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Indian Journal of Sexually Transmitted... 2021Role of male circumcision (MC) as a tool to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was assessed. An attempt was made to search... (Review)
Review
Role of male circumcision (MC) as a tool to prevent sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was assessed. An attempt was made to search articles related to association between MC and STIs/HIV. A thorough search was carried out to find out quality articles published in indexed specialty journals. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and World Health Organization (WHO) sites were also referred. Warm and moist environment of area under foreskin facilitates some pathogens to persist and replicate. Further, the thinness of foreskin predisposes it to minor trauma and abrasions that facilitate the entry of pathogens. MC reduces HIV infection risk by 50%-60% over time and reduces the risk of men acquiring herpes simplex virus-2 and human papillomavirus (HPV) that can cause penile and other anogenital cancers, by 30%. There is no significant reduction in risk of acquiring syphilis, but reduced risk of acquisition of is reported. MC is reported to be beneficial in conditions such as traumatic injury, Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans, refractory balanoposthitis, and chronic, recurrent urinary tract infections. MC also reduces the chances of penile carcinoma by facilitating improved penile hygiene, lowering HPV/HIV transmission rates, and reducing chronic inflammatory conditions such as phimosis and balanitis. MC has been recommended by the WHO and UNAIDS in 2007 as an additional HIV prevention intervention in settings of high HIV prevalence. MC is an important adjunct to safe sex education, condom use, and vaccination (HPV) in reducing the global burden of HIV/STIs-related morbidity and mortality.
PubMed: 34765930
DOI: 10.4103/ijstd.ijstd_20_21 -
American Family Physician Mar 1999Adult circumcision can be performed under local or regional anesthesia. Medical indications for this procedure include phimosis, paraphimosis, recurrent balanitis and... (Review)
Review
Adult circumcision can be performed under local or regional anesthesia. Medical indications for this procedure include phimosis, paraphimosis, recurrent balanitis and posthitis (inflammation of the prepuce). Nonmedical reasons may be social, cultural, personal or religious. The procedure is commonly performed using either the dorsal slit or the sleeve technique. The dorsal slit is especially useful in patients who have phimosis. The sleeve technique may provide better control of bleeding in patients with large subcutaneous veins. A dorsal penile nerve block, with or without a circumferential penile block, provides adequate anesthesia. Informed consent must be obtained. Possible complications of adult circumcision include infection, bleeding, poor cosmetic results and a change in sensation during intercourse.
Topics: Adult; Circumcision, Male; Contraindications; Humans; Informed Consent; Male; Nerve Block; Patient Selection
PubMed: 10193593
DOI: No ID Found -
British Medical Journal (Clinical... Mar 1982To assess the causative role of non-sporing anaerobes in cass of erosive balanoposthitis, anaerobic culture was performed on purulent discharges from 104 patients with...
To assess the causative role of non-sporing anaerobes in cass of erosive balanoposthitis, anaerobic culture was performed on purulent discharges from 104 patients with penile ulceration, a foul-smelling discharge, and a mixed and motile bacterial flora. Most of 29 culturally confirmed infections were due to mixed anaerobes and eight to single anaerobes. A rapid response to treatment with metronidazole also confirmed the anaerobic cause of the infection. Thus, acute anaerobic balanoposthitis can be readily diagnosed clinically and is easily treated.
Topics: Balanitis; Eikenella corrodens; Fusobacterium; Humans; Male; Metronidazole; Prevotella melaninogenica
PubMed: 6121604
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.284.6319.859 -
F1000Research 2020Lichen sclerosus (LS), or balanitis xerotica obliterans as it was previously known, is a chronic inflammatory lymphocyte-mediated scarring dermatosis that often affects... (Review)
Review
Lichen sclerosus (LS), or balanitis xerotica obliterans as it was previously known, is a chronic inflammatory lymphocyte-mediated scarring dermatosis that often affects the preputial skin and glans, leading to phimosis and urethral strictures if left untreated. We present a narrative review of the literature assessing its aetiology and pathogenesis and discuss its links to penile cancer and its medical and surgical management. Possible hypotheses for the development of LS include chronic exposure to trapped urine, leading to changes in the epithelial structure. This is supported by the fact that circumcision is often curative in the early stages of the disease. Although circumcision can be curative, the use of topical steroids is typically the first-line treatment and may preserve the foreskin and forgo the need for circumcision altogether. Patients should be made aware of a possible association with penile cancer. Although the majority of cases can be treated by medical therapy and circumcision, a significant number of patients may also require penile reconstructive procedures.
Topics: Balanitis Xerotica Obliterans; Circumcision, Male; Humans; Lichen Sclerosus et Atrophicus; Male; Penile Neoplasms; Penis
PubMed: 32518626
DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.21529.1 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2023Scleroderma-like cutaneous lesions have been found in many pathological conditions and they have the clinical appearance of sclerotic or scleroatrophic lesions. Affected... (Review)
Review
Scleroderma-like cutaneous lesions have been found in many pathological conditions and they have the clinical appearance of sclerotic or scleroatrophic lesions. Affected skin biopsies described histopathological changes similar to those of scleroderma located strictly on the skin or those of systemic sclerosis. These skin lesions can be found in inflammatory diseases with autoimmune substrate (generalized morphea, chronic graft versus host disease, eosinophilic fasciitis), tissue storage diseases (scleredema, scleromyxedema, nephrogenyc systemic fibrosis, systemic amyloidosis), metabolic diseases (porphyrya cutanea tarda, phenylketonuria, hypothyroidism, scleredema diabeticorum), progeroid syndromes. Given the multiple etiologies of sclerodermal lesions, a correct differential diagnosis is necessary to establish the appropriate treatment.
Topics: Scleroderma, Systemic; Humans; Diagnosis, Differential
PubMed: 37600771
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1180221 -
Translational Andrology and Urology Aug 2018Adult acquired buried penis represents the clinical manifestation of a wide spectrum of pathology due to a variety of etiologies. It can be related to obesity, a laxity... (Review)
Review
Adult acquired buried penis represents the clinical manifestation of a wide spectrum of pathology due to a variety of etiologies. It can be related to obesity, a laxity in connective tissue, lichen sclerosis (LS), complications from penile/scrotal enlargement surgery, scrotal lymphedema, or hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). Buried penis can be associated with poor cosmesis and hygiene, voiding dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction. Evaluation and management of buried penis largely depends on etiology and degree of affected tissue. It is an increasingly common problem seen by reconstructive urologists and here we present several frequently seen scenarios of buried penis and management options.
PubMed: 30211051
DOI: 10.21037/tau.2018.05.06 -
World Journal of Diabetes Oct 2022Both diabetes and fungal infections contribute significantly to the global disease burden, with increasing trends seen in most developed and developing countries during... (Review)
Review
Both diabetes and fungal infections contribute significantly to the global disease burden, with increasing trends seen in most developed and developing countries during recent decades. This is reflected in urogenital infections caused by species that are becoming ever more pervasive in diabetic patients, particularly those that present with unsatisfactory glycemic control. In addition, a relatively new group of anti-hyperglycemic drugs, known as sodium glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, has been linked with an increased risk for colonization of the urogenital region with spp., which can subsequently lead to an infectious process. In this review paper, we have highlighted notable virulence factors of species (with an emphasis on ) and shown how the interplay of many pathophysiological factors can give rise to vulvovaginal candidiasis, potentially complicated with recurrences and dire pregnancy outcomes. We have also addressed an increased risk of candiduria and urinary tract infections caused by species of in females and males with diabetes, further highlighting possible complications such as emphysematous cystitis as well as the risk for the development of balanitis and balanoposthitis in (primarily uncircumcised) males. With a steadily increasing global burden of diabetes, urogenital mycotic infections will undoubtedly become more prevalent in the future; hence, there is a need for an evidence-based approach from both clinical and public health perspectives.
PubMed: 36311997
DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v13.i10.809 -
BMJ Case Reports Aug 2021
Topics: Balanitis; Humans; Male; Syphilis
PubMed: 34376420
DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244079 -
Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine May 2022Lichen sclerosus is a chronic disease of unknown etiology that can occur in the genital area of both sexes. Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) occurs only in the...
Lichen sclerosus is a chronic disease of unknown etiology that can occur in the genital area of both sexes. Balanitis xerotica obliterans (BXO) occurs only in the genital area of men and typically affects the foreskin, penile glans, and/or the meatus. In the present report, an observational, descriptive, and retrospective epidemiological clinical study of available data between January 2006 and December 2020 in patients diagnosed with BXO from the casuistic of CMI DERMAMED (Târgu Mureș, Romania) was performed. During this 15-year period, 164 patients were diagnosed with BXO, of whom 70 (42.8%) were in the 51-60-year-old age group. They presented at the medical consultation at 3-9 months after onset of symptoms, where 124 (75.6%) the patients were found to be with stage III of the disease. The most important comorbidities were found to be diabetes mellitus and obsesity, who were treated with potent steroids (betamethasone and clobetasol) with favorable results, with only nine (5.48%) cases necessitating surgical treatment. In general, BXO is a rare, acquired, non-infectious and chronically inflammatory (autoimmune) skin disease that has an unknown etiology. Although the risk of developing this condition is particularly high in patients in the 40-60-year-old age group, it can occur at any age. In the present report, the majority of the patients presented after a long period of disease development, such that they were already in advanced stages of the condition with clinically subjective symptoms and severe sexual problems. This delay in diagnosis has several causes, including misdiagnosis, psychological issues, and sexual behavior. Diabetes mellitus and overweight/obesity tended to be important comorbidities of BXO since the majority of the patients were also affected by these conditions. These comorbidities can exert an important pathophysiological influence on BXO. The first-line treatment option for this condition is the local application of potent steroids, with favorable effects. Due to the risk of malignant transformation as a result of BXO, it is recommended that these patients should be followed up for a longer period.
PubMed: 35493424
DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11288 -
The World Journal of Men's Health Apr 2022Male circumcision (MC) is one of the oldest surgical procedures still completed today. Medical indications for MC include phimosis, recurrent balanitis, cosmesis, and... (Review)
Review
Male circumcision (MC) is one of the oldest surgical procedures still completed today. Medical indications for MC include phimosis, recurrent balanitis, cosmesis, and infection prevention. In this review, we mainly focus on the role of MC in the prevention of human immunodeficiency virus, human papillomavirus, herpes simplex virus, gonorrhea, chlamydia, chancroid, and syphilis, and the subsequent impact of these genitourinary infections on male fertility. Overall, many compelling data support that MC may play an essential role in both genitourinary infection prevention and male fertility.
PubMed: 34169676
DOI: 10.5534/wjmh.210043