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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2017Parvovirus B19 (B19V) and human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), members of the large Parvoviridae family, are human pathogens responsible for a variety of diseases. For B19V in... (Review)
Review
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) and human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), members of the large Parvoviridae family, are human pathogens responsible for a variety of diseases. For B19V in particular, host features determine disease manifestations. These viruses are prevalent worldwide and are culturable in vitro, and serological and molecular assays are available but require careful interpretation of results. Additional human parvoviruses, including HBoV2 to -4, human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), and human bufavirus (BuV) are also reviewed. The full spectrum of parvovirus disease in humans has yet to be established. Candidate recombinant B19V vaccines have been developed but may not be commercially feasible. We review relevant features of the molecular and cellular biology of these viruses, and the human immune response that they elicit, which have allowed a deep understanding of pathophysiology.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Genome, Viral; Human bocavirus; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus B19, Human; Prevalence; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 27806994
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00040-16 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jun 2021Several viruses target the human respiratory tract, causing different clinical manifestations spanning from mild upper airway involvement to life-threatening acute... (Review)
Review
Several viruses target the human respiratory tract, causing different clinical manifestations spanning from mild upper airway involvement to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As dramatically evident in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the clinical picture is not always easily predictable due to the combined effect of direct viral and indirect patient-specific immune-mediated damage. In this review, we discuss the main RNA (orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses) and DNA (adenoviruses, herpesviruses, and bocaviruses) viruses with respiratory tropism and their mechanisms of direct and indirect cell damage. We analyze the thin line existing between a protective immune response, capable of limiting viral replication, and an unbalanced, dysregulated immune activation often leading to the most severe complication. Our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved is increasing and this should pave the way for the development and clinical use of new tailored immune-based antiviral strategies.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; COVID-19; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA Viruses; Female; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Interferons; Lung; Lung Injury; Male; Middle Aged; Pandemics; RNA Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; SARS-CoV-2; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 33789928
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00103-20 -
Archivos de Bronconeumologia May 2016Respiratory viral infections, particularly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus, are the most importance risk factors for the onset of wheezing in infants... (Review)
Review
Respiratory viral infections, particularly respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and rhinovirus, are the most importance risk factors for the onset of wheezing in infants and small children. Bronchiolitis is the most common acute respiratory infection in children under 1year of age, and the most common cause of hospitalization in this age group. RSV accounts for approximately 70% of all these cases, followed by rhinovirus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus and bocavirus. The association between bronchiolitis caused by RSV and the development of recurrent wheezing and/or asthma was first described more than 40years ago, but it is still unclear whether bronchiolitis causes chronic respiratory symptoms, or if it is a marker for children with a genetic predisposition for developing asthma in the medium or long term. In any case, sufficient evidence is available to corroborate the existence of this association, which is particularly strong when the causative agent of bronchiolitis is rhinovirus. The pathogenic role of respiratory viruses as triggers for exacerbations in asthmatic patients has not been fully characterized. However, it is clear that respiratory viruses, and in particular rhinovirus, are the most common causes of exacerbation in children, and some type of respiratory virus has been identified in over 90% of children hospitalized for an episode of wheezing. Changes in the immune response to viral infections in genetically predisposed individuals are very likely to be the main factors involved in the association between viral infection and asthma.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Age of Onset; Asthma; Bronchiolitis; Causality; Child; Child, Preschool; Comorbidity; Disease Progression; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity, Immediate; Male; Models, Biological; Prevalence; Recurrence; Respiratory Sounds; Respiratory Tract Infections; Virus Diseases; Young Adult
PubMed: 26766408
DOI: 10.1016/j.arbres.2015.11.008 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Aug 2022To combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented worldwide, which impacted a broad spectrum of acute... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
To combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented worldwide, which impacted a broad spectrum of acute respiratory infections (ARIs).
METHODS
Etiologically diagnostic data from 142 559 cases with ARIs, who were tested for 8 viral pathogens (influenza virus [IFV], respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], human parainfluenza virus [HPIV], human adenovirus [HAdV], human metapneumovirus [HMPV], human coronavirus [HCoV], human bocavirus [HBoV], and human rhinovirus [HRV]) between 2012 and 2021, were analyzed to assess the changes in respiratory infections in China during the first COVID-19 pandemic year compared with pre-pandemic years.
RESULTS
Test-positive rates of all respiratory viruses decreased during 2020, compared to the average levels during 2012-2019, with changes ranging from -17.2% for RSV to -87.6% for IFV. Sharp decreases mostly occurred between February and August when massive NPIs remained active, although HRV rebounded to the historical level during the summer. While IFV and HMPV were consistently suppressed year-round, RSV, HPIV, HCoV, HRV, and HBoV resurged and went beyond historical levels during September 2020-January 2021, after NPIs were largely relaxed and schools reopened. Resurgence was more prominent among children <18 years and in northern China. These observations remain valid after accounting for seasonality and long-term trend of each virus.
CONCLUSIONS
Activities of respiratory viral infections were reduced substantially in the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, and massive NPIs were likely the main driver. Lifting of NPIs can lead to resurgence of viral infections, particularly in children.
Topics: COVID-19; Child; Human bocavirus; Humans; Metapneumovirus; Orthomyxoviridae; Pandemics; Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 34788811
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab942 -
International Archives of Allergy and... 2021Respiratory tract infections are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a member of the Parvoviridae family causes a wide... (Review)
Review
Respiratory tract infections are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a member of the Parvoviridae family causes a wide spectrum of respiratory diseases in children, and gastroenteritis in adults. The mechanisms of latency, persistence, and reinfection of Bocavirus are poorly understood at present due to the lack of permissive cell lines and efficient animal models. Moreover, the dual infections of HBoV and other respiratory viruses further complicate the study of the pathogenicity of Bocaviruses. The data on immunological consequences of Bocavirus infection are sparse. However, the existing data have highlighted the role of CD4 T cells in Bocavirus infection. High titres of HBoV-specific antibodies have been detected in different populations suggesting its ubiquitous prevalence. Interestingly, the mechanism employed by Bocavirus to evade the immune system mostly targets type I IFN pathways and cause pyroptotic cell death of host cells. This review summarizes the immune responses evoked in response to Bocavirus infection, escape mechanism employed by the virus, and the vaccination strategies, including antisense technology to combat Bocavirus infections.
Topics: Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Human bocavirus; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunity; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Parvoviridae Infections; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 33873181
DOI: 10.1159/000514688 -
Clinics in Laboratory Medicine Jun 2014Non-influenza respiratory virus infections are common worldwide and contribute to morbidity and mortality in all age groups. The recently identified Middle East... (Review)
Review
Non-influenza respiratory virus infections are common worldwide and contribute to morbidity and mortality in all age groups. The recently identified Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus has been associated with rapidly progressive pneumonia and high mortality rate. Adenovirus 14 has been increasingly recognized in severe acute respiratory illness in both military and civilian individuals. Rhinovirus C and human bocavirus type 1 have been commonly detected in infants and young children with respiratory tract infection and studies have shown a positive correlation between respiratory illness and high viral loads, mono-infection, viremia, and/or serologically-confirmed primary infection.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Human bocavirus; Humans; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 24856535
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2014.02.011 -
Ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 and rodent bocavirus are different genotypes of the same species of virus.Virologica Sinica Apr 2022Bocaviruses are associated with many human infectious diseases, such as respiratory tract infections, gastroenteritis, and hepatitis. Rats are known to be reservoirs of...
Bocaviruses are associated with many human infectious diseases, such as respiratory tract infections, gastroenteritis, and hepatitis. Rats are known to be reservoirs of bocaviruses, including rodent bocavirus and rat bocavirus. Recently, ungulate bocaparvovirus 4, a known porcine bocavirus, has also been found in rats. Thus, investigating bocaviruses in rats is important for determining the origin of the viruses and preventing and controlling their transmission. To the best of our knowledge, no study to date has investigated bocaviruses in the livers of rats. In this report, a total of 624 rats were trapped in southern China between 2014 and 2017. Liver and serum samples from rats were tested for the prevalence of bocaviruses using PCR. Sequences related to ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 and rodent bocavirus were detected in both liver and serum samples. Interestingly, the prevalence of ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 (reference strain: KJ622366.1) was higher than that of rodent bocavirus (reference strain: KY927868.1) in both liver (2.24% and 0.64%, respectively) and serum samples (2.19% and 0.44%, respectively). The NS1 regions of ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 and rodent bocavirus related sequences displayed over 84% and 88% identity at the nucleic acid and amino acid levels, respectively. Furthermore, these sequences had similar genomic structure, genomic features, and codon usage bias, and shared a common ancestor. These viruses also displayed greater adaptability to rats than pigs. Our results suggested that ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 and rodent bocavirus may originate from rats and may be different genotypes of the same bocavirus species.
Topics: Animals; Bocavirus; Genome, Viral; Genotype; Parvoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Rats; Swine
PubMed: 35527226
DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.02.002 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Oct 2016Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus isolated about a decade ago and found worldwide in both respiratory samples, mainly from early life and children of 6-24 mo of age... (Review)
Review
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus isolated about a decade ago and found worldwide in both respiratory samples, mainly from early life and children of 6-24 mo of age with acute respiratory infection, and in stool samples, from patients with gastroenteritis. Since then, other viruses related to the first HBoV isolate (HBoV1), namely HBoV2, HBoV3 and HBoV4, have been detected principally in human faeces. HBoVs are small non-enveloped single-stranded DNA viruses of about 5300 nucleotides, consisting of three open reading frames encoding the first two the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and nuclear phosphoprotein (NP1) and the third the viral capsid proteins 1 and 2 (VP1 and VP2). HBoV pathogenicity remains to be fully clarified mainly due to the lack of animal models for the difficulties in replicating the virus in cell cultures, and the fact that HBoV infection is frequently accompanied by at least another viral and/or bacterial respiratory and/or gastroenteric pathogen infection. Current diagnostic methods to support HBoV detection include polymerase chain reaction, real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme immunoassay using recombinant VP2 or virus-like particle capsid proteins, although sequence-independent amplification techniques combined with next-generation sequencing platforms promise rapid and simultaneous detection of the pathogens in the future. This review presents the current knowledge on HBoV genotypes with emphasis on taxonomy, phylogenetic relationship and genomic analysis, biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic methods. The emerging discussion on HBoVs as true pathogen or innocent bystander is also emphasized.
Topics: Cluster Analysis; Genotype; Human bocavirus; Humans; Nucleotides; Parvoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Respiratory Tract Infections; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Viral Nonstructural Proteins
PubMed: 27818586
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i39.8684 -
Virologica Sinica Dec 2021Porcine bocavirus (PBoV) is a single-stranded DNA virus, belongs to the genus Bocaparvovirus of family Parvoviridae. It was discovered along with porcine circovirus 2... (Review)
Review
Porcine bocavirus (PBoV) is a single-stranded DNA virus, belongs to the genus Bocaparvovirus of family Parvoviridae. It was discovered along with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV 2) and torque tenovirus (TTV) in the lymph nodes of pigs suffering from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in Sweden in 2009. PBoV has been reported throughout the world, mostly in weaning piglets, and has a broad range of tissue tropism. Since PBoV is prevalent in healthy as well as clinically infected pigs and is mostly associated with coinfection with other viruses, the pathogenic nature of PBoV is still unclear. Currently, there are no cell lines available for the study of PBoV, and animal model experiments have not been described. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about PBoV, including the epidemiology, evolution analysis, detection methods, pathogenesis and public health concerns.
Topics: Animals; Bocavirus; Circoviridae Infections; Circovirus; Coinfection; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 33909219
DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00365-z -
World Journal of Pediatrics : WJP Aug 2017Bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection in infancy. The aim of this review is to present the clinical profile of viral bronchiolitis, the different... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Bronchiolitis is a common lower respiratory tract infection in infancy. The aim of this review is to present the clinical profile of viral bronchiolitis, the different culprit viruses and the disease severity in relation to the viral etiology.
DATA SOURCES
Databases including PubMed and Google Scholar were searched for articles about the clinical features of bronchiolitis and its viral etiology. The most relevant articles to the scope of this review were analyzed.
RESULTS
Currently there are two main definitions for bronchiolitis which are not identical, the European definition and the American one. The most common viral pathogen that causes bronchiolitis is respiratory syncytial virus which was identified in 1955; now many other viruses have been implicated in the etiology of bronchiolitis such as rhinovirus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus, and bocavirus. Several studies have attempted to investigate the correlation of bronchiolitis severity with the type of detected virus or viruses. However, the results were not consitent.
CONCLUSIONS
For the time being, the diagnosis of bronchiolitis remains clinical. The isolation of the responsible respiratory pathogens does not seem to confer to the prognosis of the disease severity.
Topics: Acute Disease; Bocavirus; Bronchiolitis, Viral; Female; Humans; Infant; Male; Prevalence; Prognosis; Respiratory Syncytial Viruses; Rhinovirus; Risk Assessment; Severity of Illness Index; Viruses
PubMed: 28470580
DOI: 10.1007/s12519-017-0031-8