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Microbiology Spectrum Dec 2015Marine and coastal regions provide a diverse range of foods and serve as recreation and leisure areas for large numbers of people in many parts of the world. However,... (Review)
Review
Marine and coastal regions provide a diverse range of foods and serve as recreation and leisure areas for large numbers of people in many parts of the world. However, they also serve as environments associated with numerous hazards. The number of cases of fish- and shellfish-related food poisonings in the United States has increased in recent years, accounting for over 600,000 illnesses, with 3,000 hospitalizations and 94 deaths annually. Human diseases due to pathogenic Vibrio species can result from both ingestion of contaminated shellfish and exposure of open wounds to contaminated seawater. A variety of infections may result from human interactions with marine life, including sharks, barracudas, and moray eels. This chapter covers some of the risks of the shore, including fish and shellfish intoxications, infections related to Vibrio species, and infections resulting from marine trauma.
Topics: Animals; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Oceans and Seas; Seafood; Seawater; Toxins, Biological; United States; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 27337286
DOI: 10.1128/microbiolspec.IOL5-0008-2015 -
Microbiological Research Nov 2018Vibrio anguillarum is a notorious bacterial pathogen that causes vibriosis in various marine farmed fish species. The highly pathogenic V. anguillarum strain MVM425 has...
Vibrio anguillarum is a notorious bacterial pathogen that causes vibriosis in various marine farmed fish species. The highly pathogenic V. anguillarum strain MVM425 has been isolated from moribund turbot in the China Yellow Sea, but the genetic basis for its pathogenesis is undefined. Complete genome sequencing uncovered that the bacterium encodes 3985 protein-coding sequences (CDSs) on two chromosomes and 62 CDSs on the virulence plasmid pEIB1. To investigate the genes that are essential for its in vitro and in vivo growth, we applied transposon insertion sequencing technology (Tn-seq) to screen a highly saturated transposon insertion mutant library grown in Luria-Bertani broth with 2% NaCl (LB20) and in its natural host turbot. Tn-seq identified 473 and ∼173 putative genes as essential for its growth in rich medium and the in vivo infection process, respectively. Additionally, our analysis revealed that the genes are associated to various fitness levels in the liver, spleen and kidney, suggesting different genetic requirements for colonization in these organs. Furthermore, we validated our Tn-seq data using gene knockout mutants and in vivo infection experiments. Comprehensive functional genomics analysis highlighted the conditionally essential genes for important pathways involved in energy metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, nucleotide synthesis, amino acid synthesis, cofactors, siderophore synthesis, secretion (T1SS, T2SS, and T6SS), quorum sensing, and flagellum biosynthesis. This study provides a wealth of information about V. anguillarum genes related to infection in fish and will facilitate the understanding of its pathogenesis as well as the development of diagnostics and vaccines against the pathogen.
Topics: Animals; Bacterial Proteins; China; DNA Transposable Elements; DNA, Bacterial; Fish Diseases; Fishes; Flagella; Gene Knockout Techniques; Gene Library; Genes, Bacterial; Genes, Essential; Genetic Fitness; Genome, Bacterial; Kidney; Liver; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Mutagenesis, Insertional; Phylogeny; Plasmids; Quorum Sensing; Seawater; Species Specificity; Spleen; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections; Virulence; Virulence Factors; Whole Genome Sequencing
PubMed: 30269861
DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2018.08.011 -
International Journal of Infectious... Mar 2011Vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic Gram-negative bacillus found worldwide in warm coastal waters. The pathogen has the ability to cause primary sepsis in certain... (Review)
Review
Vibrio vulnificus is a halophilic Gram-negative bacillus found worldwide in warm coastal waters. The pathogen has the ability to cause primary sepsis in certain high-risk populations, including patients with chronic liver disease, immunodeficiency, iron storage disorders, end-stage renal disease, and diabetes mellitus. Most reported cases of primary sepsis in the USA are associated with the ingestion of raw or undercooked oysters harvested from the Gulf Coast. The mortality rate for patients with severe sepsis is high, exceeding 50% in most reported series. Other clinical presentations include wound infection and gastroenteritis. Mild to moderate wound infection and gastroenteritis may occur in patients without obvious risk factors. Severe wound infection is often characterized by necrotizing skin and soft-tissue infection, including fasciitis and gangrene. V. vulnificus possesses several virulence factors, including the ability to evade destruction by stomach acid, capsular polysaccharide, lipopolysaccharide, cytotoxins, pili, and flagellum. The preferred antimicrobial therapy is doxycycline in combination with ceftazidime and surgery for necrotizing soft-tissue infection.
Topics: Animals; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Bacteremia; Ceftazidime; Doxycycline; Drug Therapy, Combination; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Risk Factors; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Soft Tissue Infections; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio vulnificus
PubMed: 21177133
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2010.11.003 -
The Western Journal of Medicine Oct 1991Vibrio vulnificus is an extremely invasive gram-negative bacillus that causes bacteremia and shock. It should be suspected in any patient who is immunocompromised or has... (Review)
Review
Vibrio vulnificus is an extremely invasive gram-negative bacillus that causes bacteremia and shock. It should be suspected in any patient who is immunocompromised or has liver disease or hemochromatosis. Reduced gastric acidity may also increase the risk of infection if a patient presents with a history of ingesting raw shellfish (especially oysters) or trauma in brackish waters and skin lesions. Patients most commonly present with one of three clinical syndromes: primary septicemia, wound infection, or gastroenteritis. Treatment includes aggressive wound debridement, antibiotic therapy, and supportive care. Rapidly diagnosing and promptly initiating therapy are critical because V vulnificus infection is rapidly progressive and mortality approaches 100% if septic shock occurs.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Ostreidae; Risk Factors; Seawater; Sepsis; Shellfish Poisoning; Skin Diseases, Infectious; Vibrio Infections; Wound Infection
PubMed: 1771878
DOI: No ID Found -
Medicina 2022Vibrio vulnificus is one of the most virulent Vibrio species known. It is a bacterium with universal distribution. The first case registered in Uruguay occurred in 2001...
Vibrio vulnificus is one of the most virulent Vibrio species known. It is a bacterium with universal distribution. The first case registered in Uruguay occurred in 2001 and, since then, several infections have occurred per year. Recently, in this country, V. vulnificus was responsible for a fatal soft tissue infection. Although no cases of human infection with this species have been reported in Argentina, researchers have recently identified V. vulnificus in samples associated with microplankton in the Rio Negro estuary. We present the case of a severe skin and soft tissue infection by V. vulnificus from an open wound in a patient in contact with a marine aquatic environment on the coast of the River Plate, in Uruguay. Isolation of vibrios from wound specimens can cause rapidly progressing tissue damage, particularly V. vulnificus which has a high mortality rate without early and appropriate intervention. In our case, the rapid identification of the microorganism allowed us to support the empirical treatment used, which a good clinical evolution.
Topics: Humans; Soft Tissue Infections; Argentina; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio vulnificus
PubMed: 36571534
DOI: No ID Found -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022A sudden drop in salinity following extreme precipitation events usually causes mass mortality of oysters exposed to pathogens in ocean environment. While how low...
A sudden drop in salinity following extreme precipitation events usually causes mass mortality of oysters exposed to pathogens in ocean environment. While how low salinity stress interacts with pathogens to cause mass mortality remains obscure. In this study, we performed an experiment by low salinity stress and pathogen infection with to investigate their synergistic effect on the mortality of the Pacific oyster toward understanding of the interaction among environment, host, and pathogen. We showed that low salinity stress did not significantly affect proliferation and virulence of , but significantly altered microbial composition and immune response of infected oysters. Microbial community profiling by 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed disrupted homeostasis of digestive bacterial microbiota with the abundance of several pathogenic bacteria being increased, which may affect the pathogenesis in infected oysters. Transcriptome profiling of infected oysters revealed that a large number of genes associated with apoptosis and inflammation were significantly upregulated under low salinity, suggesting that low salinity stress may have triggered immune dysregulation in infected oysters. Our results suggest that host-pathogen interactions are strongly affected by low salinity stress, which is of great significance for assessing future environmental risk of pathogenic diseases, decoding the interaction among environment, host genetics and commensal microbes, and disease surveillance in the oyster.
Topics: Animals; Crassostrea; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Salt Stress; Seafood; Vibrio Infections
PubMed: 35663972
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.859975 -
BMC Veterinary Research Dec 2023Parasitic and bacterial co-infections have been associated with increasing fish mortalities and severe economic losses in aquaculture through the past three decades. The...
Oxidative stress, gene expression and histopathology of cultured gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) naturally co-infected with Ergasilus sieboldi and Vibrio alginolyticus.
BACKGROUND
Parasitic and bacterial co-infections have been associated with increasing fish mortalities and severe economic losses in aquaculture through the past three decades. The aim of this study was to evaluate the oxidative stress, histopathology, and immune gene expression profile of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) co-infected with Ergasilus sieboldi and Vibrio alginolyticus.
RESULTS
Vibrio alginolyticus and Ergasilus sieboldi were identified using 16 S rRNA and 28 S rRNA sequencing, respectively. The collagenase virulence gene was found in all Vibrio alginolyticus isolates, and the multiple antimicrobial resistance index ranged from 0.286 to 0.857. Oxidant-antioxidant parameters in the gills, skin, and muscles of naturally infected fish revealed increased lipid peroxidation levels and a decrease in catalase and glutathione antioxidant activities. Moreover, naturally co-infected gilthead sea bream exhibited substantial up-regulation of il-1β, tnf-α, and cyp1a1. Ergasilus sieboldi encircled gill lamellae with its second antennae, exhibited severe gill architectural deformation with extensive eosinophilic granular cell infiltration. Vibrio alginolyticus infection caused skin and muscle necrosis in gilthead sea bream.
CONCLUSION
This study described some details about the gill, skin and muscle tissue defense mechanisms of gilthead sea bream against Ergasilus sieboldi and Vibrio alginolyticus co-infections. The prevalence of co-infections was 100%, and no resistant fish were detected. These co-infections imbalance the health status of the fish by hampering the oxidant-antioxidant mechanisms and proinflammatory/inflammatory immune genes to a more detrimental side. Our results suggest that simultaneous screening for bacterial and parasitic pathogens should be considered.
Topics: Animals; Sea Bream; Vibrio alginolyticus; Antioxidants; Coinfection; Vibrio Infections; Gene Expression; Oxidative Stress; Oxidants; Fish Diseases
PubMed: 38104092
DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03840-9 -
Toxins Jul 2021Shrimp, as a high-protein animal food commodity, are one of the fastest growing food producing sectors in the world. It has emerged as a highly traded seafood product,... (Review)
Review
Shrimp, as a high-protein animal food commodity, are one of the fastest growing food producing sectors in the world. It has emerged as a highly traded seafood product, currently exceeding 8 MT of high value. However, disease outbreaks, which are considered as the primary cause of production loss in shrimp farming, have moved to the forefront in recent years and brought socio-economic and environmental unsustainability to the shrimp aquaculture industry. Acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND), caused by spp., is a relatively new farmed penaeid shrimp bacterial disease. The shrimp production in AHPND affected regions has dropped to ~60%, and the disease has caused a global loss of USD 43 billion to the shrimp farming industry. The conventional approaches, such as antibiotics and disinfectants, often applied for the mitigation or cure of AHPND, have had limited success. Additionally, their usage has been associated with alteration of host gut microbiota and immunity and development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens. For example, the Mexico AHPND-causing strain (13-306D/4 and 13-511/A1) were reported to carry tetB gene coding for tetracycline resistance gene, and from China was found to carry multiple antibiotic resistance genes. As a consequence, there is an urgent need to thoroughly understand the virulence mechanism of AHPND-causing spp. and develop novel management strategies to control AHPND in shrimp aquaculture, that will be crucially important to ensure food security in the future and offer economic stability to farmers. In this review, the most important findings of AHPND are highlighted, discussed and put in perspective, and some directions for future research are presented.
Topics: Acute Disease; Animals; Aquaculture; Hepatopancreas; Necrosis; Penaeidae; Vibrio Infections; Virulence
PubMed: 34437395
DOI: 10.3390/toxins13080524 -
International Journal of Molecular... Nov 2023Bacterial diseases caused by spp. are prevalent in aquaculture and can lead to high mortality rates among aquatic species and significant economic losses. With the...
Bacterial diseases caused by spp. are prevalent in aquaculture and can lead to high mortality rates among aquatic species and significant economic losses. With the increasing emergence of multidrug-resistant strains, phage therapy is being explored as a potential alternative to antibiotics for biocontrol of infectious diseases. Here, a new lytic phage named vB_VhaS_R21Y (R21Y) was isolated against BVH1 obtained from seawater from a scallop-farming area in Rongcheng, China. Its morphology, infection cycle, lytic profile, phage stability, and genetic features were characterized. Transmission electronic microscopy indicated that R21Y is siphovirus-like, comprising an icosahedral head (diameter 73.31 ± 2.09 nm) and long noncontractile tail (205.55 ± 0.75 nm). In a one-step growth experiment, R21Y had a 40-min latent period and a burst size of 35 phage particles per infected cell. R21Y was highly species-specific in the host range test and was relatively stable at pH 4-10 and 4-55 °C. Genomic analysis showed that R21Y is a double-stranded DNA virus with a genome size of 82,795 bp and GC content of 47.48%. Its high tolerance and lytic activity indicated that R21Y may be a candidate for phage therapy in controlling vibriosis in aquacultural systems.
Topics: Humans; Vibrio; Bacteriophages; Vibrio Infections; Genomics; Genome, Viral
PubMed: 38003392
DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216202 -
International Journal of Environmental... Oct 2010In developing countries, the fraction of treated wastewater effluents being discharged into watersheds have increased over the period of time, which have led to the... (Review)
Review
In developing countries, the fraction of treated wastewater effluents being discharged into watersheds have increased over the period of time, which have led to the deteriorations of the qualities of major rivers in developing nations. Consequently, high densities of disease causing bacteria in the watersheds are regularly reported including incidences of emerging Vibrio fluvialis. Vibrio fluvialis infection remains among those infectious diseases posing a potentially serious threat to public health. This paper addresses the epidemiology of this pathogen; pathogenesis of its disease; and its clinical manifestations in humans.
Topics: Public Health Practice; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections; Water Microbiology
PubMed: 21139853
DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7103628