therapeutic applications in the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases and inflammation due to the presence of a large variety of receptors. The purposes of this study were to investigate the presence of markers of the endocannabinoid system and the chemosensing system in the pig gut and, second, to determine if thymol modulates these markers. One hundred sixty 28-day-old piglets were allocated into one of 5 treatment groups (n = 32 per treatment): T1 (control), T2 (25.5 mg thymol/kg feed), T3 (51 mg thymol/kg feed), T4 (153 mg thymol/kg feed), and T5 (510 mg thymol/kg feed). After 14 days of treatment, piglets were sacrificed (n = 8), and then duodenal and ileal mucosal scrapings were collected. Gene expression of cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2), transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), the olfactory receptor OR1G1, diacylglycerol lipases (DGL-α and DGL-β), fatty acid amine hydrolase (FAAH), and cytokines was measured, and ELISAs of pro-inflammatory cytokines levels were performed.
RESULTS
mRNAs encoding all markers tested were detected. In the duodenum and ileum, the CB1, CB2, TRPV1, and OR1G1 mRNAs were expressed at higher levels in the T4 and T5 groups compared to the control group. The level of the FAAH mRNA was increased in the ileum of the T4 group compared to the control. Regarding the immune response, the level of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) mRNA was significantly increased in the duodenum of the T5 group, but this increase was not consistent with the protein level.
CONCLUSIONS
These results indicate the presence of endocannabinoid system and gut chemosensing markers in the piglet gut mucosa. Moreover, thymol modulated the expression of the CB1, CB2, TRPV1, and OR1G1 mRNAs in the duodenum and ileum. It also modulated the mRNA levels of enzymes involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of endocannabinoid molecules. Based on these findings, the effects of thymol on promoting gut health are potentially mediated by the activation of these receptors.
Topics: Amidohydrolases; Animals; Cytokines; Endocannabinoids; Female; Intestinal Mucosa; Lipoprotein Lipase; Male; RNA, Messenger; Receptors, Cannabinoid; Receptors, Odorant; Sus scrofa; TRPV Cation Channels; Thymol; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha
PubMed: 32787931
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02516-y -
Iranian Biomedical Journal Jul 2020Our previous findings indicated that carvacrol and thymol alleviate cognitive impairments caused by Aβ in rodent models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, the...
BACKGROUND
Our previous findings indicated that carvacrol and thymol alleviate cognitive impairments caused by Aβ in rodent models of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this study, the neuroprotective effects of carvacrol and thymol against Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity were evaluated, and the potential mechanisms were determined.
METHODS
PC12 cells were pretreated with Aβ25-35 for 2 h, followed by incubation with carvacrol or thymol for additional 48 h. Cell viability was measured by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide method. A flurospectrophotometer was employed to observe the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Protein kinase C (PKC) activity was analyzed using ELISA.
RESULTS
Our results indicated that carvacrol and thymol could significantly protect PC12 cells against Aβ25-35-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Aβ25-35 could induce intracellular ROS production, while carvacrol and thymol could reverse this effect. Moreover, our findings showed that carvacrol and thymol elevate PKC activity similar to Bryostatin-1, as a PKC activator.
CONCLUSION
This study provided the evidence regarding the protective effects of carvacrol and thymol against Aβ25–35-induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells. The results suggested that the neuroprotective effects of these compounds against Aβ25-35 might be through attenuating oxidative damage and increasing the activity of PKC as a memory-related protein. Thus, carvacrol and thymol were found to have therapeutic potential in preventing or modulating AD.
Topics: Amyloid beta-Peptides; Animals; Apoptosis; Cell Survival; Cymenes; Enzyme Activation; Neuroprotective Agents; Oxidative Stress; PC12 Cells; Peptide Fragments; Protein Kinase C; Rats; Reactive Oxygen Species; Thymol
PubMed: 32306722
DOI: 10.29252/ibj.24.4.243 -
Iranian Biomedical Journal Mar 2023Infection is one of the significant challenges in medical implant-related surgeries. Despite systemic antibiotic therapies, bacterial growth after implantation may cause...
BACKGROUND
Infection is one of the significant challenges in medical implant-related surgeries. Despite systemic antibiotic therapies, bacterial growth after implantation may cause implant failure. Nowadays, unlike the systemic therapy, local controlled release of antibiotic agents is considered an effective approach for the prevention of implant-related infections. The present study aimed to develop a niosomal nanocarrier incorporated into fibroin films for local and continuous delivery of thymol, a natural plant-derived antimicrobial agent for preventing infections caused by implant-related.
METHODS
Niosomes containing thymol were prepared by thin-film hydration technique. Thymol sustained release from the prepared films was assessed for 14 days. Antibacterial activities of the synthesized films were also evaluated by the agar diffusion technique against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus.
RESULTS
The release behavior from the niosomal thymol films showed a sustained manner, in which the amount of the released thymol reached 40% after 14 days. The films containing thymol with and without niosome showed a significant viability against L929 fibroblast cells compared to other groups after 24 and 48 h, using MTT assay. Also, samples exhibited potent antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria.
CONCLUSION
The results of this study demonstrate that the niosomal thymol-loaded fibroin film is a promising candidate for the controlled release of thymol and prevention of implant-related infection.
Topics: Thymol; Delayed-Action Preparations; Fibroins; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Liposomes
PubMed: 37070674
DOI: 10.61186/ibj.3788 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2020Thymol and the corresponding brominated derivatives constitute important biological active molecules as antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, and antiparasitic agents....
Thymol and the corresponding brominated derivatives constitute important biological active molecules as antibacterial, antioxidant, antifungal, and antiparasitic agents. However, their application is often limited, because their pronounced fragrance, their poor solubility in water, and their high volatility. The encapsulation of different thymol derivatives into biocompatible lignin-microcapsules is presented as a synergy-delivering remedy. The adoption of lignosulfonate as an encapsulating material possessing relevant antioxidant activity, as well as general biocompatibility allows for the development of new materials that are suitable for the application in various fields, especially cosmesis. To this purpose, lignin microcapsules containing thymol, 4-bromothymol, 2,4-dibromothymol, and the corresponding -methylated derivatives have been efficiently prepared through a sustainable ultrasonication procedure. Actives could be efficiently encapsulated with efficiencies of up to 50%. To evaluate the applicability of such systems for topical purposes, controlled release experiments have been performed in acetate buffer at pH 5.4, to simulate skin pH: all of the capsules show a slow release of actives, which is strongly determined by their inherent lipophilicity.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Infective Agents; Antioxidants; Buffers; Capsules; Delayed-Action Preparations; Drug Compounding; Drug Liberation; Halogenation; Humans; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration; Kinetics; Lignin; Particle Size; Solubility; Solutions; Sonication; Thymol
PubMed: 32079068
DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040866 -
Mycobiology 2022The antifungal activity of thymol against F23 and F15 in onions was examined through direct treatment with amended media and gaseous treatment with I-plates (plastic...
The antifungal activity of thymol against F23 and F15 in onions was examined through direct treatment with amended media and gaseous treatment with I-plates (plastic plates containing central partitions). The protective and curative control efficacy of thymol was examined 24 h before and after the inoculation of onion bulbs with the fungal isolates. Mycelial growth, sporulation, and spore germination of the isolates were inhibited on potato dextrose agar amended with various concentrations of thymol or acetic acid (positive control). Overall, thymol produced a stronger inhibitory effect on the mycelial growth and development of the isolates than acetic acid. Following gaseous treatment in I-plates, mycelial growth, sporulation, and spore germination of the isolates were inhibited at higher concentrations of thymol or acetic acid; however, acetic acid showed a little effect on the sporulation and spore germination of the isolates. Following the treatment of onion bulbs with 1000 mg L of thymol 24 h before and after fungal inoculation, lesion diameter was greatly reduced compared with that following treatment with 0.5% ethanol (solvent control). Onion bulbs sprayed with thymol 24 h before fungal inoculation generally showed reduced lesion diameters by isolate F23 but not in isolate F15 compared with those sprayed 24 h after fungal inoculation. Collectively, thymol effectively inhibited the growth and development of and on amended media and in I-plates. In addition, spraying or fumigation of thymol is more desirable for effectively controlling these postharvest fungal pathogens during long-term storage conditions.
PubMed: 36721790
DOI: 10.1080/12298093.2022.2158557 -
Journal of Infection in Developing... Jan 2023Human trichomoniasis is a widespread sexually transmitted disease and the concern of drug resistance in the parasite is growing. Hence, this study was performed to...
INTRODUCTION
Human trichomoniasis is a widespread sexually transmitted disease and the concern of drug resistance in the parasite is growing. Hence, this study was performed to evaluate in vitro antitrichomonal activity of Satureja khuzestanica, carvacrol, thymol, eugenol, and phytochemical evaluation of the S. khuzestanica oil.
METHODOLOGY
Extracts and essential oil of S. khuzestanica, and the components were prepared. Then, susceptibility testing was performed using the microtiter plate method and Trichomonas vaginalis isolates. The minimum lethal concentration (MLC) of the agents was determined in comparison with metronidazole. Also, the essential oil was investigated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detector.
RESULTS
After 48 hours of incubation, carvacrol and thymol were the most effective antitrichomonal agents with MLC of 100 µg/mL, followed by the essential oil and hexanic extract (MLC = 200 µg/mL), then eugenol and methanolic extract (MLC = 400 µg/mL), in comparison with the metronidazole MLC of 6.8 µg/mL. Overall, 33 identified compounds accounted for 98.72% of the total essential oil composition with carvacrol, thymol, and p-cymene being the major constituents.
CONCLUSIONS
The results suggested the potency of S. khuzestanica and its bioactive ingredients against T. vaginalis. Thus, further in vivo studies are required to evaluate the efficacies of the agents.
Topics: Humans; Thymol; Oils, Volatile; Antitrichomonal Agents; Satureja; Eugenol; Metronidazole; Plant Extracts
PubMed: 36795930
DOI: 10.3855/jidc.16360 -
Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy =... Mar 2022The unexpected emergence of the new Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected more than three hundred million individuals and resulted in more than five million deaths... (Review)
Review
The unexpected emergence of the new Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has affected more than three hundred million individuals and resulted in more than five million deaths worldwide. The ongoing pandemic has underscored the urgent need for effective preventive and therapeutic measures to develop anti-viral therapy. The natural compounds possess various pharmaceutical properties and are reported as effective anti-virals. The interest to develop an anti-viral drug against the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) from natural compounds has increased globally. Here, we investigated the anti-viral potential of selected promising natural products. Sources of data for this paper are current literature published in the context of therapeutic uses of phytoconstituents and their mechanism of action published in various reputed peer-reviewed journals. An extensive literature survey was done and data were critically analyzed to get deeper insights into the mechanism of action of a few important phytoconstituents. The consumption of natural products such as thymoquinone, quercetin, caffeic acid, ursolic acid, ellagic acid, vanillin, thymol, and rosmarinic acid could improve our immune response and thus possesses excellent therapeutic potential. This review focuses on the anti-viral functions of various phytoconstituent and alkaloids and their potential therapeutic implications against SARS-CoV-2. Our comprehensive analysis provides mechanistic insights into phytoconstituents to restrain viral infection and provide a better solution through natural, therapeutically active agents.
Topics: Alkaloids; Antiviral Agents; Benzaldehydes; Benzoquinones; Caffeic Acids; Cinnamates; Depsides; Ellagic Acid; Humans; Phytochemicals; Phytotherapy; Quercetin; SARS-CoV-2; Thymol; Triterpenes; COVID-19 Drug Treatment; Rosmarinic Acid; Ursolic Acid
PubMed: 35066300
DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112658 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Aug 2017The majority of currently used anesthetic agents are derived from or associated with natural products, especially plants, as evidenced by cocaine that was isolated from... (Review)
Review
The majority of currently used anesthetic agents are derived from or associated with natural products, especially plants, as evidenced by cocaine that was isolated from coca (, Erythroxylaceae) and became a prototype of modern local anesthetics and by thymol and eugenol contained in thyme (, Lamiaceae) and clove (, Myrtaceae), respectively, both of which are structurally and mechanistically similar to intravenous phenolic anesthetics. This paper reviews different classes of phytochemicals with the anesthetic activity and their characteristic molecular structures that could be lead compounds for anesthetics and anesthesia-related drugs. Phytochemicals in research papers published between 1996 and 2016 were retrieved from the point of view of well-known modes of anesthetic action, that is, the mechanistic interactions with Na⁺ channels, γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors, -methyl-d-aspartate receptors and lipid membranes. The searched phytochemicals include terpenoids, alkaloids and flavonoids because they have been frequently reported to possess local anesthetic, general anesthetic, antinociceptive, analgesic or sedative property. Clinical applicability of phytochemicals to local and general anesthesia is discussed by referring to animal in vivo experiments and human pre-clinical trials. This review will give structural suggestions for novel anesthetic agents of plant origin.
Topics: Anesthetics; Anesthetics, Local; Cocaine; Eugenol; Humans; Phytochemicals; Syzygium; Thymol; Thymus Plant
PubMed: 28820497
DOI: 10.3390/molecules22081369 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Jan 2021Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid lineage of blood cells, and treatment for AML is lengthy and can be very expensive. Medicinal plants and their...
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a cancer of the myeloid lineage of blood cells, and treatment for AML is lengthy and can be very expensive. Medicinal plants and their bioactive molecules are potential candidates for improving human health. In this work, we studied the effect of (PV) essential oil and its derivatives, carvacrol and thymol, in AML cell lines. We demonstrated that a combination of carvacrol and thymol induced tumor cell death with low toxicity on normal cells. Mechanistically, we highlighted that different molecular pathways, including apoptosis, oxidative, reticular stress, autophagy, and necrosis, are implicated in this potential synergistic effect. Using quantitative RT-PCR, Western blotting, and apoptosis inhibitors, we showed that cell death induced by the carvacrol and thymol combination is caspase-dependent in the HL60 cell line and caspase-independent in the other cell lines tested. Further investigations should focus on improving the manufacturing of these compounds and understanding their anti-tumoral mechanisms of action. These efforts will lead to an increase in the efficiency of the oncotherapy strategy regarding AML.
Topics: Anti-Infective Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Apoptosis; Cell Proliferation; Cymenes; Drug Synergism; Humans; Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute; Thymol; Tumor Cells, Cultured
PubMed: 33466806
DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020410 -
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety Sep 2021The present work was designed to assess the potential ameliorative effect of thymol on the testicular toxicity caused by imidacloprid (IMI) in adult male rats. Forty...
Thymol alleviates imidacloprid-induced testicular toxicity by modulating oxidative stress and expression of steroidogenesis and apoptosis-related genes in adult male rats.
The present work was designed to assess the potential ameliorative effect of thymol on the testicular toxicity caused by imidacloprid (IMI) in adult male rats. Forty adult male rats were allocated into four groups; control group was given corn oil, thymol-treated group (30 mg/kg b.wt), IMI-treated group (22.5 mg/kg b.wt), and IMI + thymol-treated group. All administrations were done by gavage every day for duration of 56 days. As a result, the IMI exposure caused a significant decline in the body weight change, reproductive organ weights, sperm functional parameters, and serum level of testosterone, widespread histological alterations, and apoptosis in the testis. Additionally, the IMI-treated rats exhibited a remarkable increment in the serum levels of follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. Also, IMI induced testicular oxidative stress, as indicated by elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and a marked decline in the activity of antioxidant enzymes and reduced glutathione (GSH), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels. Moreover, IMI treatment significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of steroidogenic genes and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunoexpression in the testicular tissue. However, thymol co-administration significantly mitigated the IMI-induced toxic effects. Our findings suggested that IMI acts as a male reproductive toxicant in rats and thymol could be a potential therapeutic option for IMI reprotoxic impacts.
Topics: Animals; Antioxidants; Apoptosis; Male; Neonicotinoids; Nitro Compounds; Organ Size; Oxidative Stress; Rats; Spermatozoa; Testis; Testosterone; Thymol
PubMed: 34171690
DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112435