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Virologica Sinica Dec 2021Porcine bocavirus (PBoV) is a single-stranded DNA virus, belongs to the genus Bocaparvovirus of family Parvoviridae. It was discovered along with porcine circovirus 2... (Review)
Review
Porcine bocavirus (PBoV) is a single-stranded DNA virus, belongs to the genus Bocaparvovirus of family Parvoviridae. It was discovered along with porcine circovirus 2 (PCV 2) and torque tenovirus (TTV) in the lymph nodes of pigs suffering from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) in Sweden in 2009. PBoV has been reported throughout the world, mostly in weaning piglets, and has a broad range of tissue tropism. Since PBoV is prevalent in healthy as well as clinically infected pigs and is mostly associated with coinfection with other viruses, the pathogenic nature of PBoV is still unclear. Currently, there are no cell lines available for the study of PBoV, and animal model experiments have not been described. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge about PBoV, including the epidemiology, evolution analysis, detection methods, pathogenesis and public health concerns.
Topics: Animals; Bocavirus; Circoviridae Infections; Circovirus; Coinfection; Swine; Swine Diseases
PubMed: 33909219
DOI: 10.1007/s12250-021-00365-z -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Jan 2008Human bocavirus (HBoV) was first described in 2005 in nasopharyngeal aspirates of children with respiratory tract infection. Multiple studies have confirmed the presence... (Review)
Review
Human bocavirus (HBoV) was first described in 2005 in nasopharyngeal aspirates of children with respiratory tract infection. Multiple studies have confirmed the presence of HBoV in respiratory tract samples of children world-wide. HBoV has recently also been detected in blood and fecal samples. Most studies so far have studied virus prevalence, and only a few reports provide data regarding the linkage of HBoV to disease. These reports indicate that HBoV infection is indeed associated with acute respiratory tract symptoms, but also that HBoV may persist in the respiratory tract for a longer time than other respiratory agents, resulting in frequent detection of low load HBoV carriage. This phenomenon has complicated the use of PCR diagnostics, which has been the only available diagnostic method. Development of alternative diagnostic strategies such as serology will be important for future studies of HBoV and its association with disease.
Topics: Bocavirus; Carrier State; Child; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 18055252
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2007.10.026 -
The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal Feb 2013
Review
Topics: Human bocavirus; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections
PubMed: 23328822
DOI: 10.1097/INF.0b013e31827fef67 -
Virus Genes Dec 2017Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a single-stranded DNA virus in Parvoviridae family, causing respiratory diseases in human. The recent identifications of genomic recombination... (Review)
Review
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a single-stranded DNA virus in Parvoviridae family, causing respiratory diseases in human. The recent identifications of genomic recombination among the four human bocavirus genotypes and related non-human primate bocaviruses have shed lights into the evolutionary processes underpinning the diversity of primate bocavirus. Among these reports, however, we found inconsistency and possible alternative interpretations of the recombination events. In this study, these recombination events were reviewed, and the related genome sequences were re-analysed, aiming to inform the research community of bocavirus with more consistent knowledge and comprehensive interpretations on the recombination history of primate bocavirus.
Topics: Animals; Bocavirus; Evolution, Molecular; Genome, Viral; Genotype; Humans; Primates; Recombination, Genetic
PubMed: 28456924
DOI: 10.1007/s11262-017-1459-6 -
International Archives of Allergy and... 2021Respiratory tract infections are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a member of the Parvoviridae family causes a wide... (Review)
Review
Respiratory tract infections are the primary cause of morbidity and mortality globally. Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1), a member of the Parvoviridae family causes a wide spectrum of respiratory diseases in children, and gastroenteritis in adults. The mechanisms of latency, persistence, and reinfection of Bocavirus are poorly understood at present due to the lack of permissive cell lines and efficient animal models. Moreover, the dual infections of HBoV and other respiratory viruses further complicate the study of the pathogenicity of Bocaviruses. The data on immunological consequences of Bocavirus infection are sparse. However, the existing data have highlighted the role of CD4 T cells in Bocavirus infection. High titres of HBoV-specific antibodies have been detected in different populations suggesting its ubiquitous prevalence. Interestingly, the mechanism employed by Bocavirus to evade the immune system mostly targets type I IFN pathways and cause pyroptotic cell death of host cells. This review summarizes the immune responses evoked in response to Bocavirus infection, escape mechanism employed by the virus, and the vaccination strategies, including antisense technology to combat Bocavirus infections.
Topics: Animals; Host-Pathogen Interactions; Human bocavirus; Humans; Immune Evasion; Immunity; Immunity, Cellular; Immunity, Humoral; Parvoviridae Infections; Viral Vaccines
PubMed: 33873181
DOI: 10.1159/000514688 -
Transboundary and Emerging Diseases Sep 2022Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) are recently described as human emergent viruses, especially in young children. In this study, we undertook a systematic review and... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Human bocaviruses (HBoVs) are recently described as human emergent viruses, especially in young children. In this study, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate their prevalence in Europe. PubMed, Web of Science and Scopus databases were systematically screened for clinical studies, up to October 2020. Study eligibility criteria were primary full-text articles from clinical studies, conducted using valid screening test methods and published in peer-reviewed journals, in English or Spanish and from European countries. The overall pooled prevalence, prevalence by country as well as the prevalence of HBoV as a single or co-pathogen were estimated using a random-effects model. Sub-group and meta-regression analyses explored potential sources of heterogeneity in the data. A total of 35 studies involving 32,656 subjects from 16 European countries met the inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity (I = 97.0%, p < .01) was seen among studies; HBoV prevalence varied from 2.0 to 45.69% with a pooled estimate of 9.57% (95%CI 7.66-11.91%). The HBoV prevalence both as a single infection (3.99%; 95%CI 2.99-5.31%) or as co-infection with other viruses (5.06%; 95%CI 3.88-6.58%) was also analysed. On a geographic level, prevalence by country did not show statistical differences, ranging from 3.24% (Greece) to 21.05% (Denmark). An odds ratio analysis was also included in order to evaluate the relevance of the variable 'age' as a risk factor of HBoV infection in children <5 years old. The OR value of 1.77 (95%CI 1.13-2.77; p < .01) indicated that being <5 years old is a risk factor for HBoV infection. This study showed that HBoV has a moderate prevalence among European countries.
Topics: Animals; Human bocavirus; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Infections; Viruses
PubMed: 34250765
DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14233 -
The American Journal of Case Reports Jan 2021BACKGROUND Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus found primarily in children and was first identified in 2005. It usually causes mild upper- and lower-respiratory tract... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus found primarily in children and was first identified in 2005. It usually causes mild upper- and lower-respiratory tract infections. HBoV infection seems to be rare during adulthood, probably due to high antibody titers resulting from childhood infection and seroconversion. The clinical significance, possible complications, and consequences of an adulthood infection are still unclear. Furthermore, the consequences of HBoV infection during pregnancy are seldom reported in the literature. CASE REPORT We report the case of a 22-year-old pregnant woman in her third trimester who presented with a 1-week history of fever and cough followed by progressive shortness of breath. She was treated initially as a case of severe pneumonia; however, her condition deteriorated rapidly, resulting in hypoxic respiratory failure that required intensive care support. The patient was found to have dilated cardiomyopathy on echocardiography, and her fetal ultrasound showed no fetal heart activity; subsequently, labor induction for stillbirth was performed. An extensive workup for an underlying cause was unrevealing apart from positive respiratory viral PCR assay for human bocavirus, performed twice. A provisional diagnosis of HBoV pneumonia complicated by dilated cardiomyopathy, stillbirth, and multiorgan failure was made. Fortunately, the patient had a good recovery and was discharged home in good clinical condition. CONCLUSIONS In addition to severe pneumonia, HBoV infection may result in other life-threatening complications. Although the infection is rare during adulthood, infection in a pregnant woman should be taken seriously and close monitoring of such patients is advised.
Topics: Female; Human bocavirus; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections; Pregnancy; Pregnancy Complications, Infectious; Young Adult
PubMed: 33436535
DOI: 10.12659/AJCR.928099 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Nov 2023Human bocaviruses were first described between 2005 and 2010, identified in respiratory and enteric tract samples of children. Screening studies have shown worldwide... (Review)
Review
Human bocaviruses were first described between 2005 and 2010, identified in respiratory and enteric tract samples of children. Screening studies have shown worldwide distribution. Based on phylogenetic analysis, they were classified into four genotypes (HBoV1-4). From a clinical perspective, human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) is considered the most relevant, since it can cause upper and lower acute respiratory tract infection, mainly in infants, including common cold, bronchiolitis, and pneumonia, as well as wheezing in susceptible patients. However, the specific processes leading to structural, biochemical, and functional changes resulting in the different clinical presentations have not been elucidated yet. This review surveys the interactions between the virus and target cells that can potentially explain disease-causing mechanisms. It also summarises the clinical phenotype of cases, stressing the role of HBoV1 as an aetiological agent of lower acute respiratory infection in infants, together with laboratory tests for detection and diagnosis. By exploring the current knowledge on the epidemiology of HBoV1, insights into the complex scenario of paediatric respiratory infections are presented, as well as the potential effects that changes in the circulation can have on the dynamics of respiratory agents, spotlighting the benefits of comprehensively increase insights into incidence, interrelationships with co-circulating agents and potential control of HBoV1.
Topics: Infant; Child; Humans; Human bocavirus; Phylogeny; Respiratory Tract Infections; Virus Replication; Cell Communication; Parvoviridae Infections
PubMed: 37749807
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2482 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Jan 2012Four species of human bocavirus (HBoV) have been recently discovered and classified in the Bocavirus genus (family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae). Although... (Review)
Review
Four species of human bocavirus (HBoV) have been recently discovered and classified in the Bocavirus genus (family Parvoviridae, subfamily Parvovirinae). Although detected both in respiratory and stool samples worldwide, HBoV1 is predominantly a respiratory pathogen, whereas HBoV2, HBoV3, and HBoV4 have been found mainly in stool. A variety of signs and symptoms have been described in patients with HBoV infection including rhinitis, pharyngitis, cough, dyspnea, wheezing, pneumonia, acute otitis media, fever, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Many of these potential manifestations have not been systematically explored, and they have been questioned because of high HBoV co-infection rates in symptomatic subjects and high HBoV detection rates in asymptomatic subjects. However, evidence is mounting to show that HBoV1 is an important cause of lower respiratory tract illness. The best currently available diagnostic approaches are quantitative PCR and serology. This concise review summarizes the current clinical knowledge on HBoV species.
Topics: Clinical Laboratory Techniques; Gastroenteritis; Genotype; Human bocavirus; Humans; Parvoviridae Infections; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 22038931
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.720 -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Jan 2016Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus that was discovered only a decade ago and currently includes four genotypes. HBoV-1 is predominantly found in the respiratory... (Review)
Review
Human bocavirus (HBoV) is a parvovirus that was discovered only a decade ago and currently includes four genotypes. HBoV-1 is predominantly found in the respiratory tract, whereas HBoV-2, HBoV-3, and HBoV-4 are mainly detected in stool. HBoV-1 is known to be associated with respiratory tract infections. In stool, the prevalence of HBoV (1-4) is similar between patients with gastro-intestinal symptoms and healthy controls in most studies. Furthermore, often other viruses are concurrently present. Both findings suggest that HBoV in stool is an innocent bystander rather than a true pathogen. Nevertheless, several gaps in knowledge on the role of HBoV in stool remain to be addressed. All studies were performed in primarily immunocompetent patients. The role of HBoV in immunocompromised patients remains unknown.
Topics: Feces; Human bocavirus; Humans; Prevalence
PubMed: 26655268
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.11.027