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Journal of Family Medicine and Primary... Apr 2020Lymphomas constitute the third most common neoplasm in head and neck region arising from the lymphoreticular system. Malignant lymphomas are divided into Hodgkin's... (Review)
Review
Lymphomas constitute the third most common neoplasm in head and neck region arising from the lymphoreticular system. Malignant lymphomas are divided into Hodgkin's disease and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). NHL comprises approximately 5% of head and neck malignancies and displays a wide range of appearances comparable with Hodgkin's disease. Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are seen in the head and neck region, but extranodal disease, with or without lymph node involvement, is more common among NHL patients. Extranodal involvement includes the areas such as Waldeyer's ring (i.e., the tonsils, pharynx, and base of the tongue), salivary glands, orbit, paranasal sinuses, and thyroid glands. There are several classification systems for categorizing NHL out of which WHO classification for lymphoid neoplasms is mostly followed. This review describes the pathogenesis of NHL and explains some of the important NHL (Marginal zone B-cell Lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, mantle cell lymphoma).
PubMed: 32670927
DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_1037_19 -
Head and Neck Pathology Mar 2022The fifth chapter of the upcoming fifth edition of the 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Head and Neck titled Tumours of the oral cavity... (Review)
Review
The fifth chapter of the upcoming fifth edition of the 2022 World Health Organization Classification of Tumours of the Head and Neck titled Tumours of the oral cavity and mobile tongue, has had some modifications from the 2017 fourth edition. A new section "Non-neoplastic Lesions", introduces two new entries: necrotizing sialometaplasia and melanoacanthoma. The combined Oral potentially malignant disorders and Oral epithelial dysplasia section in the 2015 WHO has now been separated and submucous fibrosis and HPV-associated dysplasia are also discussed in separate sections. Carcinoma cuniculatum and verrucous carcinoma are described in dedicated sections, reflecting that the oral cavity is the most common location in the head and neck for both these entities which have distinct clinical and histologic features from conventional squamous cell carcinoma. This review summarizes the changes in Chapter 5 with special reference to new additions, deletions, and sections that reflect current clinical, histological, and molecular advances.
Topics: Acanthoma; Carcinoma, Verrucous; Humans; Mouth Neoplasms; Oral Submucous Fibrosis; Sialometaplasia, Necrotizing; Tongue; Tongue Neoplasms; World Health Organization
PubMed: 35312982
DOI: 10.1007/s12105-021-01402-9 -
American Journal of Physiology. Cell... Dec 2022Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common histological type of mobile tongue carcinoma. The incidence of mobile tongue carcinoma is decreasing in some countries... (Review)
Review
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common histological type of mobile tongue carcinoma. The incidence of mobile tongue carcinoma is decreasing in some countries owing to decreasing exposure to risk factors, but it has been reported to be increasing in younger people. The majority of mobile tongue cancers are conventional SCCs. Pathological diagnosis of conventional SCC is relatively easy. However, mobile tongue SCCs involve several subtypes that have distinct pathological features and biological behaviors. Some subtypes are relatively rare, and the pathological subtype influences treatment decision-making. Therefore, the recognition of SCC subtypes is crucial for proper treatment. In this review, we summarize nine SCC subtypes, including conventional SCC and highlight their pathological characteristics. We also report some morphological factors, such as the pattern of invasion, budding, desmoplastic reaction, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion, which could be predictive of prognosis. As some morphological factors are closely associated with prognosis, pathologists may need to evaluate additional factors in pathological reports of near features. In summary, we highlight the basic knowledge of mobile tongue SCC with an emphasis on pathological subtypes, morphological features, and their relationship. We provide information to further elucidate SCC in the oral region.
Topics: Humans; Tongue Neoplasms; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Tongue; Risk Factors
PubMed: 36252129
DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00098.2022 -
Cancer Medicine Dec 2021Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is characterized by aggressive invasion and poor prognosis. Currently, immune checkpoint inhibitors may prolong overall survival...
BACKGROUND
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is characterized by aggressive invasion and poor prognosis. Currently, immune checkpoint inhibitors may prolong overall survival compared with conventional treatments. However, PD1/PDL1 remain inapplicable in predicting the prognosis of TSCC; thus, it is urgent to explore the genetic characteristics of TSCC.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
We utilized single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) to classify TSCC patients from the TCGA database into clusters with different immune cell infiltrations. ESTIMATE (immune-related scores) and CIBERSORT (immune cell distribution) analyses were used to evaluate the immune landscape among clusters. GO, KEGG, and GSEA analyses were performed to analyze the different underlying molecular mechanisms in the clusters. Based on the immune characteristics, we applied the LASSO Cox regression to select hub genes and construct a prognostic risk model. Finally, we established an interactive network among these hub genes by using Cytoscape, and a pan-cancer analysis to further verify and decipher the innate function of these genes.
RESULTS
Using ssGSEA, we constructed three functional clusters with different overall survival and immune-cell infiltration. ESTIMATE and CIBERSORT analyses revealed the different distributions of immune cells (T cells, B cells, and macrophages) with diverse immune-related scores (ESTIMATE, immune, stromal, and tumor purity scores). Moreover, pathways including those of the interferon-gamma response, hypoxia, and glycolysis of the different subtypes were investigated to elucidate their involvement in mediating the heterogeneous immune characteristics. Subsequently, after LASSO Cox regression, a signature of 15 immune-related genes was established that is more prognostically effective than the TNM stage. Furthermore, three hub genes-PGK1, GPI, and RPE-were selected using Cytoscape evaluation and verified by immunohistochemistry. PGK1, the foremost regulator, was a comprehensively profiled pan-cancer, and a PGK1-based interactive network was established.
CONCLUSION
Our results suggest that immune-related genes and clusters in TSCC have the potential to guide individualized treatments.
Topics: Algorithms; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Databases, Genetic; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Humans; Prognosis; Survival Analysis; Tongue Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 34668665
DOI: 10.1002/cam4.4341 -
BMC Cancer Aug 2019Numerous studies have highlighted that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can bind to microRNA (miRNA) sites as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), thereby affecting and...
BACKGROUND
Numerous studies have highlighted that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can bind to microRNA (miRNA) sites as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs), thereby affecting and regulating the expression of mRNAs and target genes. These lncRNA-associated ceRNAs have been theorized to play a significant role in cancer initiation and progression. However, the roles and functions of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network in squamous cell carcinoma of the tongue (SCCT) are still unclear.
METHODS
The miRNA, mRNA and lncRNA expression profiles from 138 patients with SCCT were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. We identified the differential expression of miRNAs, mRNAs, and lncRNAs using the limma package of R software. We used the clusterProfiler package for GO and KEGG pathway annotations. The survival package was used to estimate survival analysis according to the Kaplan-Meier curve. Finally, the GDCRNATools package was used to construct the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network.
RESULTS
In total, 1943 SCCT-specific mRNAs, 107 lncRNAs and 100 miRNAs were explored. Ten mRNAs (CSRP2, CKS2, ADGRG6, MB21D1, GMNN, RIPOR3, RAD51, PCLAF, ORC1, NAGS), 9 lncRNAs (LINC02560, HOXC13 - AS, FOXD2 - AS1, AC105277.1, AC099850.3, STARD4 - AS1, SLC16A1 - AS1, MIR503HG, MIR100HG) and 8 miRNAs (miR - 654, miR - 503, miR - 450a, miR - 379, miR - 369, miR - 190a, miR - 101, and let-7c) were found to be significantly associated with overall survival (log-rank p < 0.05). Based on the analysis of the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network, one differentially expressed (DE) lncRNA, five DEmiRNAs, and three DEmRNAs were demonstrated to be related to the pathogenesis of SCCT.
CONCLUSIONS
In this study, we described the gene regulation by the lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA ceRNA network in the progression of SCCT. We propose a new lncRNA-associated ceRNA that could help in the diagnosis and treatment of SCCT.
Topics: Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Biomarkers, Tumor; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Computational Biology; Female; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic; Gene Ontology; Gene Regulatory Networks; Humans; Kaplan-Meier Estimate; Male; MicroRNAs; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; RNA, Long Noncoding; RNA, Messenger; Tongue Neoplasms; Transcriptome
PubMed: 31391008
DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5983-8 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Oct 2022In this work we explore the structure of a G-rich DNA aptamer termed AT11-L2 (TGGTGGTGGTTGTTGTTGGTGGTGGTGGT; derivative of AT11) by evaluating the formation and...
In this work we explore the structure of a G-rich DNA aptamer termed AT11-L2 (TGGTGGTGGTTGTTGTTGGTGGTGGTGGT; derivative of AT11) by evaluating the formation and stability of G-quadruplex (G4) conformation under different experimental conditions such as KCl concentration, temperature, and upon binding with a variety of G4 ligands (360A, BRACO-19, PDS, PhenDC3, TMPyP4). We also determined whether nucleolin (NCL) can be a target of AT11-L2 G4. Firstly, we assessed by circular dichroism, UV and NMR spectroscopies the formation of G4 by AT11-L2. We observed that, for KCl concentrations of 65 mM or less, AT11-L2 adopts hybrid or multiple topologies. In contrast, a parallel topology predominates for buffer containing 100 mM of KCl. The of AT11-L2 in 100 mM of KCl is 38.9 °C, proving the weak stability of this sequence. We also found that upon titration with two molar equivalents of 360A, BRACO-19 and PhenDC3, the G4 is strongly stabilized and its topology is maintained, while the addition of 3.5 molar equivalents of TMPyP4 promotes the disruption of G4. The values between AT11-L2 G4, ligands and NCL were obtained by fluorescence titrations and are in the range of µM for ligand complexes and nM when adding NCL. In silico studies suggest that four ligands bind to the AT11-L2 G4 structure by stacking interactions, while the RBD1,2 domains of NCL interact preferentially with the thymines of AT11-L2 G4. Finally, AT11-L2 G4 co-localized with NCL in NCL-positive tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line.
Topics: Humans; Ligands; Aptamers, Nucleotide; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Tongue Neoplasms; G-Quadruplexes
PubMed: 36296374
DOI: 10.3390/molecules27206781 -
European Annals of Otorhinolaryngology,... Oct 2021
Topics: Humans; Tongue; Tongue Neoplasms
PubMed: 33676879
DOI: 10.1016/j.anorl.2021.02.009 -
Acta Biochimica Et Biophysica Sinica Jul 2021Pre-mRNA processing factor 19 (PRPF19) is a multifaceted protein and participates in DNA damage response and pre-mRNA processing. The role of PRPF19 in cancer is...
Pre-mRNA processing factor 19 (PRPF19) is a multifaceted protein and participates in DNA damage response and pre-mRNA processing. The role of PRPF19 in cancer is unclear. Here, we report that the expression of PRPF19 in human tongue cancer is associated with unfavorable prognosis. Overexpression of PRPF19 promotes while knockdown of PRPF19 inhibits tongue cancer cell migration, proliferation, and tumor growth. Overexpression of PRPF19 increases the resistance of tongue cancer cells to radiation and cisplatin treatment. Furthermore, PRPF19 regulates the expression of solute carrier family 40 member 1 (SLC40A1) and mono-ADP ribosylhydrolase 2 (MACROD2), knockdown of SLC40A1 or MACROD2 decreases the sensitivity of tongue cancer cells to radiation and cisplatin treatment. Thus, our results establish a key role of PRPF19 in tongue cancer growth and chemoradiotherapy resistance, targeting PRPF19 would be an effective therapeutic strategy for tongue cancer, especially for those resistant to chemoradiotherapy.
Topics: Animals; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Movement; Cell Proliferation; Chemoradiotherapy; Cisplatin; DNA Repair Enzymes; Drug Resistance, Neoplasm; Female; Humans; Male; Mice; Mice, Inbred NOD; Mice, SCID; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Proteins; Nuclear Proteins; RNA Splicing Factors; Radiation Tolerance; Radiation, Ionizing; Tongue Neoplasms; Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
PubMed: 33954334
DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmab059 -
Neoplasia (New York, N.Y.) Sep 2022Recently, increased number of studies have demonstrated a relationship between the oral microbiome and development of head and neck cancer, however, there are few...
Recently, increased number of studies have demonstrated a relationship between the oral microbiome and development of head and neck cancer, however, there are few studies to investigate the role of oral bacteria in the context of the tumor microenvironment in a single head and neck subsite. Here, paired tumor and adjacent normal tissues from thirty-seven oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients were subjected to 16S rRNA gene sequencing and whole exome sequencing (WES), in addition to RNA sequencing for tumor samples. We observed that Fusobacterium was significantly enriched in oral tongue cancer and that Rothia and Streptococcus were enriched in adjacent normal tissues. A decrease in alpha diversity was found in tumor when compared to adjacent normal tissues. While increased Fusobacterium in tumor samples was not associated with changes in immune cell infiltration, it was associated with increased PD-L1 mRNA expression. Therefore, we examined the effects of Fusobacterium on PD-L1 expression in head and neck SCC cell lines. We demonstrated that infection with Fusobacterium species can increase both PD-L1 mRNA and surface PD-L1 protein expression on head and neck cancer cell lines. The correlation between Fusobacterium and PD-L1 expression in oral tongue SCC, in conjunction with the ability of the bacterium to induce PD-L1 expression in vitro suggests a potential role for Fusobacterium on modulation of the tumor immune microenvironment in head and neck cancer.
Topics: B7-H1 Antigen; Carcinoma, Squamous Cell; Fusobacterium; Head and Neck Neoplasms; Humans; Mouth Neoplasms; RNA, Messenger; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Squamous Cell Carcinoma of Head and Neck; Tongue Neoplasms; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 35834946
DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2022.100813 -
Journal of the Formosan Medical... Dec 2022Locally advanced tongue or tongue base cancer is recommended to be treated by radical resection that is usually detrimental to physiological functions. This study...
BACKGROUND/PURPOSE
Locally advanced tongue or tongue base cancer is recommended to be treated by radical resection that is usually detrimental to physiological functions. This study reports the efficacy and treatment outcome of the patients who had received total glossectomy and laryngeal suspension without lip-split mandibulotomy and free flap reconstruction to preserve laryngopharyngeal function.
METHODS
From 2010 to 2018, 37 consecutive patients who had received the surgery were retrospectively recruited.
RESULTS
The overall five-year survival is 72%. The postoperative dependent rate of feeding tube and tracheostomy largely decreases within 1-year follow-up. Treated by this surgical method, these patients are free from facial disfiguration, donor site morbidity, and destructive mastication and occlusion. It is also feasible to perform this surgical technique in the recurrent cases previously treated by chemoradiation.
CONCLUSION
Total glossectomy with laryngeal suspension can be successfully applied to locally advanced tongue or tongue base cancer, and benefits the patients with improved survival and preserved physiological function. Especially surgeons for free flap reconstruction are understaffed at some regional or district hospitals.
Topics: Humans; Free Tissue Flaps; Retrospective Studies; Tongue Neoplasms; Glossectomy; Oropharyngeal Neoplasms; Tongue; Laryngeal Neoplasms
PubMed: 35985885
DOI: 10.1016/j.jfma.2022.07.007