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International Journal of Molecular... Aug 2023Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening or even fatal systemic hypersensitivity reaction. The incidence of anaphylaxis has risen at an alarming rate in the past decades in the... (Review)
Review
Anaphylaxis is a life-threatening or even fatal systemic hypersensitivity reaction. The incidence of anaphylaxis has risen at an alarming rate in the past decades in the majority of countries. Generally, the most common causes of severe or fatal anaphylaxis are medication, foods and venoms. Anaphylactic reactions are characterized by the activation of mast cells and basophils and the release of mediators. These cells express a variety of receptors that enable them to respond to a wide range of stimulants. Most studies of anaphylaxis focus on IgE-dependent reactions. The mast cell has long been regarded as the main effector cell involved in IgE-mediated anaphylaxis. This paper reviews IgE-independent anaphylaxis, with special emphasis on mast cells, basophils, anaphylactic mediators, risk factors, triggers, and management.
Topics: Humans; Anaphylaxis; Mast Cells; Basophils; Central Nervous System Stimulants; Immunoglobulin E
PubMed: 37628983
DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612802 -
Cytometry. Part a : the Journal of the... Mar 2017The basophil activation test (BAT) is a good ex vivo alternative for measuring hypersensitivity to an allergen in sensitized patients but still lacks standardization. In...
The basophil activation test (BAT) is a good ex vivo alternative for measuring hypersensitivity to an allergen in sensitized patients but still lacks standardization. In this present study, we have implemented one of the systems and proposed inter-systems, inter-instrument standardization. Our method for basophil activation and labeling on whole blood: EDTA in one step using BasoflowEx and FlowCast . Setup on Navios and fluorescence targets converted to set up FACSCanto™ instrument. Our results: 1) A CD203c/CD63 (BasoflowEx) method was adapted for EDTA samples and simplified. 2) Final washing and concentration and use of time parameter help acquiring as many basophils as possible, spare acquisition time and noise. 3) The modified method was validated according to ISO15189 with a precision at 5.1% RCV, linearity between 1 and 1/8 of anti-IgE stimulation. Results were very close with CCR3/CD63 system (FlowCast). 4) Standardization, between systems and even between instruments. Mean Fluorescence Intensity targets are proposed using standard beads (Cytocal ) middle peak: FITC = 19.4; PE = 28.8 on Navios corresponding to FITC = 4,966; PE = 7,373 for FACSCanto. Data analyzed on common software (Kaluza ) were very closely correlated. 5) Co-labeling of B cells (CD20+) gives the possibility to monitor a significant drop of basophils under stimulation that could explain some underestimation in case of strong hypersensitivity. In conclusion, BAT would strongly benefit from easy implementation [EDTA, one step stimulation/labeling, wash, full sample analysis over time parameter, B cell relative basophil count] and standardization of instrument settings on MFI targets whatever system or instrument is used. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Topics: Allergens; Antibodies, Anti-Idiotypic; Antigens, CD; B-Lymphocytes; Basophils; Cell Separation; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Phosphoric Diester Hydrolases; Pyrophosphatases; Staining and Labeling; Tetraspanin 30
PubMed: 28281330
DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23078 -
Allergology International : Official... Jul 2017Basophils have long been neglected in immunological studies because they were regarded as only minor relatives of mast cells. However, recent advances in analytical... (Review)
Review
Basophils have long been neglected in immunological studies because they were regarded as only minor relatives of mast cells. However, recent advances in analytical tools for basophils have clarified the non-redundant roles of basophils in allergic inflammation. Basophils play crucial roles in both IgE-dependent and -independent allergic inflammation, through their migration to the site of inflammation and secretion of various mediators, including cytokines, chemokines, and proteases. Basophils are known to produce large amounts of IL-4 in response to various stimuli. Basophil-derived IL-4 has recently been shown to play versatile roles in allergic inflammation by acting on various cell types, including macrophages, innate lymphoid cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. Basophil-derived serine proteases are also crucial for the aggravation of allergic inflammation. Moreover, recent reports suggest the roles of basophils in modulating adaptive immune responses, particularly in the induction of Th2 differentiation and enhancement of humoral memory responses. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in understanding the roles of basophils in allergic inflammation.
Topics: Animals; Basophils; Cell Communication; Cytokines; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immune System; Immunoglobulin E; Immunomodulation; Inflammation; Inflammation Mediators; Lymphocyte Subsets
PubMed: 28506528
DOI: 10.1016/j.alit.2017.04.007 -
Clinical and Experimental Allergy :... May 2018IgE-mediated allergic reactions involve the activation of effector cells, predominantly through the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils.... (Review)
Review
IgE-mediated allergic reactions involve the activation of effector cells, predominantly through the high-affinity IgE receptor (FcεRI) on mast cells and basophils. Although the mast cell is considered the major effector cell during acute allergic reactions, more recent studies indicate a potentially important and specific role for basophils and their migration which occurs rapidly upon allergen challenge in humans undergoing anaphylaxis. We review the evidence for a role of basophils in contributing to clinical symptoms of anaphylaxis and discuss the possibility that basophil trafficking during anaphylaxis might be a pathogenic (to target organs) or protective (preventing degranulation in circulation) response. Finally, we examine the potential role of basophils in asthma exacerbations. Understanding the factors that regulate basophil trafficking and activation might lead to new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in anaphylaxis and asthma.
Topics: Anaphylaxis; Animals; Basophils; Humans; Hypersensitivity
PubMed: 29431885
DOI: 10.1111/cea.13117 -
Turkish Journal of Haematology :... Nov 2018Chronic basophilic leukemia (CBL) is an extremely rare type of leukemia. A literature review revealed six cases reported as primary CBL and five patients with secondary... (Review)
Review
Chronic basophilic leukemia (CBL) is an extremely rare type of leukemia. A literature review revealed six cases reported as primary CBL and five patients with secondary CBL. Patients with primary CBL may present with symptoms not related to leukemia. Dysplastic changes in peripheral blood and bone marrow were described and demonstrated in cases of primary and secondary CBL. The literature review also revealed that differential counts made by automated blood cell counters may not characterize cells as basophils in patients with primary and secondary CBL and may mislead physicians in making a differential diagnosis. For these reasons, laboratory studies for the diagnosis of CBL are required, including metachromatic staining by toluidine blue and antigen expressions by flow cytometric analysis, to detect the nature of the neoplastic cells as basophils for a reliable diagnosis of CBL. The literature review failed to reveal specific cytogenetic findings in patients with primary and secondary types of CBL.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Basophils; Female; Humans; Leukemia, Myelogenous, Chronic, BCR-ABL Positive; Male; Middle Aged
PubMed: 30401657
DOI: 10.4274/tjh.2018.0129 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2020For some years now the basophil activation test (BAT) using flow cytometry has emerged as a powerful tool and sensitive marker that can be used to detect clinically... (Review)
Review
For some years now the basophil activation test (BAT) using flow cytometry has emerged as a powerful tool and sensitive marker that can be used to detect clinically relevant allergies, provide information on the severity of an allergic reaction, and monitor therapies. Compared to other diagnostic tests, BAT seems to have a better informative value in terms of clinical relevance. In general, the BAT can be used for the diagnosis of the most common forms of IgE-mediated allergy such as hymenoptera venom allergy, inhalant allergy, food allergy, and drug allergy. Various basophil markers and parameters have been established which, depending on the trigger of the respective allergy, can provide information on the clinical relevance of sensitization, on the development of natural tolerance, on trigger thresholds, and on the severity of the allergic reaction. The BAT also serves as a suitable follow-up instrument for various therapeutic approaches such as specific immunotherapy, desensitization protocols, or use of anti-IgE-antibodies for the various diseases. Quality controls for routine use, standardization, and automatization are expected to expand the range of applications for the above-mentioned indications.
Topics: Allergens; Basophils; Biomarkers; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunoglobulin E; Immunologic Tests; Immunotherapy; Predictive Value of Tests; Treatment Outcome
PubMed: 32973757
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01815 -
Journal of Immunology (Baltimore, Md. :... Jun 2011Basophils are of interest in immunology due to their ability to produce a Th2-signature cytokine, IL-4, following activation. A new understanding of the role of... (Review)
Review
Basophils are of interest in immunology due to their ability to produce a Th2-signature cytokine, IL-4, following activation. A new understanding of the role of basophils in immunity shows novel functions at a cellular level through which basophils influence adaptive immunity. This review summarizes new advances in basophil biology and discusses new roles for basophils in human disease, especially in the mediation of the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis. Recently, basophils have been shown to contribute to self-reactive Ab production in systemic lupus erythematosus and may enhance pre-existing loss of B cell tolerance, suggesting that basophils, IL-4, and IgE mediate the pathogenesis of lupus nephritis by promoting the Th2 environment and activating autoreactive B cells. In addition to envisaging exciting therapeutic prospects, these novel findings open the way for the study of basophils in other autoimmune and renal diseases.
Topics: Animals; Autoantibodies; Basophils; Humans; Immunoglobulin E; Interleukin-4; Lupus Nephritis; Models, Immunological; Th2 Cells
PubMed: 21597041
DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002648 -
Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) Feb 2018During recent decades, the market for peptide-based drugs, including antimicrobial peptides, has vastly extended and evolved. These drugs can be useful in treatment of... (Review)
Review
During recent decades, the market for peptide-based drugs, including antimicrobial peptides, has vastly extended and evolved. These drugs can be useful in treatment of various types of disorders, e.g., cancer, autoimmune diseases, infections, and non-healing wounds. Although peptides are less immunogenic than other biologic therapeutics, they can still induce immune responses and cause allergies. It is important to evaluate the immunogenic and allergic potential of peptides before they are forwarded to the expensive stages of clinical trials. The process of the evaluation of immunogenicity and cytotoxicity is complicated, as in vitro models and bioinformatics tools cannot fully simulate situations in the clinic. Nevertheless, several potentially promising tests for the preclinical evaluation of peptide drugs have been implemented (e.g., cytotoxicity assays, the basophil activation test, and lymphocyte activation assays). In this review, we focus on strategies for evaluation of the allergic potential of peptide-based therapeutics.
Topics: Allergens; Anti-Bacterial Agents; Basophils; Dermatology; Humans; Hypersensitivity; Immunity, Cellular; Lymphocyte Activation; Peptides
PubMed: 29443886
DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020414 -
Frontiers in Immunology 2022Chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU) is a subgroup of chronic urticaria induced by a specific stimulus. We evaluated basophil characteristics in patients with CIndU and...
INTRODUCTION
Chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU) is a subgroup of chronic urticaria induced by a specific stimulus. We evaluated basophil characteristics in patients with CIndU and compared with those in patients with chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU) and healthy controls (HCs).
METHODS
Blood was collected from patients, and a basophil activation test (BAT) was performed. Basophil responsiveness and surface marker expression in patients with CIndU were compared with those in patients with CSU and HCs. For some patients with CIndU, blood was collected before and after wheals were induced. In these cases, we compared the responsiveness of basophils before and after the appearance of wheals.
RESULT
HCs (n=23) and patients with CIndU (n=24) or CSU (n=38) were enrolled in the study. The degree of basophil activation at steady state in patients with CIndU was higher than in HCs. Basophil responsiveness high-affinity IgE receptor (FcϵRI) stimulation with anti-IgE or anti-FcϵRI antibody in patients with CIndU was equivalent to that in HCs, and higher than that in patients with CSU. No abnormalities in IgE and FcϵRI expressions on the surface of basophils in patients with CIndU were observed. When we induced wheals in some patients with CIndU and performed a BAT before and after the appearance of wheals, no significant changes were found.
CONCLUSION
Peripheral blood basophils in CIndU were slightly activated at steady state, but no abnormalities in basophil responsiveness. In future, a higher number of cases should be enrolled to confirm the role of basophils and refine therapeutic targets for CIndU.
Topics: Basophil Degranulation Test; Basophils; Chronic Urticaria; Humans; Receptors, IgE; Urticaria
PubMed: 36211415
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995596 -
Journal of Zhejiang University.... Dec 2021Basophils, which are considered as redundant relatives of mast cells and the rarest granulocytes in peripheral circulation, have been neglected by researchers in the... (Review)
Review
Basophils, which are considered as redundant relatives of mast cells and the rarest granulocytes in peripheral circulation, have been neglected by researchers in the past decades. Previous studies have revealed their vital roles in allergic diseases and parasitic infections. Intriguingly, recent studies even reported that basophils might be associated with cancer development, as activated basophils synthesize and release a variety of cytokines and chemokines in response to cancers. However, it is still subject to debate whether basophils function as tumor-protecting or tumor-promoting components; the answer may depend on the tumor biology and the microenvironment. Herein, we reviewed the role of basophils in cancers, and highlighted some potential and promising therapeutic strategies.
Topics: Basophils; Chemokines; Cytokines; Humans; Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors; Neoplasms; Receptors, IgE; Tumor Microenvironment
PubMed: 34904411
DOI: 10.1631/jzus.B2100110