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Proceedings of the National Academy of... Feb 2022Women in the United States are much more likely to become mothers as teens than those in other rich countries. Teen births are particularly likely to be reported as...
Women in the United States are much more likely to become mothers as teens than those in other rich countries. Teen births are particularly likely to be reported as unintended, leading to debate over whether better information on sex and contraception might lead to reductions in teen births. We contribute to this debate by providing causal evidence at the population level. Our causal identification strategy exploits county-level variation in the timing and receipt of federal funding for more comprehensive sex education and data on age-specific teen birth rates at the county level constructed from birth certificate natality data covering all births in the United States. Our results show that federal funding for more comprehensive sex education reduced county-level teen birth rates by more than 3%. Our findings thus complement the mixed evidence to date from randomized control trials on teen pregnancies and births by providing population-level causal evidence that federal funding for more comprehensive sex education led to reductions in teen births.
Topics: Adolescent; Birth Rate; Contraception; Female; Humans; Models, Theoretical; Pregnancy; Pregnancy in Adolescence; Sex Education; Sexual Behavior; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 35165192
DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2113144119 -
Journal of Korean Medical Science Oct 2022In Korea, the birth rate is declining at an alarming pace. This study aimed to investigate the changes and trends in the population count, number of births, and birth...
BACKGROUND
In Korea, the birth rate is declining at an alarming pace. This study aimed to investigate the changes and trends in the population count, number of births, and birth rate in Korea, in the past and future.
METHODS
Data regarding the total number of births, crude birth rate, and total fertility rate were collected from the "Statistics Korea Census" of the national statistical portal, census report, and Statistics Korea's "2020 Population Trend Survey for 1981-2020, provisional results of birth and death statistics." We used the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 2019 Family Database for the TFR. To develop a better understanding of the data in this study, we classified it according to the modern history of Korea.
RESULTS
The changes and trends in the number of births and fertility rate in Korea, after liberation, were due to the birth control policy that restricted births. In Korea's low fertility society, which began in the mid-2000s, the fertility rate dropped to below 0.84 in 2020, despite policies to improve the quality of the population. The death toll has reached 300,000, entering an era of population decline.
CONCLUSION
As we enter the era of population decline, we are in a direction that will cause various socioeconomic problems, from demographic problems to future population decline.
Topics: Animals; Humans; Birth Rate; Population Dynamics; Demography; Developing Countries; Public Policy; Asia, Eastern
PubMed: 36325608
DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e304 -
NCHS Data Brief Jul 2019This report presents selected highlights from 2018 final birth data on key demographic, health care utilization, and infant health indicators. General fertility rates... (Review)
Review
This report presents selected highlights from 2018 final birth data on key demographic, health care utilization, and infant health indicators. General fertility rates (the number of births per 1,000 women aged 15-44) and teen birth rates are presented. Also shown are the distribution of births with a previous cesarean delivery (vaginal births after previous cesarean [VBAC] and repeat cesarean delivery) and the distribution of births by gestational age. All indicators are compared between 2017 and 2018 and are presented for the three largest race and Hispanic-origin groups: non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, and Hispanic.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Birth Rate; Ethnicity; Female; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Pregnancy; Premature Birth; United States; Vaginal Birth after Cesarean; Young Adult
PubMed: 31442195
DOI: No ID Found -
Scientific Reports Oct 2022The continuing decline in the birth rate has led to a series of problems, such as the disproportion of population structure and severe aging population, which have...
The continuing decline in the birth rate has led to a series of problems, such as the disproportion of population structure and severe aging population, which have restricted the country's economic development. To have a deeper understanding of the geographical differences and influencing factors of the birth rate, this paper collects and organizes the birth population data of 31 provinces in mainland China from 2011 to 2019. The national region is divided into seven natural geographical regions to obtain the spatial hierarchy, and a hierarchical Bayesian Spatio-temporal model is established. The INLA algorithm estimates the model parameters. The results show significant spatial and temporal differences in birth rates in mainland China, which are reflected mainly in the combination of spatial, temporal, and Spatio-temporal interaction effects. In the spatial dimension, the northeast is low, the northwest and southwest are high, and the birth rate has an upward trend from east to west. These trends are caused by unbalanced economic development, different fertility attitudes and differences in fertility security, reflecting regional differences in spatial effects. From 2011 to 2019, China's birth rate showed an overall downward trend in the time dimension. However, all regions except the northeast saw a significant but temporary increase in birth rates in 2016 and 2017, reflecting the temporal effect difference in birth rates.
Topics: Bayes Theorem; Birth Rate; China; Fertility; Population Dynamics
PubMed: 36253411
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22403-w -
Ugeskrift For Laeger Nov 2021The number of treatments with donated oocytes has risen markedly in Denmark during the latest decade due to changes in legislation and because female age is increasingly... (Review)
Review
The number of treatments with donated oocytes has risen markedly in Denmark during the latest decade due to changes in legislation and because female age is increasingly advanced when fertility treatment is warranted. Today, oocyte donation is a standard procedure offering the otherwise untreatable a high chance of achieving a pregnancy. Live birth rates as high as 35% per treatment are being reported. It is, however, important to be aware of increased risks of hypertensive disorders and bleeding complications in these pregnancies. As pointed out in this review, continuous research in the field is therefore highly needed.
Topics: Birth Rate; Female; Fertility; Humans; Oocyte Donation; Oocytes; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 34852907
DOI: No ID Found -
Reviews on Environmental Health Sep 2023Human health is affected by various factors such as air pollutants. Exposure to toxic air pollutants is impaired fertility in men and women. The purpose of this review... (Review)
Review
Human health is affected by various factors such as air pollutants. Exposure to toxic air pollutants is impaired fertility in men and women. The purpose of this review study was investigation of the effect of toxic air pollutants on fertility and birth rate. Databases used to for searched were the PubMed, Web of Science, Springer and Science Direct (Scopus) and Google Scholar. Identify all relevant studies published 1999-2022. In this study, according to databases five hundred articles were retrieved. 33 studies were screened after review and 19 full-text articles entered into the analysis process. Finally, 11 articles were selected in this study. The literature signs a notable health effects from toxic air pollutants and increase risk of infertility in men and women and having a variety of reproductive system cancers such as prostate, bladder, ovary, kidney and uterus. According to the finding toxic air pollutants can increase the risk infertility in men and women, incidence of cancers of reproductive system and decrease the birth rate. Activities that play an important role in reducing the health effects of toxic air pollutants such as infertility in men and women and reducing the population rate of communities are improving the quality of fuel used in the home, car, industries, changing production processes in large industries, installing catalysts to reduce emissions in cars, use more public transportation, plant trees and increase green space per capita, increase public awareness about various effects of toxic air pollutants and protective measures.
Topics: Male; Humans; Female; Air Pollutants; Birth Rate; Fertility; Infertility; Fetus; Neoplasms
PubMed: 35724665
DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0032 -
JBRA Assisted Reproduction Jul 2021To determine the rate of live birth per blastocyst based on morphology and oocyte age using data from a single center.
OBJECTIVE
To determine the rate of live birth per blastocyst based on morphology and oocyte age using data from a single center.
METHODS
This is a mathematical analysis and model building study of autologous blastocyst stage embryo transfers at a University-affiliated center. A total of 448 blastocyst stage embryos were transferred in 244 fresh and frozen embryo transfers from May 2015 through April 2018. Blastocyst morphology was divided into good, fair, and poor overall morphology grades. Each embryo transfer was modeled as an equation equating the sum of the unknown live birth rates of the transferred embryos to the number of live births that resulted. The least squares solution to the system of embryo transfer equations was determined using linear algebra.
RESULTS
Trophectoderm morphology was a better predictor of live birth rate than inner cell mass morphology. Embryos graded AA/AB/BA (good) had the highest live birth rates followed by BB/CB (fair), and BC/CC (poor). In our youngest age group (25-32 years) live birth rates per embryo were 51% for good, 39% for fair, and 25% for poor quality embryos. In our oldest age group (40-44 years) the live birth rates per embryo were 22% for good, 14% for fair, and 8% for poor quality embryos.
CONCLUSIONS
These techniques can help analyze small datasets such as those from individual clinics to aid in determining the ideal number of embryos to transfer to achieve live birth while limiting the risk of multiple gestations.
Topics: Adult; Birth Rate; Blastocyst; Embryo Transfer; Female; Fertilization in Vitro; Humans; Live Birth; Pregnancy; Retrospective Studies
PubMed: 33565291
DOI: 10.5935/1518-0557.20200101 -
National Vital Statistics Reports :... Nov 2019Objectives-This report presents 2018 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant...
Objectives-This report presents 2018 data on U.S. births according to a wide variety of characteristics. Trends in fertility patterns and maternal and infant characteristics are described and interpreted. Methods-Descriptive tabulations of data reported on the birth certificates of the 3.79 million births that occurred in 2018 are presented. Data are presented for maternal age, live-birth order, race and Hispanic origin, marital status, tobacco use, prenatal care, source of payment for the delivery, method of delivery, gestational age, birthweight, and plurality. Selected data by mother's state of residence and birth rates by age also are shown. Trend data for 2010 through 2018 are presented for selected items. Trend data by race and Hispanic origin are shown for 2016-2018. Results-3,791,712 births were registered in the United States in 2018, down 2% from 2017. Compared with rates in 2017, the general fertility rate declined to 59.1 births per 1,000 women aged 15-44. The birth rate for females aged 15-19 fell 7% in 2018. Birth rates declined for women aged 20-34 and increased for women aged 35-44. The total fertility rate declined to 1,729.5 births per 1,000 women in 2018. Birth rates for both married and unmarried women declined from 2017 to 2018. The percentage of women who began prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy rose to 77.5% in 2018; the percentage of all women who smoked during pregnancy declined to 6.5%. The cesarean delivery rate decreased to 31.9% in 2018 following an increase in 2017. Medicaid was the source of payment for 42.3% of all 2018 births, down 2% from 2017. The preterm birth rate rose for the fourth straight year to 10.02% in 2018; the rate of low birthweight was unchanged at 8.28%. Twin and triplet and higher-order multiple birth rates declined in 2018 (Figure 1).
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Birth Certificates; Birth Order; Birth Rate; Birth Weight; Delivery, Obstetric; Female; Gestational Age; Hispanic or Latino; Humans; Infant, Newborn; Male; Marital Status; Maternal Age; Mothers; Multiple Birth Offspring; Pregnancy; Prenatal Care; Racial Groups; Tobacco Use; United States; Young Adult
PubMed: 32501202
DOI: No ID Found -
BMJ Global Health Oct 2022Latin America has the second-highest adolescent birth rate (ABR) worldwide. Variation between urban and rural areas and evidence linking country development to ABR...
INTRODUCTION
Latin America has the second-highest adolescent birth rate (ABR) worldwide. Variation between urban and rural areas and evidence linking country development to ABR points towards upstream factors in the causal pathway. We investigated variation in ABR within and between cities, and whether different features of urban social environments are associated with ABR.
METHODS
We included 363 cities in 9 Latin American countries. We collected data on social environment at country, city and subcity levels and birth rates among adolescents (ages 15-19). We investigated variation in ABR within and between countries and cities along with associations between social environment and ABR by fitting three-level negative binomial models (subcities nested within cities nested within countries).
RESULTS
The median subcity ABR was 58.5 per 1000 women 15-19 (IQR 43.0-75.3). We found significant variability in subcity ABR between countries and cities (37% of variance between countries and 47% between cities within countries). Higher homicide rates and greater population growth in cities were associated with higher ABR (rate ratio (RR) 1.09; 95% CI 1.06 to 1.12 and RR 1.02; 95% CI 1.00 to 1.04, per SD, respectively), while better living conditions and educational attainment in subcities were associated with lower ABR after accounting for other social environment characteristics (RR 0.95; 95% CI 0.92 to 0.98 and 0.78; 95% CI 0.76 to 0.79, per SD, respectively).
CONCLUSIONS
The large heterogeneity of ABR found within countries and cities highlights the key role urban areas have in developing local policies. Holistic interventions targeting education inequalities and living conditions are likely important to reducing ABR in cities.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Birth Rate; Cities; Educational Status; Female; Humans; Latin America; Social Environment; Young Adult
PubMed: 36253017
DOI: 10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009737 -
Fertility and Sterility Mar 2022
Multiple live birth rate more than 60% after assisted reproductive technology treatment in patients with favorable prognosis: opportunity to address a reproductive public health and economic burden by improved adherence to guidelines combined with increased patient access to assisted reproductive...
Topics: Birth Rate; Female; Financial Stress; Humans; Pregnancy; Pregnancy, Multiple; Public Health; Reproductive Techniques, Assisted
PubMed: 35219472
DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2022.01.020