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Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) May 2018This study tested the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inhibition on BCRC (Bioresource Collection and Research Center) 10806 and BCRC 12865 in a food model. MTT...
This study tested the effect of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) inhibition on BCRC (Bioresource Collection and Research Center) 10806 and BCRC 12865 in a food model. MTT [3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] assays indicated that Caco-2 cells were not damaged after a two-hour treatment with lactic acid bacteria (LAB) and . The LAB cell culture and supernatant effectively inhibited the growth of in a food model. ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) results indicated the significant inhibition of TNF-α; IL-1β; and IL-6; but PM 222 and LP 735 did not significantly affect IL-8 levels. Real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results indicated that LAB could inhibit the mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-8; IL-6; and TNF-α; which were induced by . After rat-received LAB; the expression levels of TNF-α; IL-6; and IL-8 in the serum decreased significantly. In intestinal histology; the rat that received PM 222 and LP 010 was able to alleviate the intestinal villi damage caused by ; which also helped reduce cell apoptosis. In conclusion; our results indicate that LAB can inhibit inflammatory responses caused by and can effectively inhibit the growth of in food products.
Topics: Animals; Caco-2 Cells; Food Microbiology; HT29 Cells; Humans; Interleukin-1beta; Interleukin-6; Lactobacillales; Mice; Mice, Inbred BALB C; RAW 264.7 Cells; Rats; Sea Bream; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus
PubMed: 29789490
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051238 -
Emerging Microbes & Infections Dec 2021is a pathogenic marine bacteria associated with high mortality. Changes in climate and the global seafood trade have increased the prevalence of marine and freshwater...
is a pathogenic marine bacteria associated with high mortality. Changes in climate and the global seafood trade have increased the prevalence of marine and freshwater systems affected by . As a result, the incidence of land animals, plants, and insects contacting and acting as disease vectors is on the rise. We report the case of a 53-year-old male who was infected with as the result of a bee sting. The patient had no history of contact with the sea or fresh water or aquatic organisms or products. Due to bacterial pathogenicity and the patient's underlying diseases, his condition deteriorated rapidly and eventually resulted in death. Here, we review the pathogenic mechanisms and treatment of . We determined that has spread from seawater to freshwater and that individuals may become infected from insects, even in the absence of direct contact with infected water. This case report will inform clinicians about the possible sources of infection and indicates the possibility that more insects may transmit in the future.
Topics: Animals; Bees; Humans; Insect Bites and Stings; Male; Middle Aged; Seawater; Sepsis; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio vulnificus
PubMed: 34487488
DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1977589 -
Current Protocols in Microbiology Dec 2020Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium and opportunistic pathogen of humans and shrimp. Investigating the mechanisms of V. parahaemolyticus...
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative, halophilic bacterium and opportunistic pathogen of humans and shrimp. Investigating the mechanisms of V. parahaemolyticus infection and the multifarious virulence factors it employs requires procedures for bacterial culture, genetic manipulation, and analysis of virulence phenotypes. Detailed protocols for growth assessment, generation of mutants, and phenotype assessment are included in this article. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1: Assessment of growth of V. parahaemolyticus Alternate Protocol 1: Assessment of growth of V. parahaemolyticus using a plate reader Basic Protocol 2: Swimming/swarming motility assay Basic Protocol 3: Genetic manipulation Alternate Protocol 2: Natural transformation Basic Protocol 4: Secretion assay and sample preparation for mass spectrometry analysis Basic Protocol 5: Invasion assay (gentamicin protection assay) Basic Protocol 6: Immunofluorescence detection of intracellular V. parahaemolyticus Basic Protocol 7: Cytotoxicity assay for T3SS2.
Topics: Bacterial Proteins; Bacteriological Techniques; Gentamicins; HeLa Cells; Humans; Staining and Labeling; Swimming; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Virulence; Virulence Factors
PubMed: 33285040
DOI: 10.1002/cpmc.131 -
Virulence Jan 2018Vibrio alginolyticus is a waterborne pathogen that infects a wide variety of hosts including fish and human, and the outbreak of this pathogen can cause a huge economic...
Vibrio alginolyticus is a waterborne pathogen that infects a wide variety of hosts including fish and human, and the outbreak of this pathogen can cause a huge economic loss in aquaculture. Thus, enhancing host's capability to survive from V. alginolyticus infection is key to fighting infection and this remains still unexplored. In the present study, we established a V. alginolyticus-zebrafish interaction model by which we explored how zebrafish survived from V. alginolyticus infection. We used GC-MS based metabolomic approaches to characterize differential metabolomes between survival and dying zebrafish upon infection. Pattern recognition analysis identified the TCA cycle as the most impacted pathway. The metabolites in the TCA cycle were decreased in the dying host, whereas the metabolites were increased in the survival host. Furthermore, the enzymatic activities of the TCA cycle including pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), α-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase (KGDH) and succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) also supported this conclusion. Among the increased metabolites in the TCA cycle, malic acid was the most crucial biomarker for fish survival. Indeed, exogenous malate promoted zebrafish survival in a dose-dependent manner. The corresponding activities of KGDH and SDH were also increased. These results indicate that the TCA cycle is a key pathway responsible for the survival or death in response to infection caused by V. alginolyticus, and highlight the way on development of metabolic modulation to control the infection.
Topics: Animals; Citric Acid Cycle; Disease Models, Animal; Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry; Ketoglutarate Dehydrogenase Complex; Malates; Metabolomics; Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex; Succinate Dehydrogenase; Survival Analysis; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio alginolyticus; Zebrafish
PubMed: 29338666
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2017.1423188 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020Vibriosis is a commonly found bacterial disease identified among fish and shellfish cultured in saline waters. A multitude of species have been identified as the...
Vibriosis is a commonly found bacterial disease identified among fish and shellfish cultured in saline waters. A multitude of species have been identified as the causative agents. LamB, a member of outer membrane protein (OMPs) family of these bacteria is conserved among all species and has been identified as an efficient vaccine candidate against vibriosis. Rootless duckweed () is a tiny, edible aquatic plant possessing characteristics suitable for the utilization as a bioreactor. Thus, we attempted to express a protective edible vaccine antigen against fish vibriosis in nuclear-transformed . We amplified gene from virulent and it was modified to maximize the protein expression level and translocate the protein to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in plants. It was cloned into binary vector pMYC under the control of CaMV 35S promoter and introduced into by -mediated transformation. Integration and expression of the gene was confirmed by genomic PCR and RT-PCR. Western blot analysis revealed accumulation of the LamB protein in 8 transgenic lines. The cross-protective property of transgenic was evaluated by orally vaccinating zebrafish through feeding fresh transgenic and subsequently challenging with virulent . High relative percent survival (RPS) of the vaccinated fish (63.3%) confirmed that fish immunized with transgenic were well-protected from infection. These findings suggest that expressed LamB could serve as an edible plant-based candidate vaccine model for fish vibriosis and feasibility of utilizing as bioreactor to produce edible vaccines.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Bacterial; Araceae; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Bacterial Vaccines; Fish Diseases; Plants, Genetically Modified; Vibrio Infections; Zebrafish
PubMed: 32973766
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01857 -
MicrobiologyOpen Jun 2018Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) is a common pathogen for humans and marine aquatic animals. Vibriosis of marine aquatic animals, caused by V. alginolyticus,...
Vibrio alginolyticus (V. alginolyticus) is a common pathogen for humans and marine aquatic animals. Vibriosis of marine aquatic animals, caused by V. alginolyticus, has become more prevalent globally in recent years. Hence, a safe and effective vaccine is urgently needed for the control of this disease. Here, the strain 16-3 isolated from the large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) suffered from canker was identified as V. alginolyticus based on morphological, biochemical, and 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. Then, recombinant temperature-controlled lysis plasmid pBV220-lysisE was electroporated into the strain 16-3 to generate V. alginolyticus bacterial ghosts (VaBGs) by inducing lysis gene E expression, and the safety and immune effects of VaBGs were further investigated in mice and large yellow croaker. The results showed that VaBGs were as safe as formalin-killed V. alginolyticus cells (FKC) to mice and fish. Compared with FKC and PBS groups, significant elevations of the serum agglutinating antibody titer, serum bactericidal activity, lymphocyte proliferative responses, and levels of four different cytokines (Th1 type: IL-2, TNF-α; Th2 type: IL-4 and IL-6) in serum were detected in the VaBGs group, indicating that a Th1/Th2-mediated mixed immune response was elicited by the VaBGs. More importantly, after challenged with the parent strain 16-3, VaBGs-vaccinated mice and fish showed higher protection than FKC-vaccinated mice, the relative percent of survival (RPS) being 60%, 66.7% and 40%, respectively. Taken together, this is the first demonstration that the newly constructed V. alginolyticus ghosts may be developed as a safe and effective vaccine against V. alginolyticus infection in aquaculture.
Topics: Animals; Antibodies, Bacterial; Bacterial Typing Techniques; Bacterial Vaccines; Blood Bactericidal Activity; Cell Proliferation; DNA, Bacterial; DNA, Ribosomal; Fish Diseases; Lymphocytes; Mice; Perciformes; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Survival Analysis; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio alginolyticus
PubMed: 29349911
DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.576 -
Virulence Dec 2020Development of low-cost and eco-friendly approaches to fight bacterial pathogens is especially needed in aquaculture. We previously showed that exogenous malate...
Development of low-cost and eco-friendly approaches to fight bacterial pathogens is especially needed in aquaculture. We previously showed that exogenous malate reprograms zebrafish's metabolome to potentiate zebrafish survival against infection. However, the underlying mechanism is unknown. Here, we use GC-MS based metabolomics to identify the malate-triggered metabolic shift. An activated TCA cycle and elevated taurine are identified as the key metabolic pathways and the most crucial biomarker of the reprogrammed metabolome, respectively. Taurine elevation is attributed to the activated TCA cycle, which is further supported by the increased expression of genes in the metabolic pathway of taurine biosynthesis from the isocitrate of the TCA cycle to taurine. Exogenous taurine increases the survival of zebrafish against infection as malate did. Moreover, exogenous taurine and malate regulate the expression of innate immunity genes and promote the generation of reactive oxygen species and nitrogen oxide in a similar way. The two metabolites can alleviate the excessive immune response to bacterial challenge, which protects fish from bacterial infection. These results indicate that malate enhances the survival of zebrafish to infection via taurine. Thus, our study highlights a metabolic approach to enhance a host's ability to fight bacterial infection.
Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Fish Diseases; Immunity, Innate; Malates; Metabolic Networks and Pathways; Metabolomics; Taurine; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio alginolyticus; Zebrafish
PubMed: 32316833
DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2020.1750123 -
Diseases of Aquatic Organisms Jan 1999High mortality among laboratory cultured Iberian toothcarp Aphanius iberus occurred in February 1997 in Valencia (Spain). The main signs of the disease were external...
High mortality among laboratory cultured Iberian toothcarp Aphanius iberus occurred in February 1997 in Valencia (Spain). The main signs of the disease were external haemorrhage and tail rot. Bacteria isolated from internal organs of infected fish were biochemically homogeneous and identified as Vibrio parahaemolyticus. The bacteria were haemolytic against erythrocytes from eel Anguilla anguilla, amberjack Seriola dumerili, toothcarp A. iberus and humans, and were Kanagawa-phenomenon-negative. Infectivity tests showed that the virulence for A. iberus was dependent on salinity. Finally, all strains were virulent for amberjack and eel.
Topics: Animals; Aquaculture; Cyprinodontiformes; Fish Diseases; Hemolysis; Spain; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio parahaemolyticus; Virulence
PubMed: 10073316
DOI: 10.3354/dao035077 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jul 2019is one of the most abundant microorganisms in marine environments and is also an opportunistic pathogen mediating high-mortality vibriosis in marine animals....
Alternative Sigma Factor RpoX Is a Part of the RpoE Regulon and Plays Distinct Roles in Stress Responses, Motility, Biofilm Formation, and Hemolytic Activities in the Marine Pathogen Vibrio alginolyticus.
is one of the most abundant microorganisms in marine environments and is also an opportunistic pathogen mediating high-mortality vibriosis in marine animals. Alternative sigma factors play essential roles in bacterial pathogens in the adaptation to environmental changes during infection and the adaptation to various niches, but little is known about them for Our previous investigation indicated that the transcript level of the gene significantly decreased in an RpoE mutant. Here, we found that was highly expressed in response to high temperature and low osmotic stress and was under the direct control of the alternative sigma factor RpoE and its own product RpoX. Moreover, transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) results showed that RpoE and RpoX had different regulons, although they coregulated 105 genes at high temperature (42°C), including genes associated with biofilm formation, motility, virulence, regulatory factors, and the stress response. RNA-seq and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) analyses as well as electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) revealed the distinct binding motifs of RpoE and RpoX proteins. Furthermore, quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis also confirmed that RpoX can upregulate genes associated with flagella, biofilm formation, and hemolytic activities at higher temperatures. abrogation does not appear to attenuate virulence toward model fish at normal temperature. Collectively, data from this study demonstrated the regulatory cascades of RpoE and an alternative sigma factor, RpoX, in response to heat and osmotic stresses and their distinct and overlapping roles in pathogenesis and stress responses in the marine bacterium The alternative sigma factor RpoE is essential for the virulence of toward marine fish, coral, and other animals in response to sea surface temperature increases. In this study, we characterized another alternative sigma factor, RpoX, which is induced at high temperatures and under low-osmotic-stress conditions. The expression of is under the tight control of RpoE and RpoX. Although RpoE and RpoX coregulate 105 genes, they are programming different regulatory functions in stress responses and virulence in These findings illuminated the RpoE-RpoX-centered regulatory cascades and their distinct and overlapping regulatory roles in , which facilitates unraveling of the mechanisms by which the bacterium causes diseases in various sea animals in response to temperature fluctuations as well as the development of appropriate strategies to tackle infections by this bacterium.
Topics: Animals; Base Sequence; Biofilms; DNA, Bacterial; Fish Diseases; Hemolysis; Regulon; Sigma Factor; Stress, Physiological; Vibrio Infections; Vibrio alginolyticus; Zebrafish
PubMed: 31053580
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00234-19 -
Epidemiology and Infection May 2014Infections with Vibrio spp. have frequently been associated with consumption of bivalve molluscs, especially oysters, but illness associated with clams has also been...
Infections with Vibrio spp. have frequently been associated with consumption of bivalve molluscs, especially oysters, but illness associated with clams has also been well documented. We describe the 2312 domestically acquired foodborne Vibrio infections reported to the Cholera and Other Vibrio Illness Surveillance system from 1988 to 2010. Clams were associated with at least 4% (93 persons, 'only clams') and possibly as many as 24% (556 persons, 'any clams') of foodborne cases. Of those who consumed 'only clams', 77% of infections were caused by V. parahaemolyticus. Clam-associated illnesses were generally similar to those associated with other seafood consumption. Clams associated with these illnesses were most frequently harvested from the Atlantic coastal states and eaten raw. Our study describes the contribution of clams to the overall burden of foodborne vibriosis and indicates that a comprehensive programme to prevent foodborne vibriosis need to address the risks associated with clams.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Animals; Bivalvia; Female; Foodborne Diseases; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Retrospective Studies; Seafood; United States; Vibrio; Vibrio Infections; Young Adult
PubMed: 23920418
DOI: 10.1017/S0950268813001830