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Virology May 2015The first archaeal virus was isolated over 40 years ago prior to the recognition of the three domain structure of life. In the ensuing years, our knowledge of Archaea... (Review)
Review
The first archaeal virus was isolated over 40 years ago prior to the recognition of the three domain structure of life. In the ensuing years, our knowledge of Archaea and their viruses has increased, but they still remain the most mysterious of life's three domains. Currently, over 100 archaeal viruses have been discovered, but few have been described in biochemical or structural detail. However, those that have been characterized have revealed a new world of structural, biochemical and genetic diversity. Several model systems for studying archaeal virus-host interactions have been developed, revealing evolutionary linkages between viruses infecting the three domains of life, new viral lysis systems, and unusual features of host-virus interactions. It is likely that the study of archaeal viruses will continue to provide fertile ground for fundamental discoveries in virus diversity, structure and function.
Topics: Archaea; Biodiversity; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Host-Parasite Interactions; Virology; Virus Physiological Phenomena; Viruses
PubMed: 25866378
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2015.03.031 -
Viruses Sep 2019Precision genome engineering by CRISPR is a game-changing technology that originates from the study of virus-host interaction and promises to revolutionize virology and...
Precision genome engineering by CRISPR is a game-changing technology that originates from the study of virus-host interaction and promises to revolutionize virology and antiviral therapy [...].
Topics: CRISPR-Cas Systems; Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats; Gene Editing; Genome, Viral; Host Microbial Interactions; Humans; Virology
PubMed: 31509984
DOI: 10.3390/v11090839 -
Current Opinion in Virology Dec 2021Meta-transcriptomic next-generation sequencing has transformed virus discovery, dramatically expanding our knowledge of the known virosphere. Nevertheless, the use of... (Review)
Review
Meta-transcriptomic next-generation sequencing has transformed virus discovery, dramatically expanding our knowledge of the known virosphere. Nevertheless, the use of meta-transcriptomics for virus discovery faces important challenges. As this technology becomes more widely adopted, the proportion of viral sequences in public databases with incorrect (e.g. mis-assignment of host) or limited information (e.g. lacking taxonomic classification) is likely to grow, limiting their utility in bioinformatic pipelines for virus discovery. In addition, we currently lack the bioinformatic tools that can accurately identify viruses showing little or no sequence similarity to database viruses or those that represent likely reagent contaminants. Herein, we outline some of the challenges to effective meta-transcriptomic virus discovery as well as their potential solutions.
Topics: Computational Biology; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Transcriptome; Virology; Viruses
PubMed: 34592710
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.09.007 -
Human Molecular Genetics Apr 2011Since recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) was first described as a potential mammalian cell transducing system, frequent reports purportedly solving the problems... (Review)
Review
Since recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) was first described as a potential mammalian cell transducing system, frequent reports purportedly solving the problems of scalable production have appeared. Yet few of these processes have enabled the development of robust and economical rAAV production. Two production platforms have emerged that have gained broad support for producing both research and clinical grade vectors. These processes differ fundamentally in several aspects. One approach is based on adherent mammalian cells and uses optimized chemical transient transfection for introducing the essential genetic components into the cells. The other approach utilizes suspension cultures of invertebrate cells. Baculovirus expression vectors are used for introducing the AAV genes into the cells. In addition, the baculovirus provides the helper functions necessary for efficient AAV DNA replication. The use of suspension cell culture provides an intrinsically more scalable platform system than using adherent cells. The upstream processes for suspension cultures are amenable for automation and are easily monitored and regulated to maintain optimum conditions that produce consistent yields of rAAV. Issues relating to developing new and improving existing rAAV production methods are discussed.
Topics: Animals; DNA Replication; DNA, Viral; Dependovirus; Gene Transfer Techniques; Genetic Vectors; Humans; Insecta; Transfection; Virology
PubMed: 21531790
DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddr141 -
Monoclonal Antibodies in... Jun 2014
Topics: Academies and Institutes; Allergy and Immunology; Antibodies, Monoclonal; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Immunity, Cellular; Virology
PubMed: 24893278
DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.0004 -
MSphere Feb 2023
Topics: Science; Virology
PubMed: 36519923
DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00607-22 -
Journal of Neurovirology Oct 2016
Topics: History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humans; Neurology; United States; Virology
PubMed: 27683234
DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0479-7 -
Chest Nov 2018Viral pathogens are a common cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in adults. Our ability to rapidly and accurately identify viral infections has... (Review)
Review
Viral pathogens are a common cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection in adults. Our ability to rapidly and accurately identify viral infections has dramatically improved as slow culture-based techniques have been largely replaced by multiplex high-throughput systems. Given these advances, reevaluation of the role of respiratory viral testing in adults presenting with lower respiratory tract infection is important. This article reviews the potential benefits of testing, provides an overview of the most commonly used diagnostic techniques, and considers whether current evidence supports routine testing.
Topics: High-Throughput Screening Assays; Humans; Respiratory Tract Infections; Severity of Illness Index; Virology; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 29908153
DOI: 10.1016/j.chest.2018.06.003 -
Current Opinion in Virology Feb 2022
Topics: Viral Structures; Virology
PubMed: 34875575
DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2021.11.008 -
Viruses May 2016The Hepadnaviridae family of small, enveloped DNA viruses are characterized by a strict host range and hepatocyte tropism. The prototype hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a... (Review)
Review
The Hepadnaviridae family of small, enveloped DNA viruses are characterized by a strict host range and hepatocyte tropism. The prototype hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen and constitutes a public health problem, especially in high-incidence areas. Reporter-expressing recombinant viruses are powerful tools in both studies of basic virology and development of antiviral therapeutics. In addition, the highly restricted tropism of HBV for human hepatocytes makes it an ideal tool for hepatocyte-targeting in vivo applications such as liver-specific gene delivery. However, compact genome organization and complex replication mechanisms of hepadnaviruses have made it difficult to engineer replication-competent recombinant viruses that express biologically-relevant cargo genes. This review analyzes difficulties associated with recombinant hepadnavirus vector development, summarizes and compares the progress made in this field both historically and recently, and discusses future perspectives regarding both vector design and application.
Topics: Genes, Reporter; Genetic Vectors; Hepatitis B virus; Humans; Staining and Labeling; Virology
PubMed: 27171106
DOI: 10.3390/v8050125