-
Periodontology 2000 Jun 2020Diabetes affects one in 10 adults and periodontal disease affects four in 10 adults in the USA, and they are linked. Individuals with diabetes are more likely to suffer... (Review)
Review
Diabetes affects one in 10 adults and periodontal disease affects four in 10 adults in the USA, and they are linked. Individuals with diabetes are more likely to suffer from periodontal disease and periodontal disease affects glycemic control and complications of diabetes. The role of diabetes as a risk factor for periodontal disease and other oral conditions will be discussed in this review. The fact that type 2 diabetes, especially uncontrolled, is a risk factor for periodontal disease has long been recognized. However, the role of type 1 diabetes and gestational diabetes in periodontal risk has recently been described. Also, diabetes as a risk factor for tooth loss has more recently been described and the deleterious effects of tooth loss, especially edentulism, in comparing the diets of patients with diabetes is now fully appreciated. From longitudinal studies it is clear that diabetes often precedes periodontitis and, hence, may contribute to the causal pathway of periodontitis. Other oral manifestations of diabetes include increased risk of oral and nonoral (vaginal) fungal infections. In patients with diabetes there is often reduced salivary flow associated with diabetes medications and neuropathy affecting the salivary glands. This may lead to increased caries. Burning mouth, resulting from diabetes neuropathy, and taste impairment may also be seen. It has long been known that there is delayed wound healing in patients with diabetes, especially if uncontrolled. Hence, it is critical to achieve good glycemic control before carrying out surgical procedures or dental implant placement in patients with diabetes.
Topics: Adult; Dental Caries; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Risk Factors; Tooth Loss
PubMed: 32385881
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12270 -
Dental Traumatology : Official... Aug 2020Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) of permanent teeth occur frequently in children and young adults. Crown fractures and luxations of these teeth are the most commonly... (Review)
Review
Traumatic dental injuries (TDIs) of permanent teeth occur frequently in children and young adults. Crown fractures and luxations of these teeth are the most commonly occurring of all dental injuries. Proper diagnosis, treatment planning, and follow up are important for achieving a favorable outcome. Guidelines should assist dentists and patients in decision making and in providing the best care possible, both effectively and efficiently. The International Association of Dental Traumatology (IADT) has developed these Guidelines as a consensus statement after a comprehensive review of the dental literature and working group discussions. Experienced researchers and clinicians from various specialties and the general dentistry community were included in the working group. In cases where the published data did not appear conclusive, recommendations were based on the consensus opinions of the working group. They were then reviewed and approved by the members of the IADT Board of Directors. These Guidelines represent the best current evidence based on literature search and expert opinion. The primary goal of these Guidelines is to delineate an approach for the immediate or urgent care of TDIs. In this first article, the IADT Guidelines cover the management of fractures and luxations of permanent teeth. The IADT does not, and cannot, guarantee favorable outcomes from adherence to the Guidelines. However, the IADT believes that their application can maximize the probability of favorable outcomes.
Topics: Child; Dentition, Permanent; Fractures, Bone; Humans; Tooth Avulsion; Tooth Fractures; Tooth Injuries; Traumatology; Young Adult
PubMed: 32475015
DOI: 10.1111/edt.12578 -
Periodontology 2000 Jun 2021The extracellular matrix is a critical component of microbial biofilms, such as dental plaque, maintaining the spatial arrangement of cells and coordinating cellular... (Review)
Review
The extracellular matrix is a critical component of microbial biofilms, such as dental plaque, maintaining the spatial arrangement of cells and coordinating cellular functions throughout the structure. The extracellular polymeric substances that comprise the matrix include carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, which are frequently organized into macromolecular complexes and/or are associated with the surfaces of microbial cells within the biofilm. Cariogenic dental plaque is rich in glucan and fructan polysaccharides derived from extracellular microbial metabolism of dietary sucrose. By contrast, the matrix of subgingival dental plaque is a complex mixture of macromolecules that is still not well understood. Components of the matrix escape from microbial cells during lysis by active secretion or through the shedding of vesicles and serve to anchor microbial cells to the tooth surface. By maintaining the biofilm in close association with host tissues, the matrix facilitates interactions between microorganisms and the host. The outcome of these interactions may be the maintenance of health or the development of dental disease, such as caries or periodontitis. The matrix affords microbial cells protection against chemical and physical insults and hinders the eradication of pathogenic dental plaque. Therefore, strategies to control the matrix are critical to maintain oral health. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of the composition, origins, and function of the dental plaque matrix, with a focus on subgingival dental plaque. New strategies to control subgingival dental plaque based on targeting the biofilm matrix are also considered.
Topics: Biofilms; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Extracellular Polymeric Substance Matrix; Humans; Periodontitis
PubMed: 33690911
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12361 -
Dental Traumatology : Official... Aug 2022Tooth resorption is either a physiological or a pathological process resulting in loss of dentin and/or cementum. It may also be associated with bone loss. Currently... (Review)
Review
Tooth resorption is either a physiological or a pathological process resulting in loss of dentin and/or cementum. It may also be associated with bone loss. Currently there is no universal classification for the different types of tooth resorption. This lack of a universal classification leads to both confusion amongst practitioners and poor understanding of the resorptive processes occurring in teeth which can result in incorrect/inappropriate diagnoses and mis-management. When developing a classification of diseases and/or conditions that occur within the body, several criteria should be followed to ensure a useful classification. The classification should not only include pathological conditions but also physiological conditions. Since tooth resorption can be either pathological or physiological, a classification of tooth resorption should include both of these categories. Any classification of diseases should be possible to use clinically, meaningful, useful, clear and universal. It should enable easy storage, retrieval and analysis of health information for evidenced-based decision-making. It should also be possible to share and compare data and information between different institutions, settings and countries. A classification of tooth resorption should be developed by combining anatomical, physiological and pathological approaches. For some types of resorption, the aetiological approach should also be incorporated. A classification of tooth resorption that uses simple, relevant and appropriate terminology based on the nature and location of the resorptive process occurring in teeth is proposed. There are two broad categories of internal and external tooth resorption which are sub-divided into three types of internal tooth resorption (surface, inflammatory, replacement) and eight types of external tooth resorption (surface, inflammatory, replacement, invasive, pressure, orthodontic, physiological, idiopathic). The clinician's understanding, diagnosis and management of tooth resorption can be facilitated by using this simple classification which should ideally be used universally by the entire dental profession to ensure clarity and to avoid confusion.
Topics: Dental Cementum; Humans; Molar; Root Resorption; Tooth Resorption
PubMed: 35605161
DOI: 10.1111/edt.12762 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2020Abfraction is a loss of tooth structure along the gingival margin and manifests with different clinical appearances. It has multifactorial etiology and may occur due to... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Abfraction is a loss of tooth structure along the gingival margin and manifests with different clinical appearances. It has multifactorial etiology and may occur due to normal and abnormal tooth function and may also be accompanied by pathological wear, such as abrasion and erosion. The theory behind the abfraction is that the tooth flexure in the cervical area is caused due to occlusal compressive forces and tensile stresses. This results in the fractures in the hydroxyapatite (HA) crystals. It is also caused by the low packing density of the Hunter-Schreger band (HSB) at the cervical area. Unfortunately, there is a lack of evidence regarding the outcome of abfraction with or without intervention. The aim of this review is to collect clinical information from the literature and discuss the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical representation, and management. Also, search databases for clinical studies that describe the role of sclerotic dentine in non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) are becoming a clinical challenge.
METHODS
The literature was searched that described the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical representation, and management of the abfraction lesions. Also, a specific question regarding the formation of sclerotic dentin in the NCCL lesion was described and searched for evidence that challenges etching, bonding, and successfully restoring NCCLs. The databases PUBMED, SCOPUS, MEDLINE, WEB of SCIENCE, and EMBASE were searched using the key terms. The inclusion criteria were the randomized controlled clinical trial, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies that aimed at determining the role of sclerotic dentine in NCCLs and its effect on etching, bonding.
RESULTS
One clinical study was retrieved according to the PRISMA flowchart and PICO format. The longer etching time, total-etch adhesive system, and EDTA pre-treatment of the sclerotic dentin of cervical wedge-shaped defects could improve the bonding strength in lesions like NCCL's.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, clinical challenges that occur due to NCCLs are better managed by a proper understanding of factors like etiopathogenesis, ultra-structure of enamel, and dentine and their effect on the bonding of restorations of the tooth.
Topics: Cross-Sectional Studies; Dental Enamel; Dentin; Humans; Tooth Cervix; Tooth Diseases
PubMed: 32436913
DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.IJDR_863_18 -
Nutrients May 2020Vitamin D (VD) levels have been gaining growing attention in Oral Health. During growth and adulthood, VD deficiency (VDD) is associated with a wide variety of oral... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D (VD) levels have been gaining growing attention in Oral Health. During growth and adulthood, VD deficiency (VDD) is associated with a wide variety of oral health disorders, and impaired VD synthesis may expedite some of these conditions. In children, severe VDD can induce defective tooth mineralization, resulting in dentin and enamel defects. As a consequence, these defects may increase the risk of the onset and progression of dental caries. Further, VDD has been associated with higher prevalence of periodontitis and gingival inflammation, and several recent preclinical and clinical studies have unveiled potential pathways through which Vitamin D may interact with the periodontium. VDD correction through supplementation may contribute to a successful treatment of periodontitis; however, alveolar bone regeneration procedures performed in baseline VDD patients seem more prone to failure. Vitamin D may also be linked with some oral pathology entities such as certain oral cancers and events of osteonecrosis of the jaw. This review aims to provide comprehensive evidence of how VD levels should be considered to promote good oral health, and to summarize how VDD may hamper oral development and its role in certain oral conditions.
Topics: Dental Caries; Humans; Oral Health; Periodontal Diseases; Tooth Diseases; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 32438644
DOI: 10.3390/nu12051471 -
Journal of Oral Rehabilitation Aug 2019Tooth wear is a common finding in adult patients with dental sleep disorders. The aim of this paper was to review the literature on the possible associations between... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Tooth wear is a common finding in adult patients with dental sleep disorders. The aim of this paper was to review the literature on the possible associations between tooth wear and the following dental sleep disorders: sleep-related oro-facial pain, oral moistening disorders, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) and sleep bruxism.
METHODS
A PubMed search was performed on 1 June 2018 using MeSH terms in the following query: Tooth Wear AND (Facial Pain OR Temporomandibular Joint Disorders OR Xerostomia OR Sialorrhea OR Gastroesophageal Reflux OR Sleep Apnea Syndrome OR Sleep Bruxism).
RESULTS
The query yielded 706 reports on tooth wear and the mentioned dental sleep disorders. Several associations between tooth wear and the dental sleep disorders were suggested in the literature. It could be concluded that: (a) tooth wear is associated with dental pain and/or hypersensitivity; (b) oral dryness is associated with tooth wear, oro-facial pain and sleep bruxism; (c) GERD is associated with tooth wear, oro-facial pain, oral dryness, OSAS and sleep bruxism; (d) OSAS is associated with oral dryness, GERD and sleep bruxism; and (e) sleep bruxism is associated with tooth wear.
CONCLUSIONS
Tooth wear is associated with the dental sleep disorders oro-facial pain, oral dryness, GERD and sleep bruxism. The dental sleep disorders are interlinked with each other, which leads to indirect associations as well, and makes the consequences of each single condition difficult to disentangle. Knowledge of these associations is clinically relevant, but more research is needed to confirm their validity.
Topics: Adult; Bruxism; Humans; Sleep; Sleep Bruxism; Sleep Wake Disorders; Tooth Attrition; Tooth Wear
PubMed: 31038764
DOI: 10.1111/joor.12807 -
Archives of Oral Biology Jul 2023in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD), oral health can be affected by motor and non-motor symptoms and/or medication use. Therefore, the aim was to systematically... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
in patients with Parkinson's Disease (PD), oral health can be affected by motor and non-motor symptoms and/or medication use. Therefore, the aim was to systematically review the literature on oral health and associated factors of oral health in PD patients.
DESIGN
a literature search was performed from inception up to April 5th, 2023. Original studies that assessed oral health-related factors in PD patients and were written in English or Dutch, were included.
RESULTS
11276 articles were identified, of which 43 met the inclusion criteria (quality range poor-good). A higher prevalence of dental biofilm, bleeding/gingivitis, pocket depth (≥4 mm), tooth mobility, caries, and number of decayed missing filled teeth/surfaces was found in PD patients than in controls. However, no difference between both groups was found when analysing edentulism and wearing dentures. Poor oral health of PD patients was associated with a longer disease duration, higher disease severity, and more prescribed medications.
CONCLUSIONS
oral health of PD patients is worse than that of healthy individuals. It is associated with the duration and severity of PD and medication use. Therefore, we advise regular appointments with oral health care professionals, with an important focus on prevention.
Topics: Humans; Oral Health; Dental Caries; Parkinson Disease; Gingivitis; Tooth Loss
PubMed: 37120970
DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105712 -
BioMed Research International 2020Dental caries is the most common oral disease. The bacteriological aetiology of dental caries promotes the use of antibiotics or antimicrobial agents to prevent this... (Review)
Review
Dental caries is the most common oral disease. The bacteriological aetiology of dental caries promotes the use of antibiotics or antimicrobial agents to prevent this type of oral infectious disease. Antibiotics have been developed for more than 80 years since Fleming discovered penicillin in 1928, and systemic antibiotics have been used to treat dental caries for a long time. However, new types of antimicrobial agents have been developed to fight against dental caries. The purpose of this review is to focus on the application of systemic antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents with respect to their clinical use to date, including the history of their development, and their side effects, uses, structure types, and molecular mechanisms to promote a better understanding of the importance of microbial interactions in dental plaque and combinational treatments.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Anti-Infective Agents; Dental Caries; Dental Plaque; Drug Resistance, Microbial; Humans; Microbial Interactions; Probiotics; Tooth Remineralization
PubMed: 32076608
DOI: 10.1155/2020/5658212 -
Journal of Dental Research Jan 2020This multicenter 3-arm, parallel-group, patient-randomized controlled trial compared clinical effectiveness of 3 treatment strategies over 3 y for managing dental caries... (Randomized Controlled Trial)
Randomized Controlled Trial
This multicenter 3-arm, parallel-group, patient-randomized controlled trial compared clinical effectiveness of 3 treatment strategies over 3 y for managing dental caries in primary teeth in UK primary dental care. Participants aged 3 to 7 y with at least 1 primary molar with dentinal carious lesion were randomized across 3 arms (1:1:1 via centrally administered system with variable-length random permuted blocks): C+P, conventional carious lesion management (complete carious tooth tissue removal and restoration placement) with prevention; B+P, biological management (sealing in carious tooth tissue restoratively) with prevention; and PA, prevention alone (diet, plaque removal, fluorides, and fissure sealants). Parents, children, and dentists were not blind to allocated arm. Co-primary outcomes were 1) the proportion of participants with at least 1 episode of dental pain and/or infection and 2) the number of episodes of dental pain and/or infection during follow-up (minimum, 23 mo). In sum, 1,144 participants were randomized (C+P, = 386; B+P, = 381; PA, = 377) by 72 general dental practitioners, of whom 1,058 (C+P, = 352; B+P, = 352; PA, = 354) attended at least 1 study visit and were included in the primary analysis. The median follow-up was 33.8 mo (interquartile range, 23.8 to 36.7). Proportions of participants with at least 1 episode of dental pain and/or infection were as follows: C+P, 42%; B+P, 40%; PA, 45%. There was no evidence of a difference in incidence of dental pain and/or infection when B+P (adjusted risk difference [97.5% CI]: -2% [-10% to 6%]) or PA (4% [-4% to 12%]) was compared with C+P. The mean (SD) number of episodes of dental pain and/or infection were as follows: C+P, 0.62 (0.95); B+P, 0.58 (0.87); and PA, 0.72 (0.98). Superiority could not be concluded for number of episodes between B+P (adjusted incident rate ratio (97.5% CI): 0.95 [0.75 to 1.21]) or PA (1.18 [0.94 to 1.48]) and C+P. In conclusion, there was no evidence of a difference among the 3 treatment approaches for incidence or number of episodes of dental pain and/or infection experienced by these participants with high caries risk and established disease (trial registration: ISRCTN77044005).
Topics: Child; Child, Preschool; Dental Caries; Dentists; Humans; Pit and Fissure Sealants; Professional Role; Tooth, Deciduous
PubMed: 31771385
DOI: 10.1177/0022034519888882