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Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jan 2017Parvovirus B19 (B19V) and human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), members of the large Parvoviridae family, are human pathogens responsible for a variety of diseases. For B19V in... (Review)
Review
Parvovirus B19 (B19V) and human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), members of the large Parvoviridae family, are human pathogens responsible for a variety of diseases. For B19V in particular, host features determine disease manifestations. These viruses are prevalent worldwide and are culturable in vitro, and serological and molecular assays are available but require careful interpretation of results. Additional human parvoviruses, including HBoV2 to -4, human parvovirus 4 (PARV4), and human bufavirus (BuV) are also reviewed. The full spectrum of parvovirus disease in humans has yet to be established. Candidate recombinant B19V vaccines have been developed but may not be commercially feasible. We review relevant features of the molecular and cellular biology of these viruses, and the human immune response that they elicit, which have allowed a deep understanding of pathophysiology.
Topics: Gene Expression Regulation, Viral; Genome, Viral; Human bocavirus; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections; Parvovirus B19, Human; Prevalence; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 27806994
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00040-16 -
Clinical Microbiology Reviews Jun 2021Several viruses target the human respiratory tract, causing different clinical manifestations spanning from mild upper airway involvement to life-threatening acute... (Review)
Review
Several viruses target the human respiratory tract, causing different clinical manifestations spanning from mild upper airway involvement to life-threatening acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). As dramatically evident in the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, the clinical picture is not always easily predictable due to the combined effect of direct viral and indirect patient-specific immune-mediated damage. In this review, we discuss the main RNA (orthomyxoviruses, paramyxoviruses, and coronaviruses) and DNA (adenoviruses, herpesviruses, and bocaviruses) viruses with respiratory tropism and their mechanisms of direct and indirect cell damage. We analyze the thin line existing between a protective immune response, capable of limiting viral replication, and an unbalanced, dysregulated immune activation often leading to the most severe complication. Our comprehension of the molecular mechanisms involved is increasing and this should pave the way for the development and clinical use of new tailored immune-based antiviral strategies.
Topics: Adult; Aged; Antiviral Agents; COVID-19; Child; Child, Preschool; DNA Viruses; Female; Humans; Immunologic Factors; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Interferons; Lung; Lung Injury; Male; Middle Aged; Pandemics; RNA Viruses; Respiratory Tract Infections; SARS-CoV-2; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 33789928
DOI: 10.1128/CMR.00103-20 -
Clinical Infectious Diseases : An... Aug 2022To combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented worldwide, which impacted a broad spectrum of acute... (Observational Study)
Observational Study
BACKGROUND
To combat the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, nonpharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) were implemented worldwide, which impacted a broad spectrum of acute respiratory infections (ARIs).
METHODS
Etiologically diagnostic data from 142 559 cases with ARIs, who were tested for 8 viral pathogens (influenza virus [IFV], respiratory syncytial virus [RSV], human parainfluenza virus [HPIV], human adenovirus [HAdV], human metapneumovirus [HMPV], human coronavirus [HCoV], human bocavirus [HBoV], and human rhinovirus [HRV]) between 2012 and 2021, were analyzed to assess the changes in respiratory infections in China during the first COVID-19 pandemic year compared with pre-pandemic years.
RESULTS
Test-positive rates of all respiratory viruses decreased during 2020, compared to the average levels during 2012-2019, with changes ranging from -17.2% for RSV to -87.6% for IFV. Sharp decreases mostly occurred between February and August when massive NPIs remained active, although HRV rebounded to the historical level during the summer. While IFV and HMPV were consistently suppressed year-round, RSV, HPIV, HCoV, HRV, and HBoV resurged and went beyond historical levels during September 2020-January 2021, after NPIs were largely relaxed and schools reopened. Resurgence was more prominent among children <18 years and in northern China. These observations remain valid after accounting for seasonality and long-term trend of each virus.
CONCLUSIONS
Activities of respiratory viral infections were reduced substantially in the early phases of the COVID-19 pandemic, and massive NPIs were likely the main driver. Lifting of NPIs can lead to resurgence of viral infections, particularly in children.
Topics: COVID-19; Child; Human bocavirus; Humans; Metapneumovirus; Orthomyxoviridae; Pandemics; Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 34788811
DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciab942 -
International Archives of Allergy and... 2021Respiratory tract infections are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a member of the Parvoviridae family causes a wide... (Review)
Review
Respiratory tract infections are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a member of the Parvoviridae family causes a wide spectrum of respiratory diseases in children, and gastroenteritis in adults. The mechanisms of latency, persistence, and reinfection of Bocavirus are poorly understood at present due to the lack of permissive cell lines and efficient animal models. Moreover, the dual infections of HBoV and other respiratory viruses further complicate the study of the pathogenicity of Bocaviruses. The data on immunological consequences of Bocavirus infection are sparse. However, the existing data have highlighted the role of CD4 T cells in Bocavirus infection. High titres of HBoV-specific antibodies have been detected in different populations suggesting its ubiquitous prevalence. Interestingly, the mechanism employed by Bocavirus to evade the immune system mostly targets type I IFN pathways and cause pyroptotic cell death of host cells. This review summarizes the immune responses evoked in response to Bocavirus infection, escape mechanism employed by the virus, and the vaccination strategies, including antisense technology to combat Bocavirus infections.
Topics: Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Human bocavirus; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunity; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Parvoviridae Infections; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 33873181
DOI: 10.1159/000514688 -
Ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 and rodent bocavirus are different genotypes of the same species of virus.Virologica Sinica Apr 2022Bocaviruses are associated with many human infectious diseases, such as respiratory tract infections, gastroenteritis, and hepatitis. Rats are known to be reservoirs of...
Bocaviruses are associated with many human infectious diseases, such as respiratory tract infections, gastroenteritis, and hepatitis. Rats are known to be reservoirs of bocaviruses, including rodent bocavirus and rat bocavirus. Recently, ungulate bocaparvovirus 4, a known porcine bocavirus, has also been found in rats. Thus, investigating bocaviruses in rats is important for determining the origin of the viruses and preventing and controlling their transmission. To the best of our knowledge, no study to date has investigated bocaviruses in the livers of rats. In this report, a total of 624 rats were trapped in southern China between 2014 and 2017. Liver and serum samples from rats were tested for the prevalence of bocaviruses using PCR. Sequences related to ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 and rodent bocavirus were detected in both liver and serum samples. Interestingly, the prevalence of ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 (reference strain: KJ622366.1) was higher than that of rodent bocavirus (reference strain: KY927868.1) in both liver (2.24% and 0.64%, respectively) and serum samples (2.19% and 0.44%, respectively). The NS1 regions of ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 and rodent bocavirus related sequences displayed over 84% and 88% identity at the nucleic acid and amino acid levels, respectively. Furthermore, these sequences had similar genomic structure, genomic features, and codon usage bias, and shared a common ancestor. These viruses also displayed greater adaptability to rats than pigs. Our results suggested that ungulate bocaparvovirus 4 and rodent bocavirus may originate from rats and may be different genotypes of the same bocavirus species.
Topics: Animals; Bocavirus; Genome, Viral; Genotype; Parvoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Rats; Swine
PubMed: 35527226
DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2022.02.002 -
World Journal of Gastroenterology Oct 2016Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus isolated about a decade ago and found worldwide in both respiratory samples, mainly from early life and children of 6-24 mo of age... (Review)
Review
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus isolated about a decade ago and found worldwide in both respiratory samples, mainly from early life and children of 6-24 mo of age with acute respiratory infection, and in stool samples, from patients with gastroenteritis. Since then, other viruses related to the first HBoV isolate (HBoV1), namely HBoV2, HBoV3 and HBoV4, have been detected principally in human faeces. HBoVs are small non-enveloped single-stranded DNA viruses of about 5300 nucleotides, consisting of three open reading frames encoding the first two the non-structural protein 1 (NS1) and nuclear phosphoprotein (NP1) and the third the viral capsid proteins 1 and 2 (VP1 and VP2). HBoV pathogenicity remains to be fully clarified mainly due to the lack of animal models for the difficulties in replicating the virus in cell cultures, and the fact that HBoV infection is frequently accompanied by at least another viral and/or bacterial respiratory and/or gastroenteric pathogen infection. Current diagnostic methods to support HBoV detection include polymerase chain reaction, real-time PCR, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and enzyme immunoassay using recombinant VP2 or virus-like particle capsid proteins, although sequence-independent amplification techniques combined with next-generation sequencing platforms promise rapid and simultaneous detection of the pathogens in the future. This review presents the current knowledge on HBoV genotypes with emphasis on taxonomy, phylogenetic relationship and genomic analysis, biology, epidemiology, pathogenesis and diagnostic methods. The emerging discussion on HBoVs as true pathogen or innocent bystander is also emphasized.
Topics: Cluster Analysis; Genotype; Human bocavirus; Humans; Nucleotides; Parvoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Respiratory Tract Infections; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Viral Nonstructural Proteins
PubMed: 27818586
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i39.8684 -
Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta Nov 2011Viral respiratory infection has long been known to influence the occurrence of asthma exacerbations. Over the last 20years much effort has been put into clarifying the... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Viral respiratory infection has long been known to influence the occurrence of asthma exacerbations. Over the last 20years much effort has been put into clarifying the role that viral respiratory infections play in the eventual development of asthma.
SCOPE OF REVIEW
In this review we give a general background of the role of viruses in the processes of asthma exacerbation and asthma induction. We review recent additions to the literature in the last 3years with particular focus on clinical and epidemiologic investigations of influenza, rhinovirus, bocavirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and metapneumovirus.
MAJOR CONCLUSIONS
The development of asthma emerges from a complex interaction of genetic predisposition and environmental factors with viral infection likely playing a significant role in the effect of environment on asthma inception. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biochemistry of Asthma.
GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE
Further understanding of the role that viruses play in asthma exacerbation and inception will contribute to decreased asthma morbidity in the future. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Biochemistry of Asthma.
Topics: Asthma; Human bocavirus; Humans; Influenza, Human; Parvoviridae Infections; Picornaviridae Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Rhinovirus; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 21291960
DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.01.012 -
Pediatric Pulmonology May 2014
Topics: Female; Human bocavirus; Humans; Male; Parvoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 24339436
DOI: 10.1002/ppul.22951 -
Clinics in Laboratory Medicine Jun 2014Non-influenza respiratory virus infections are common worldwide and contribute to morbidity and mortality in all age groups. The recently identified Middle East... (Review)
Review
Non-influenza respiratory virus infections are common worldwide and contribute to morbidity and mortality in all age groups. The recently identified Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus has been associated with rapidly progressive pneumonia and high mortality rate. Adenovirus 14 has been increasingly recognized in severe acute respiratory illness in both military and civilian individuals. Rhinovirus C and human bocavirus type 1 have been commonly detected in infants and young children with respiratory tract infection and studies have shown a positive correlation between respiratory illness and high viral loads, mono-infection, viremia, and/or serologically-confirmed primary infection.
Topics: Adenoviridae; Human bocavirus; Humans; Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 24856535
DOI: 10.1016/j.cll.2014.02.011 -
Virology Jul 2022Porcine bocavirus (PBoV) was first identified in Sweden in 2009. Due to its association with healthy as well as diseased pigs, its role in clinical disease has not been...
Porcine bocavirus (PBoV) was first identified in Sweden in 2009. Due to its association with healthy as well as diseased pigs, its role in clinical disease has not been reported yet. In the present study, bocavirus was identified from the intestinal content of a 30-day-old piglet and its whole genome was constructed and phylogenetic analysis was carried on. The pathogenesis of bocavirus was investigated following orogastric inoculation of the colostrum-deprived newborn piglet with bacteria free intestinal content. The bocavirus-inoculated piglets developed diarrhea, shed virus in the rectal swabs from 18 h post inoculation and developed macroscopic and microscopic lesions in small intestine with virus confirmed by conventional PCR. This study experimentally confirmed pathogenicity and characterized bocavirus as the etiological agent of diarrhea in the colostrum-deprived newborn piglets. On phylogenetic analysis, it was observed that this virus has long evolutionary history with subsequent mutation as well as better host adaptation. This study highlights the importance of identifying bocavirus as the etiological agent of viral diarrhea that could threaten livestock, public health as well as economic loss.
Topics: Animals; Bocavirus; China; Diarrhea; Evolution, Molecular; Parvoviridae Infections; Phylogeny; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 35597200
DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2022.05.002