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Periodontology 2000 Jun 2020Diabetes affects one in 10 adults and periodontal disease affects four in 10 adults in the USA, and they are linked. Individuals with diabetes are more likely to suffer... (Review)
Review
Diabetes affects one in 10 adults and periodontal disease affects four in 10 adults in the USA, and they are linked. Individuals with diabetes are more likely to suffer from periodontal disease and periodontal disease affects glycemic control and complications of diabetes. The role of diabetes as a risk factor for periodontal disease and other oral conditions will be discussed in this review. The fact that type 2 diabetes, especially uncontrolled, is a risk factor for periodontal disease has long been recognized. However, the role of type 1 diabetes and gestational diabetes in periodontal risk has recently been described. Also, diabetes as a risk factor for tooth loss has more recently been described and the deleterious effects of tooth loss, especially edentulism, in comparing the diets of patients with diabetes is now fully appreciated. From longitudinal studies it is clear that diabetes often precedes periodontitis and, hence, may contribute to the causal pathway of periodontitis. Other oral manifestations of diabetes include increased risk of oral and nonoral (vaginal) fungal infections. In patients with diabetes there is often reduced salivary flow associated with diabetes medications and neuropathy affecting the salivary glands. This may lead to increased caries. Burning mouth, resulting from diabetes neuropathy, and taste impairment may also be seen. It has long been known that there is delayed wound healing in patients with diabetes, especially if uncontrolled. Hence, it is critical to achieve good glycemic control before carrying out surgical procedures or dental implant placement in patients with diabetes.
Topics: Adult; Dental Caries; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2; Female; Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Risk Factors; Tooth Loss
PubMed: 32385881
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12270 -
Physiological Reviews Jul 2017Dental enamel is the hardest and most mineralized tissue in extinct and extant vertebrate species and provides maximum durability that allows teeth to function as... (Review)
Review
Dental enamel is the hardest and most mineralized tissue in extinct and extant vertebrate species and provides maximum durability that allows teeth to function as weapons and/or tools as well as for food processing. Enamel development and mineralization is an intricate process tightly regulated by cells of the enamel organ called ameloblasts. These heavily polarized cells form a monolayer around the developing enamel tissue and move as a single forming front in specified directions as they lay down a proteinaceous matrix that serves as a template for crystal growth. Ameloblasts maintain intercellular connections creating a semi-permeable barrier that at one end (basal/proximal) receives nutrients and ions from blood vessels, and at the opposite end (secretory/apical/distal) forms extracellular crystals within specified pH conditions. In this unique environment, ameloblasts orchestrate crystal growth via multiple cellular activities including modulating the transport of minerals and ions, pH regulation, proteolysis, and endocytosis. In many vertebrates, the bulk of the enamel tissue volume is first formed and subsequently mineralized by these same cells as they retransform their morphology and function. Cell death by apoptosis and regression are the fates of many ameloblasts following enamel maturation, and what cells remain of the enamel organ are shed during tooth eruption, or are incorporated into the tooth's epithelial attachment to the oral gingiva. In this review, we examine key aspects of dental enamel formation, from its developmental genesis to the ever-increasing wealth of data on the mechanisms mediating ionic transport, as well as the clinical outcomes resulting from abnormal ameloblast function.
Topics: Ameloblasts; Amelogenesis; Animals; Dental Enamel; Dental Enamel Proteins; Evolution, Molecular; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Oral Health; Phenotype; Species Specificity; Tooth Abnormalities; Tooth Diseases
PubMed: 28468833
DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00030.2016 -
Indian Journal of Dental Research :... 2010The interrelationship between periodontal and endodontic disease has aroused confusion, queries and controversy. Differentiating between periodontal and endodontic... (Review)
Review
The interrelationship between periodontal and endodontic disease has aroused confusion, queries and controversy. Differentiating between periodontal and endodontic problems can be difficult. A symptomatic tooth may have pain of periodontal and/or pulpal origin. The nature of that pain is often the first clue in determining the etiology of such a problem. Radiographic and clinical evaluation can help clarify the nature of the problem. In some cases, the influence of pulpal pathology may create periodontal involvement. In others, periodontal pathology may create pulpal pathology. This review article discusses the various clinical aspects to be considered for accurately diagnosing and treating endo-perio lesions.
Topics: Clinical Protocols; Dental Fistula; Dental Pulp Diseases; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Ligament; Tooth Apex; Toothache
PubMed: 21187629
DOI: 10.4103/0970-9290.74238 -
Journal of Oral Rehabilitation Aug 2019Tooth wear is a common finding in adult patients with dental sleep disorders. The aim of this paper was to review the literature on the possible associations between... (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVES
Tooth wear is a common finding in adult patients with dental sleep disorders. The aim of this paper was to review the literature on the possible associations between tooth wear and the following dental sleep disorders: sleep-related oro-facial pain, oral moistening disorders, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) and sleep bruxism.
METHODS
A PubMed search was performed on 1 June 2018 using MeSH terms in the following query: Tooth Wear AND (Facial Pain OR Temporomandibular Joint Disorders OR Xerostomia OR Sialorrhea OR Gastroesophageal Reflux OR Sleep Apnea Syndrome OR Sleep Bruxism).
RESULTS
The query yielded 706 reports on tooth wear and the mentioned dental sleep disorders. Several associations between tooth wear and the dental sleep disorders were suggested in the literature. It could be concluded that: (a) tooth wear is associated with dental pain and/or hypersensitivity; (b) oral dryness is associated with tooth wear, oro-facial pain and sleep bruxism; (c) GERD is associated with tooth wear, oro-facial pain, oral dryness, OSAS and sleep bruxism; (d) OSAS is associated with oral dryness, GERD and sleep bruxism; and (e) sleep bruxism is associated with tooth wear.
CONCLUSIONS
Tooth wear is associated with the dental sleep disorders oro-facial pain, oral dryness, GERD and sleep bruxism. The dental sleep disorders are interlinked with each other, which leads to indirect associations as well, and makes the consequences of each single condition difficult to disentangle. Knowledge of these associations is clinically relevant, but more research is needed to confirm their validity.
Topics: Adult; Bruxism; Humans; Sleep; Sleep Bruxism; Sleep Wake Disorders; Tooth Attrition; Tooth Wear
PubMed: 31038764
DOI: 10.1111/joor.12807 -
Nutrients May 2020Vitamin D (VD) levels have been gaining growing attention in Oral Health. During growth and adulthood, VD deficiency (VDD) is associated with a wide variety of oral... (Review)
Review
Vitamin D (VD) levels have been gaining growing attention in Oral Health. During growth and adulthood, VD deficiency (VDD) is associated with a wide variety of oral health disorders, and impaired VD synthesis may expedite some of these conditions. In children, severe VDD can induce defective tooth mineralization, resulting in dentin and enamel defects. As a consequence, these defects may increase the risk of the onset and progression of dental caries. Further, VDD has been associated with higher prevalence of periodontitis and gingival inflammation, and several recent preclinical and clinical studies have unveiled potential pathways through which Vitamin D may interact with the periodontium. VDD correction through supplementation may contribute to a successful treatment of periodontitis; however, alveolar bone regeneration procedures performed in baseline VDD patients seem more prone to failure. Vitamin D may also be linked with some oral pathology entities such as certain oral cancers and events of osteonecrosis of the jaw. This review aims to provide comprehensive evidence of how VD levels should be considered to promote good oral health, and to summarize how VDD may hamper oral development and its role in certain oral conditions.
Topics: Dental Caries; Humans; Oral Health; Periodontal Diseases; Tooth Diseases; Vitamin D; Vitamin D Deficiency
PubMed: 32438644
DOI: 10.3390/nu12051471 -
American Family Physician Dec 2018Oral health directly affects overall health and quality of life. More Americans lack dental insurance than medical insurance. Patients with poor oral health are more... (Review)
Review
Oral health directly affects overall health and quality of life. More Americans lack dental insurance than medical insurance. Patients with poor oral health are more likely to have respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and diabetes mellitus. Early childhood caries is the most common chronic condition in American children. Certain illicit and prescription drugs increase the risk of enamel erosion and caries formation in adults. Incision and drainage is the treatment of choice for dental abscess. Risk factors for periodontal disease include smoking, diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus infection, use of certain medications, and genetic susceptibility. Patients with gingivitis typically present with swollen, erythematous gum tissue that bleeds easily with brushing or flossing. One in three children will have an injury to the primary teeth, and one in five 12-year-old children will have an injury to the permanent teeth. All dental fractures should be evaluated with imaging and managed in conjunction with a dental professional. Immediate reimplantation is the preferred treatment for avulsed permanent teeth. Primary care clinicians are well positioned to reduce rates of oral disease. Family physicians can incorporate oral health into routine practice through counseling about diet, oral hygiene, smoking cessation, and fluoride supplementation; application of fluoride varnish; and screening for dental disease.
Topics: Humans; Oral Health; Primary Health Care; Risk Factors; Tooth Diseases
PubMed: 30485039
DOI: No ID Found -
Journal of Clinical Periodontology Dec 2017To assess long-term attachment and periodontitis-related tooth loss (PTL) in untreated periodontal disease over 40 years.
OBJECTIVES
To assess long-term attachment and periodontitis-related tooth loss (PTL) in untreated periodontal disease over 40 years.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Data originated from the natural history of periodontitis study in Sri Lankan tea labourers first examined in 1970. In 2010, 75 subjects (15.6%) of the original cohort were re-examined.
RESULTS
PTL over 40 years varied between 0 and 28 teeth (mean 13.1). Four subjects presented with no PTL, while 12 were edentulous. Logistic regression revealed attachment loss as a statistically significant covariate for PTL (p < .004). Markov chain analysis showed that smoking and calculus were associated with disease initiation and that calculus, plaque, and gingivitis were associated with loss of attachment and progression to advanced disease. Mean attachment loss <1.81 mm at the age of 30 yielded highest sensitivity and specificity (0.71) to allocate subjects into a cohort with a dentition of at least 20 teeth at 60 years of age.
CONCLUSIONS
These results highlight the importance of treating early periodontitis along with smoking cessation, in those under 30 years of age. They further show that calculus removal, plaque control, and the control of gingivitis are essential in preventing disease progression, further loss of attachment and ultimately tooth loss.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Areca; Chronic Periodontitis; Dental Calculus; Dental Plaque; Disease Progression; Gingivitis; Habits; Hong Kong; Humans; Jaw, Edentulous, Partially; Logistic Models; Longitudinal Studies; Male; Markov Chains; Mouth, Edentulous; Periodontal Attachment Loss; Periodontal Diseases; Periodontal Index; Periodontitis; Risk Factors; Sensitivity and Specificity; Smoking; Smoking Cessation; Time Factors; Tooth Loss; Young Adult
PubMed: 28733997
DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12782 -
Australian Dental Journal Jun 2010Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition that causes the airways to constrict and produce excess mucus, making breathing difficult. It is characterized by the... (Review)
Review
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory condition that causes the airways to constrict and produce excess mucus, making breathing difficult. It is characterized by the obstruction of airflow which is variable over a short period of time. This condition is reversible, either spontaneously or can be controlled with the help of drugs. Asthma medication comprises bronchodilators, corticosteroids and anticholinergic drugs. Most of these drugs are inhaled using various forms of inhalers or nebulizers. The effect of these drugs on oral health is the subject of debate among dental practitioners. Patients taking asthma medication may be at risk of dental caries, dental erosion, periodontal diseases and oral candidiasis. Hence, patients with bronchial asthma on medication should receive special prophylactic attention. This article reviews the correlation between asthma and oral health, and suggests various measures to counter possible oral health problems related to asthma.
Topics: Asthma; Dental Care for Chronically Ill; Humans; Mouth Diseases; Oral Health; Risk Factors; Tooth Diseases
PubMed: 20604752
DOI: 10.1111/j.1834-7819.2010.01226.x -
Stomatologija 2018The aim of this article is to review the main treatment options for odontogenic sinusitis that are used today. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
The aim of this article is to review the main treatment options for odontogenic sinusitis that are used today.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
Search on PubMed, Cochrane Library, PMC, Science Direct data bases. For a literature review search keywords were used: odontogenic sinusitis, odontogenic maxillary sinusitis treatment OR diagnosis, maxillary sinusitis of dental source OR dental origin OR etiology.
RESULTS
2886 articles were found in the databases using keywords. After duplicate citations screened, inclusion/exclusion criteria applied, excluded articles after titles, summaries and full-text reading 25 articles were included in the literature review.
CONCLUSION
Although clinical symptomatology is not conspicuous among other types of sinusitis, the odontogenic maxillary sinusitis treatment regimen is different. It consists of eliminating dental infection and management of sinusitis. The usage of Caldwell-Luc approach is limited these days and recommended only when a better access to sinus is needed, for example, removing large foreign bodies. Endoscopic sinus surgery is widely used these days to remove the inflamed sinus mucosa, foreign bodies, displaced teeth, while preserving physiological function of the sinus. Sometimes dental infection removal alone is sufficient to resolve the odontogenic maxillary sinusitis, but sometimes concomitant endoscopic sinus surgery or Caldwell-Luc approach is necessary for full resolution.
Topics: Endoscopy; Focal Infection, Dental; Humans; Maxillary Sinus; Maxillary Sinusitis; Tooth Diseases
PubMed: 29806655
DOI: No ID Found -
Current Osteoporosis Reports Feb 2022Compare pathophysiology for infectious and noninfectious demineralization disease relative to mineral maintenance, physiologic fluoride levels, and mechanical... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE OF THE REVIEW
Compare pathophysiology for infectious and noninfectious demineralization disease relative to mineral maintenance, physiologic fluoride levels, and mechanical degradation.
RECENT FINDINGS
Environmental acidity, biomechanics, and intercrystalline percolation of endemic fluoride regulate resistance to demineralization relative to osteopenia, noncarious cervical lesions, and dental caries. Demineralization is the most prevalent chronic disease in the world: osteoporosis (OP) >10%, dental caries ~100%. OP is severely debilitating while caries is potentially fatal. Mineralized tissues have a common physiology: cell-mediated apposition, protein matrix, fluid logistics (blood, saliva), intercrystalline ion percolation, cyclic demineralization/remineralization, and acid-based degradation (microbes, clastic cells). Etiology of demineralization involves fluid percolation, metabolism, homeostasis, biomechanics, mechanical wear (attrition or abrasion), and biofilm-related infections. Bone mineral density measurement assesses skeletal mass. Attrition, abrasion, erosion, and abfraction are diagnosed visually, but invisible subsurface caries <400μm cannot be detected. Controlling demineralization at all levels is an important horizon for cost-effective wellness worldwide.
Topics: Dental Caries; Fluorides; Humans; Minerals; Tooth Diseases
PubMed: 35129809
DOI: 10.1007/s11914-022-00722-1