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World Journal of Gastroenterology Jan 2017Neutropenic colitis is a severe condition usually affecting immunocompromised patients. Its exact pathogenesis is not completely understood. The main elements in disease... (Review)
Review
Neutropenic colitis is a severe condition usually affecting immunocompromised patients. Its exact pathogenesis is not completely understood. The main elements in disease onset appear to be intestinal mucosal injury together with neutropenia and the weakened immune system of the afflicted patients. These initial conditions lead to intestinal edema, engorged vessels, and a disrupted mucosal surface, which becomes more vulnerable to bacterial intramural invasion. Chemotherapeutic agents can cause direct mucosal injury (mucositis) or can predispose to distension and necrosis, thereby altering intestinal motility. This article aims to review current concepts regarding neutropenic colitis' pathogenesis, diagnosis, and management.
Topics: Anti-Bacterial Agents; Antineoplastic Agents; Colectomy; Combined Modality Therapy; Enterocolitis, Neutropenic; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Leukocyte Transfusion; Lower Body Negative Pressure; Neoplasms; Neutropenia; Parenteral Nutrition; Typhlitis
PubMed: 28104979
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i1.42 -
Canadian Journal of Surgery. Journal... Dec 1999To provide an overview of the pathophysiological features and management of the clinical entity typhlitis. (Review)
Review
OBJECTIVE
To provide an overview of the pathophysiological features and management of the clinical entity typhlitis.
DATA SOURCES AND STUDY SELECTION
The data presented are derived from a review of the English-language literature on typhlitis. The majority of papers analysed were small clinical series.
DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS
Data derived from the literature review were collated. The major finding was that typhlitis comprises a number of different diseases characterized by the presence of right lower quadrant pain, an immunocompromised host and altered function of the mucosal barrier of the right colon.
CONCLUSIONS
Typhlitis should be suspected in any immunocompromised patient presenting with right lower quadrant pain with compatible radiographic findings. Most patients can be treated conservatively with intravenously administered fluids and antibiotics, although surgery may be necessary if complications arise.
Topics: Enterocolitis; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Opportunistic Infections; Prognosis
PubMed: 10593241
DOI: No ID Found -
The American Journal of Emergency... Jul 2021Neutropenic enterocolitis is also known as typhlitis, is characterized by severe inflammation in the bowel loops. It is often seen in immunosuppressed patients, and it...
Neutropenic enterocolitis is also known as typhlitis, is characterized by severe inflammation in the bowel loops. It is often seen in immunosuppressed patients, and it has high morbidity and mortality. Although the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily affects the respiratory system and causes COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019), it may affect hematopoietic and gastrointestinal systems. Herein, we present a rare case of COVID-19-associated pancytopenia and typhlitis in a 60-year-old female who presented with abdominal pain. Contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT) demonstrated the bowel wall thickening in the cecum and ascending colon compatible with enterocolitis. Moreover, the chest CT showed bilateral, peripheral, and multifocal ground-glass opacities, consistent with COVID-19 pneumonia. We also aimed to emphasize the laboratory, clinical, and CT findings of the patient.
Topics: COVID-19; Colon; Female; Humans; Lung; Middle Aged; Pancytopenia; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Tomography, X-Ray Computed; Typhlitis
PubMed: 33446380
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2020.12.049 -
World Journal of Gastrointestinal... Oct 2019Neutropenic enterocolitis (NE) is a predominantly cecum-based disease with high mortality seen in patients post chemotherapy. The pathogenesis of NE is poorly understood...
Neutropenic enterocolitis (NE) is a predominantly cecum-based disease with high mortality seen in patients post chemotherapy. The pathogenesis of NE is poorly understood and probably multifactorial involving mucosal injury, neutropenia, and impaired host defense to intestinal organisms. The clinical presentation is characterized as ileocolonic inflammation and bowel wall thickening in patients with neutropenia, fever, and abdominal pain. The pathological features of NE include patchy necrosis, hemorrhage, ulcer, edema, perforation, infiltrating organisms, and characteristically, depletion of inflammatory cells (neutrophils). NE should always be considered as a possible diagnosis in immunosuppressed patients, especially those receiving chemotherapy. High clinical and histological diagnostic discordance rate exists. High index of clinical suspicion and prompt appropriate personalized management are essential to achieve a lower mortality rate.
PubMed: 31692935
DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v10.i3.36 -
Journal of Ultrasound Mar 2019Typhlitis, also known as neutropenic colitis, is a rare inflammatory condition and a potentially life-threatening disease process that typically involves the cecum.... (Review)
Review
PURPOSE
Typhlitis, also known as neutropenic colitis, is a rare inflammatory condition and a potentially life-threatening disease process that typically involves the cecum. Delay in diagnosis may lead to a fatal prognosis with a death rate of 21-48%. Ultrasound evaluation of right lower quadrant may lead to an accurate and rapid diagnosis.
METHODS
We describe the case of a 59-year-old female with advanced Churg-Strauss syndrome treated with cyclophosphamide, with acute right lower quadrant pain.
RESULTS
Ultrasound was the first diagnostic step in the diagnosis of typhlitis. Sonographic findings were comparable to CT imaging.
CONCLUSIONS
Bowel bedside ultrasound evaluation in emergency settings may lead to a prompt and definitive diagnosis. Although CT is considered the gold standard in the diagnosis and staging of neutropenic colitis, ultrasound was able to identify the pathology accurately. Ultrasound findings of typhlitis are highly characteristic, showing circumferential wall thickening with predominant submucosa.
Topics: Abdominal Pain; Cecum; Churg-Strauss Syndrome; Cyclophosphamide; Early Diagnosis; Emergency Medical Services; Female; Humans; Immunosuppressive Agents; Middle Aged; Point-of-Care Testing; Typhlitis; Ultrasonography
PubMed: 30367357
DOI: 10.1007/s40477-018-0333-2 -
Canadian Association of Radiologists... May 2024Cancer is the second most common cause of death worldwide. Bowel emergencies in patients with cancer are becoming increasingly more prevalent due to advances in cancer... (Review)
Review
Cancer is the second most common cause of death worldwide. Bowel emergencies in patients with cancer are becoming increasingly more prevalent due to advances in cancer therapy and longer overall patient survival. When these patients present acutely, they are often frail and may have pre-existing co-morbidities. This article discusses the imaging features of bowel emergencies commonly encountered in oncological patients in clinical practice. These include chemotherapy related colitis, neutropenia enterocolitis and typhlitis, toxic megacolon, bowel perforation, malignant bowel obstruction and gastrointestinal haemorrhage. The radiologist plays a key role in identifying these oncological emergencies and guiding further management.
PubMed: 38721789
DOI: 10.1177/08465371241252035 -
World Journal of Gastrointestinal... Mar 2022Hematolymphoid malignancies are common neoplasms in childhood. The involvement of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, liver, biliary system, pancreas, and peritoneum are... (Review)
Review
Hematolymphoid malignancies are common neoplasms in childhood. The involvement of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, liver, biliary system, pancreas, and peritoneum are closely interlinked and commonly encountered. In leukemias, lymphomas, and Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), the manifestations result from infiltration, compression, overwhelmed immune system, and chemotherapy-induced drug toxicities. In acute leukemias, major manifestations are infiltrative hepatitis, drug induced gastritis, neutropenic typhlitis and chemotherapy related pancreatitis. Chronic leukemias are rare. Additional presentation in lymphomas is cholestasis due to infiltration or biliary obstruction by lymph nodal masses. Presence of ascites needs a thorough workup for the underlying pathophysiology that may modify the therapy and affect the outcome. Uncommon hematolymphoid malignancies are primary hepatic, hepatosplenic, and GI lymphomas which have strict definitions. In advanced diseases with extensive spread, it may be impossible to distinguish these diseases from the primary site of origin. LCH produces biliary strictures that mimic as sclerosing cholangitis. Liver infiltration is associated with poor liver recovery even after chemotherapy. The heterogeneity of gut and liver manifestations in hematolymphoid malignancies has a clinical impact on their management. Though chemotherapy is the mainstay of therapy in all hematolymphoid malignancies, debulking surgery and radiotherapy have an adjuvant role in specific clinical scenarios. Rare situations presenting as liver failure or end-stage liver disease require liver transplantation. At their initial presentation to a primary care physician, given the ambiguity in clinical manifestations and the prognostic difference with time-bound management, it is vital to recognize them early for optimal outcomes. Pooled data from robust registries across the world is required for better understanding of these complications.
PubMed: 35321282
DOI: 10.4251/wjgo.v14.i3.587 -
Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences Oct 2022Typhlitis, (neutropenic enterocolitis), is a necrotizing enteropathy of the right colon, and is characterized by the clinical triad of fever, abdominal pain, neutropenia...
BACKGROUND
Typhlitis, (neutropenic enterocolitis), is a necrotizing enteropathy of the right colon, and is characterized by the clinical triad of fever, abdominal pain, neutropenia and imaging findings of right-side colonic inflammation. It is seen in the setting of severe neutropenia in immune suppressed patients who undergo treatment for malignancies, in those who have organ transplant(s) or congenital or other acquired immunosuppression. We report the clinical and imaging findings of typhlitis in pediatric cancer patients who had received chemotherapy in the largest tertiary center in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia over a period of 20 months.
METHODS
The medical records of hospitalized cancer patients on treatment and with suspected typhlitis and with ultrasound reports were screened (November 2018- July 2020). Retrospective analysis of the clinical and sonographic data of those with typhlitis was done.
RESULTS
Typhlitis was identified in 4.2% (12/286) of the patients on chemotherapy. 11 (91.7%) had hematologic malignancies (leukemia, lymphoma), one had a solid tumor (Head and neck embryonal RMS). Most (83.3%) had abdominal pain, diarrhea and neutropenia. Fever was identified in 67.7%. All had ultrasound evidence of typhlitis. and treated with IV antibiotics. Neither complications requiring surgical intervention nor death were seen.
CONCLUSION
The magnitude of disease was comparable to what had previously been reported in other studies. While the presence of clinical a triad should prompt suspicion for the diagnosis, sonography can be used for confirmation and follow up obviating radiation, with good access in a resource limited setting.
Topics: Child; Humans; Typhlitis; Retrospective Studies; Ethiopia; Neoplasms; Neutropenia; Abdominal Pain; Fever; Hospitals
PubMed: 36339959
DOI: 10.4314/ejhs.v32i1.5S