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Open Veterinary Journal Mar 2023are aquatic bacteria causing Vibriosis in humans and aquatic animals. Vibriosis is a significant disease of cultured and wild fish.
BACKGROUND
are aquatic bacteria causing Vibriosis in humans and aquatic animals. Vibriosis is a significant disease of cultured and wild fish.
AIM
The present study aimed to address the impact of on the health status of inhabiting the coastal area of Tripoli.
METHODS
A total of 100 samples of () were collected randomly from the Western Coast of Tripoli and Bab Al-Baher market, throughout the period from spring 2019 to summer 2019. All the sampled fish were examined externally and internally and lesions were recorded. Bacterial isolation from the liver and kidney was carried out using the appropriate culture media. Tissue samples were taken from the liver, kidney, and spleen in 10% neutral buffered formalin for a histopathology examination. The tissue sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin to assess morphologically and Perl's Prussian blue for the demonstration of ferric iron.
RESULTS
On average 69% of the infected fish exhibited at least one pathological lesion. were recovered from 90% of the examined fish. The histopathological changes of the liver showed severe congestion of blood vessels (BVs), mononuclear cell infiltration surrounding a bile duct, granular degeneration and coagulative necrosis of hepatocytes in the centrilobular area, marked vacuolar degeneration of hepatocytes, activation of melano-macrophage centers (MMCs), multiple cysts of nematode in hepatic tissue (incidental finding). The histopathological alterations of the kidney showed severe congestion of BVs, vacuolar degeneration of the renal tubular epithelium, severe interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration, and marked activation of MMCs in the kidney. Moreover, congestion of BVs and marked activation of melano-macrophages (MMCs) were found in the spleen. The MMCs of most of the sampled tissues showed a strong positive reaction for ferric iron.
CONCLUSION
The polluted aquatic environment by sewage at Tripoli Coast is an essential factor for triggering the pathogenicity and invasion of to vulnerable Atlantic horse mackerel. Also, this study is a preliminary step to give a baseline for further future studies on epidemiology and control of Vibrio infection in Libyan fish.
Topics: Animals; Iron; Libya; Liver; Perciformes; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 37026070
DOI: 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i3.9 -
Epidemiology and Infection Jun 2005Infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus were first reported in 1979 by Blake et al. of the US Centers for Disease Control. At that time described as a 'rare, unnamed... (Review)
Review
Infections caused by Vibrio vulnificus were first reported in 1979 by Blake et al. of the US Centers for Disease Control. At that time described as a 'rare, unnamed halophilic lactose-fermenting Vibrio species', V. vulnificus has emerged as the most virulent foodborne pathogen in the United States with a hospitalization rate of 0.910 and a case-fatality rate of 0.390. It is in addition a significant cause of potentially life-threatening wound infections. Infections following ingestion of raw or undercooked seafood, commonly raw oysters, can lead to a primary septicaemia with a fatality rate of 50-60%. An unusual symptom, occurring in 69% of 274 cases reviewed by Oliver, is the development of secondary lesions, typically on the extremities, which are generally severe (often a necrotizing fasciitis) and require tissue debridement or amputation. These cases occur almost exclusively in males over the age of 50 years. Interestingly, this gender specificity has been found to be due to the female hormone oestrogen, which in some manner provides protection against the lethal V. vulnificus endotoxin. Further, most cases occur in persons with certain underlying diseases which are either immunocompromising or which lead to elevated serum iron levels (e.g. liver cirrhosis, chronic hepatitis, haemochromatosis). V. vulnificus infections resulting in primary septicaemia have been extensively studied, and the subject of several reviews. This review concentrates on the wound infections caused by this marine bacterial pathogen, including the more recently described biotypes 2 and 3, with brief discussions of those caused by other marine vibrios, and the increasingly reported wound/skin infections caused by Mycobacterium marinum, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, and Aeromnonas hydrophila.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Australia; Child; Europe; Female; Food Microbiology; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Seafood; Taiwan; United States; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio vulnificus; Wound Infection
PubMed: 15962544
DOI: 10.1017/s0950268805003894 -
Microbial Biotechnology May 2020Vibrio alginolyticus threatens both humans and marine animals, but hosts respond to V. alginolyticus infection is not fully understood. Here, functional metabolomics was...
Vibrio alginolyticus threatens both humans and marine animals, but hosts respond to V. alginolyticus infection is not fully understood. Here, functional metabolomics was adopted to investigate the metabolic differences between the dying and surviving zebrafish upon V. alginolyticus infection. Tryptophan was identified as the most crucial metabolite, whose abundance was decreased in the dying group but increased in the survival group as compared to control group without infection. Concurrently, the dying zebrafish displayed excessive immune response and produced higher level of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Interestingly, exogenous tryptophan reverted dying rate through metabolome re-programming, thereby enhancing the survival from V. alginolyticus infection. It is preceded by the following mechanism: tryptophan fluxed into the glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle), promoted adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production and further increased the generation of NADPH. Meanwhile, tryptophan decreased NADPH oxidation. These together ameliorate ROS, key molecules in excessive immune response. This is further supported by the event that the inhibition of pyruvate metabolism and TCA cycle by inhibitors decreased D. reiro survival. Thus, our data indicate that tryptophan is a key metabolite for the host to fight against V. alginolyticus infection, representing an alternative strategy to treat bacterial infection in an antibiotic-independent way.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Fish Diseases; Metabolome; Oxidation-Reduction; Tryptophan; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio alginolyticus; Zebrafish
PubMed: 32212318
DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13553 -
Microbiology and Immunology Apr 2013Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most common cause of bacterial, seafood-related illness in the USA. Currently, there is a dearth of published reports regarding immunity...
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most common cause of bacterial, seafood-related illness in the USA. Currently, there is a dearth of published reports regarding immunity to infection with this pathogen. Here, production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines by V. parahaemolyticus-infected RAW 264.7 murine macrophages was studied. It was determined that this infection results in increased concentrations of IL-1α, IL-6, TNF-α and IL-10. Additionally, decreases in cell surface TLR2 and TLR4 and increases in T-cell co-stimulatory molecules CD40 and CD86 were discovered. The data presented here begin to identify the immune variables required to eliminate V. parahaemolyticus from infected host tissues.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Surface; Cytokines; Gene Expression Regulation; Immunophenotyping; Inflammation Mediators; Macrophages; Mice; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 23586636
DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12034 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... May 2016Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most common cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide and a blight on global aquaculture. This organism requires a horizontally...
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the most common cause of seafood-borne gastroenteritis worldwide and a blight on global aquaculture. This organism requires a horizontally acquired type III secretion system (T3SS2) to infect the small intestine, but knowledge of additional factors that underlie V. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity is limited. We used transposon-insertion sequencing to screen for genes that contribute to viability of V. parahaemolyticus in vitro and in the mammalian intestine. Our analysis enumerated and controlled for the host infection bottleneck, enabling robust assessment of genetic contributions to in vivo fitness. We identified genes that contribute to V. parahaemolyticus colonization of the intestine independent of known virulence mechanisms in addition to uncharacterized components of T3SS2. Our study revealed that toxR, an ancestral locus in Vibrio species, is required for V. parahaemolyticus fitness in vivo and for induction of T3SS2 gene expression. The regulatory mechanism by which V. parahaemolyticus ToxR activates expression of T3SS2 resembles Vibrio cholerae ToxR regulation of distinct virulence elements acquired via lateral gene transfer. Thus, disparate horizontally acquired virulence systems have been placed under the control of this ancestral transcription factor across independently evolved human pathogens.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; DNA, Bacterial; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial; Genetic Testing; Humans; Intestinal Mucosa; Intestines; Rabbits; Transcription Factors; Type III Secretion Systems; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Virulence
PubMed: 27185914
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601718113 -
Proceedings of the National Academy of... Jul 2019species cause infectious diseases in humans and animals, but they can also live as commensals within their host tissues. How subverts the host defenses to mount a...
species cause infectious diseases in humans and animals, but they can also live as commensals within their host tissues. How subverts the host defenses to mount a successful infection remains poorly understood, and this knowledge is critical for predicting and managing disease. Here, we have investigated the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning infection and colonization of 2 virulent species in an ecologically relevant host model, oyster, to study interactions with marine species. All strains were recognized by the immune system, but only nonvirulent strains were controlled. We showed that virulent strains were cytotoxic to hemocytes, oyster immune cells. By analyzing host and bacterial transcriptional responses to infection, together with gene knock-outs, we discovered that and use distinct mechanisms to cause hemocyte lysis. Whereas cytotoxicity is dependent on a direct contact with hemocytes and requires an ancestral gene encoding a protein of unknown function, , cytotoxicity is dependent on phagocytosis and requires intracellular secretion of T6SS effectors. We conclude that proliferation of commensal vibrios is controlled by the host immune system, preventing systemic infections in oysters, whereas the successful infection of virulent strains relies on species-specific molecular determinants that converge to compromise host immune cell function, allowing evasion of the host immune system.
Topics: Animals; Cytoplasm; Hemocytes; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Ostreidae; Phagocytosis; Species Specificity; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 31221761
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1905747116 -
Emerging Infectious Diseases Aug 2006
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Female; Hong Kong; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Seafood; Skin; Skin Diseases; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio vulnificus; Wound Infection
PubMed: 16972360
DOI: 10.3201/eid1208.051495 -
Scientific Reports Jun 2021Probiotics when applied in complex evolving (micro-)ecosystems, might be selectively beneficial or detrimental to pathogens when their prophylactic efficacies are prone...
Probiotics when applied in complex evolving (micro-)ecosystems, might be selectively beneficial or detrimental to pathogens when their prophylactic efficacies are prone to ambient interactions. Here, we document a counter-intuitive phenomenon that probiotic-treated zebrafish (Danio rerio) were respectively healthy at higher but succumbed at lower level of challenge with a pathogenic Vibrio isolate. This was confirmed by prominent dissimilarities in fish survival and histology. Based upon the profiling of the zebrafish microbiome, and the probiotic and the pathogen shared gene orthogroups (genetic niche overlaps in genomes), this consequently might have modified the probiotic metabolome as well as the virulence of the pathogen. Although it did not reshuffle the architecture of the commensal microbiome of the vertebrate host, it might have altered the probiotic-pathogen inter-genus and intra-species communications. Such in-depth analyses are needed to avoid counteractive phenomena of probiotics and to optimise their efficacies to magnify human and animal well-being. Moreover, such studies will be valuable to improve the relevant guidelines published by organisations such as FAO, OIE and WHO.
Topics: Animals; Disease Susceptibility; Fish Diseases; Metabolome; Microbiota; Probiotics; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections; Zebrafish
PubMed: 34168166
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91542-3 -
Cell Reports Nov 2023The losses caused by Vibrio infections in the aquaculture industry are challenging to quantify. In the face of antibiotic resistance, a natural and environmentally...
The losses caused by Vibrio infections in the aquaculture industry are challenging to quantify. In the face of antibiotic resistance, a natural and environmentally friendly alternative is urgently needed. In this study, we identify E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase RNF103 (rnf103) as a crucial target involved in immune evasion by Vibrio anguillarum. Our research demonstrates that Rnf103 promotes immune escape by inhibiting Traf6. Interestingly, we discover a circular RNA (circRNA), circRnf103, formed by reverse splicing of the Rnf103 gene. Predictive analysis and experimentation reveal that circRnf103 encodes Rnf103-177aa, a protein that competes with Rnf103 and binds to Traf6, preventing its degradation. Notably, circRnf103 therapy induces Rnf103-177aa protein production in zebrafish. In zebrafish models, circRnf103 exhibits significant effectiveness in treating V. anguillarum infections, reducing organ burden. These findings highlight the potential of circRNA therapy as a natural and innovative approach to combat infectious diseases sustainably, particularly in aquaculture and environmental management.
Topics: Animals; RNA, Circular; Zebrafish; TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 37874674
DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113314 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2019causes high mortality in European sea bass () larviculture and is a hindering factor for successful sustainable aquaculture of this commercially valuable species....
causes high mortality in European sea bass () larviculture and is a hindering factor for successful sustainable aquaculture of this commercially valuable species. Priming of the innate immune system through administration of immunostimulants has become an important approach to control disease outbreaks in marine fish larviculture. This study was conducted to evaluate immunostimulation by HSP70 (DnaK) in axenic European sea bass larvae in order to protect the larvae against vibriosis. DnaK stimulates the immune response in crustaceans and juvenile fish against bacterial infections. The use of axenic fish larvae allows to study immunostimulation in the absence of an interfering microbial community. At 7 days post-hatching, larvae received a single dose of alginate encapsulated recombinant DnaK. Two non-treated control groups in which animals either received empty alginate microparticles (C1) or no alginante microparticles (C2 and C3) were included in the study. Eighteen hours later, all larvae, except the ones from group C3 (non-infected control) were challenged with (10 CFU, bath infection). Mortality was daily recorded until 120 h post infection and at 18, 24, and 36 h post infection, larvae were sampled for expression of immune related genes. Results showed that induced an immune response in axenic sea bass larvae but that the innate immune response was incapable to protect the larvae against deadly septicaemic disease. In addition, we showed that administration of alginate encapsulated DnaK to axenic European sea bass larvae at DAH7 resulted in a significant, DnaK dose dependent, upreglation of immune sensor, regulatory and effector genes. Significant upregulation of and especially of and was correlated with significant higher survival rates in infected larvae. In the future recombinant DnaK might perhaps be used as a novel immunostimulant in sea bass larviculture.
Topics: Animals; Bass; Escherichia coli Proteins; Fish Diseases; HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins; Immunologic Factors; Larva; Recombinant Proteins; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 32117214
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03162