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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2017Parvovirus B19 (B19V) and human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), members of the large Parvoviridae family, are human pathogens responsible for a variety of diseases. For B19V in... (Review)
Review
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) and human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), members of the large Parvoviridae family, are human pathogens responsible for a variety of diseases. For B19V in particular, host features determine disease manifestations. These viruses are prevalent worldwide and are culturable in vitro, and serological and molecular assays are available but require careful interpretation of results. Additional human parvoviruses, including HBoV2 to -4, human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), and human bufavirus (BuV) are also reviewed. The full spectrum of parvovirus disease in humans has yet to be established. Candidate recombinant B19V vaccines have been developed but may not be commercially feasible. We review relevant features of the molecular and cellular biology of these viruses, and the human immune response that they elicit, which have allowed a deep understanding of pathophysiology.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Genome, Viral; Human bocavirus; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus B19, Human; Prevalence; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 27806994
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00040-16 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jun 2021Several viruses target the human respiratory tract, causing different clinical manifestations spanning from mild upper airway involvement to life-threatening acute... (Review)
Review
Several viruses target the human respiratory tract, causing different clinical manifestations spanning from mild upper airway involvement to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As dramatically evident in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the clinical picture is not always easily predictable due to the combined effect of direct viral and indirect patient-specific immune-mediated damage. In this review, we discuss the main RNA (orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses) and DNA (adenoviruses, herpesviruses, and bocaviruses) viruses with respiratory tropism and their mechanisms of direct and indirect cell damage. We analyze the thin line existing between a protective immune response, capable of limiting viral replication, and an unbalanced, dysregulated immune activation often leading to the most severe complication. Our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved is increasing and this should pave the way for the development and clinical use of new tailored immune-based antiviral strategies.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; COVID-19; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA Viruses; Female; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Interferons; Lung; Lung Injury; Male; Middle Aged; Pandemics; RNA Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; SARS-CoV-2; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 33789928
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00103-20 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Aug 2022To combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented worldwide, which impacted a broad spectrum of acute... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
To combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented worldwide, which impacted a broad spectrum of acute respiratory infections (ARIs).
METHODS
Etiologically diagnostic data from 142 559 cases with ARIs, who were tested for 8 viral pathogens (influenza virus [IFV], respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], human parainfluenza virus [HPIV], human adenovirus [HAdV], human metapneumovirus [HMPV], human coronavirus [HCoV], human bocavirus [HBoV], and human rhinovirus [HRV]) between 2012 and 2021, were analyzed to assess the changes in respiratory infections in China during the first COVID-19 pandemic year compared with pre-pandemic years.
RESULTS
Test-positive rates of all respiratory viruses decreased during 2020, compared to the average levels during 2012-2019, with changes ranging from -17.2% for RSV to -87.6% for IFV. Sharp decreases mostly occurred between February and August when massive NPIs remained active, although HRV rebounded to the historical level during the summer. While IFV and HMPV were consistently suppressed year-round, RSV, HPIV, HCoV, HRV, and HBoV resurged and went beyond historical levels during September 2020-January 2021, after NPIs were largely relaxed and schools reopened. Resurgence was more prominent among children <18 years and in northern China. These observations remain valid after accounting for seasonality and long-term trend of each virus.
CONCLUSIONS
Activities of respiratory viral infections were reduced substantially in the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, and massive NPIs were likely the main driver. Lifting of NPIs can lead to resurgence of viral infections, particularly in children.
Topics: COVID-19; Child; Human bocavirus; Humans; Metapneumovirus; Orthomyxoviridae; Pandemics; Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 34788811
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab942 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Nov 2011Viral respiratory infection has long been known to influence the occurrence of asthma exacerbations. Over the last 20years much effort has been put into clarifying the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Viral respiratory infection has long been known to influence the occurrence of asthma exacerbations. Over the last 20years much effort has been put into clarifying the role that viral respiratory infections play in the eventual development of asthma.
SCOPE OF REVIEW
In this review we give a general background of the role of viruses in the processes of asthma exacerbation and asthma induction. We review recent additions to the literature in the last 3years with particular focus on clinical and epidemiologic investigations of influenza, rhinovirus, bocavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and metapneumovirus.
MAJOR CONCLUSIONS
The development of asthma emerges from a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental factors with viral infection likely playing a significant role in the effect of environment on asthma inception. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biochemistry of Asthma.
GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE
Further understanding of the role that viruses play in asthma exacerbation and inception will contribute to decreased asthma morbidity in the future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biochemistry of Asthma.
Topics: Asthma; Human bocavirus; Humans; Influenza, Human; Parvoviridae Infections; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Rhinovirus; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 21291960
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.01.012 -
International Archives of Allergy and... 2021Respiratory tract infections are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a member of the Parvoviridae family causes a wide... (Review)
Review
Respiratory tract infections are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a member of the Parvoviridae family causes a wide spectrum of respiratory diseases in children, and gastroenteritis in adults. The mechanisms of latency, persistence, and reinfection of Bocavirus are poorly understood at present due to the lack of permissive cell lines and efficient animal models. Moreover, the dual infections of HBoV and other respiratory viruses further complicate the study of the pathogenicity of Bocaviruses. The data on immunological consequences of Bocavirus infection are sparse. However, the existing data have highlighted the role of CD4 T cells in Bocavirus infection. High titres of HBoV-specific antibodies have been detected in different populations suggesting its ubiquitous prevalence. Interestingly, the mechanism employed by Bocavirus to evade the immune system mostly targets type I IFN pathways and cause pyroptotic cell death of host cells. This review summarizes the immune responses evoked in response to Bocavirus infection, escape mechanism employed by the virus, and the vaccination strategies, including antisense technology to combat Bocavirus infections.
Topics: Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Human bocavirus; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunity; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Parvoviridae Infections; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 33873181
DOI: 10.1159/000514688 -
Applied and Environmental Microbiology Jul 2021Human bocavirus (HBoV) has been recognized as an important pathogen that causes respiratory infection and acute gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. HBoV is most...
Human bocavirus (HBoV) has been recognized as an important pathogen that causes respiratory infection and acute gastroenteritis in young children worldwide. HBoV is most likely transmitted by the respiratory route and by fecal-oral transmission. Recently, HBoV has been detected in several types of environmental water and in bivalve shellfish. However, study of the existence of HBoV in oysters is still undocumented in Thailand. In this study, 144 oyster samples collected from different markets in Chiang Mai, Thailand, in 2017 and 2018 were investigated for the presence of HBoV by nested PCR and sequencing. HBoV was detected in 11 out of 144 samples (7.6%). Nine HBoV-positive samples (81.8%) were identified as genotype 1 (HBoV1) and two (18.2%) as HBoV2. A monthly investigation of HBoV in oyster samples from July 2017 to June 2018 showed that HBoV was sporadically detected in particular months spanning the rainy and colder season, with a peak in January. This study demonstrates the presence and genotype diversity of HBoV in oyster samples in Thailand. The findings contribute to evaluating the risk of foodborne transmission of HBoV and to monitoring outbreaks of HBoV in Thailand and in other countries. Human bocavirus is recognized as an important cause of respiratory infection and of acute gastroenteritis in children worldwide. Human bocavirus has been widely detected in many clinical specimens, as well as in several types of environmental samples. Most previous studies describe the incidence of bocavirus infection in humans, whereas few data are available for the occurrence of human bocavirus in food materials, particularly that in bivalve shellfish. Our findings provide evidence for the existence and prevalence of human bocavirus in oysters, suggesting that further monitoring of the potential risk of food- and waterborne transmission of this virus to humans should be undertaken.
Topics: Animals; Food Contamination; Foodborne Diseases; Gastroenteritis; Genotype; Human bocavirus; Humans; Ostreidae; Parvoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Seasons; Thailand
PubMed: 34047634
DOI: 10.1128/AEM.00456-21 -
Frontiers in Public Health 2021Respiratory viral infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world; however, there are several groups of viruses that are insufficiently... (Review)
Review
Respiratory viral infections are the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world; however, there are several groups of viruses that are insufficiently routinely sought for, and can thus be considered neglected from a diagnostic and clinical standpoint. Timely detection of seasonality of certain respiratory viruses (e.g., enveloped viruses such as seasonal coronaviruses) in the local context can aid substantially in targeted and cost-effective utilization of viral diagnostic approaches. For the other, non-enveloped and year-round viruses (i.e., rhinovirus, adenovirus, and bocavirus), a continuous virological diagnosis needs to be implemented in clinical laboratories to more effectively address the aetiology of respiratory infections, and assess the overall impact of these viruses on disease burden. While the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is still actively unfolding, we aimed to emphasize the persistent role of seasonal coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, adenoviruses and bocaviruses in the aetiology of respiratory infections. Consequently, this paper concentrates on the burden and epidemiological trends of aforementioned viral groups on a global level, but also provides a snapshot of their prevalence patterns in Croatia in order to underscore the potential implications of viral seasonality. An overall global prevalence in respiratory tract infections was found to be between 0.5 and 18.4% for seasonal coronaviruses, between 13 and 59% for rhinoviruses, between 1 and 36% for human adenoviruses, and between 1 and 56.8% for human bocaviruses. A Croatian dataset on patients with respiratory tract infection and younger than 18 years of age has revealed a fairly high prevalence of rhinoviruses (33.4%), with much lower prevalence of adenoviruses (15.6%), seasonal coronaviruses (7.1%), and bocaviruses (5.3%). These insights represent a relevant discussion point in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic where the testing of non-SARS-CoV-2 viruses has been limited in many settings, making the monitoring of disease burden associated with other respiratory viruses rather difficult.
Topics: Adenoviruses, Human; COVID-19; Croatia; Human bocavirus; Humans; Pandemics; SARS-CoV-2; Seasons
PubMed: 34291031
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.691163 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Oct 2016Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus isolated about a decade ago and found worldwide in both respiratory samples, mainly from early life and children of 6-24 mo of age... (Review)
Review
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus isolated about a decade ago and found worldwide in both respiratory samples, mainly from early life and children of 6-24 mo of age with acute respiratory infection, and in stool samples, from patients with gastroenteritis. Since then, other viruses related to the first HBoV isolate (HBoV1), namely HBoV2, HBoV3 and HBoV4, have been detected principally in human faeces. HBoVs are small non-enveloped single-stranded DNA viruses of about 5300 nucleotides, consisting of three open reading frames encoding the first two the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and nuclear phosphoprotein (NP1) and the third the viral capsid proteins 1 and 2 (VP1 and VP2). HBoV pathogenicity remains to be fully clarified mainly due to the lack of animal models for the difficulties in replicating the virus in cell cultures, and the fact that HBoV infection is frequently accompanied by at least another viral and/or bacterial respiratory and/or gastroenteric pathogen infection. Current diagnostic methods to support HBoV detection include polymerase chain reaction, real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme immunoassay using recombinant VP2 or virus-like particle capsid proteins, although sequence-independent amplification techniques combined with next-generation sequencing platforms promise rapid and simultaneous detection of the pathogens in the future. This review presents the current knowledge on HBoV genotypes with emphasis on taxonomy, phylogenetic relationship and genomic analysis, biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic methods. The emerging discussion on HBoVs as true pathogen or innocent bystander is also emphasized.
Topics: Cluster Analysis; Genotype; Human bocavirus; Humans; Nucleotides; Parvoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Respiratory Tract Infections; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Viral Nonstructural Proteins
PubMed: 27818586
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i39.8684 -
Journal of Virology Mar 2021Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) and HBoV2-4 infect children and immunocompromised individuals, resulting in respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, respectively. Using...
Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) and HBoV2-4 infect children and immunocompromised individuals, resulting in respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, respectively. Using cryo-electron microscopy and image reconstruction, the HBoV2 capsid structure was determined to 2.7 Å resolution at pH 7.4 and compared to the previously determined HBoV1, HBoV3, and HBoV4 structures. Consistent with previous findings, surface variable region (VR) III of the capsid protein VP3, proposed as a host tissue-tropism determinant, was structurally similar among the gastrointestinal strains HBoV2-4, but differed from HBoV1 with its tropism for the respiratory tract. Towards understanding the entry and trafficking properties of these viruses, HBoV1 and HBoV2 were further analyzed as species representatives of the two HBoV tropisms. Their cell surface glycan-binding characteristics were analyzed, and capsid structures determined to 2.5-2.7 Å resolution at pH 5.5 and 2.6, conditions normally encountered during infection. The data showed that glycans with terminal sialic acid, galactose, GlcNAc or heparan sulfate moieties do not facilitate HBoV1 or HBoV2 cellular attachment. With respect to trafficking, conformational changes common to both viruses were observed at low pH conditions localized to the VP N-terminus under the 5-fold channel, in the surface loops VR-I and VR-V and specific side-chain residues such as cysteines and histidines. The 5-fold conformational movements provide insight into the potential mechanism of VP N-terminal dynamics during HBoV infection and side-chain modifications highlight pH-sensitive regions of the capsid. Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) are associated with disease in humans. However, the lack of an animal model and a versatile cell culture system to study their life cycle limits the ability to develop specific treatments or vaccines. This study presents the structure of HBoV2, at 2.7 Å resolution, determined for comparison to the existing HBoV1, HBoV3, and HBoV4 structures, to enable the molecular characterization of strain and genus-specific capsid features contributing to tissue tropism and antigenicity. Furthermore, HBoV1 and HBoV2 structures determined under acidic conditions provide insight into capsid changes associated with endosomal and gastrointestinal acidification. Structural rearrangements of the capsid VP N-terminus, at the base of the 5-fold channel, demonstrate a disordering of a "basket" motif as pH decreases. These observations begin to unravel the molecular mechanism of HBoV infection and provide information for control strategies.
PubMed: 33472934
DOI: 10.1128/JVI.02329-20 -
Virologica Sinica Dec 2021Porcine bocavirus (PBoV) is a single-stranded DNA virus, belongs to the genus Bocaparvovirus of family Parvoviridae. It was discovered along with porcine circovirus 2... (Review)
Review
Porcine bocavirus (PBoV) is a single-stranded DNA virus, belongs to the genus Bocaparvovirus of family Parvoviridae. It was discovered along with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV 2) and torque tenovirus (TTV) in the lymph nodes of pigs suffering from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in Sweden in 2009. PBoV has been reported throughout the world, mostly in weaning piglets, and has a broad range of tissue tropism. Since PBoV is prevalent in healthy as well as clinically infected pigs and is mostly associated with coinfection with other viruses, the pathogenic nature of PBoV is still unclear. Currently, there are no cell lines available for the study of PBoV, and animal model experiments have not been described. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about PBoV, including the epidemiology, evolution analysis, detection methods, pathogenesis and public health concerns.
Topics: Animals; Bocavirus; Circoviridae Infections; Circovirus; Coinfection; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 33909219
DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00365-z