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Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2021The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of studying newly emerging viruses that cause respiratory illnesses. Human bocavirus (HBoV) is one of... (Review)
Review
The emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of studying newly emerging viruses that cause respiratory illnesses. Human bocavirus (HBoV) is one of the relatively newly discovered viruses that has been detected worldwide and causes respiratory and gastrointestinal infections, mainly in pediatric patients. However, little is known about the pathogenicity and evolution of HBoV. This systematic review was initiated to clarify the prevalence and circulating genotypes of HBoV in both respiratory and stool samples from patients of all age groups in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) from 2005 to February 2021. We performed an electronic search through Science Direct, Scopus, PubMed, Mendeley and Cochrane Library databases. We included all studies reporting the detection rate of HBoV in the MENA region. Data were extracted, and the quality of the included articles was assessed. We included articles containing data on HBoV only or with other respiratory or gastrointestinal viral infections. Review articles, case studies, and animal and environmental studies were excluded. The final number of articles included in this study was 65 articles. The results showed that the HBoV prevalence in children was the lowest in Iran (0%) and the highest in Egypt (56.8%). In adults, the lowest and the highest prevalence were reported in Iran, with values of 0% and 6.6%, respectively. Regarding the respiratory cases, our findings revealed no significant difference between HBoV prevalence among the tested categories (-value = 0.998). The present study has shown that HBoV is common in children and adults in the MENA region. This systematic review highlights the need for more data on the role of coinfection of HBoV and other viruses, for instance, SARS-CoV-2 in children with acute bronchiolitis.
PubMed: 34832613
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111456 -
International Journal of Cancer Jul 2015Numerous studies have found the presence of viral DNA in colorectal tumor tissues. However, whether viral infections contribute to the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is... (Review)
Review
Numerous studies have found the presence of viral DNA in colorectal tumor tissues. However, whether viral infections contribute to the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) is still under debate. We aimed to provide an overview of published epidemiological studies on the association between viral infections and CRC. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed to find relevant studies published until 8 May 2014. Information collected included study population, sample type, laboratory method and prevalence of viral infection in cancer or precancer patients and controls. We found 41 studies that fulfilled the selection criteria, all of which had cross-sectional or case-control designs, and most of which were of small to moderate size. Viral infections included human papillomaviruses (HPV), human polyomaviruses, human herpesviruses, human bocavirus and Inoue-Melnick virus. Inconsistent results were observed across studies. Many studies reported higher viral DNA prevalence in tumor tissues than in normal noncancerous tissues either in the same patients or in CRC-free controls. However, potential contamination or temporal sequence of the infection and cancer development were often unclear. Seroprevalence studies assessing antibody titers indicative of viral infections did not find statistically significant differences between CRC cases and healthy controls. Overall published evidence on the role of viral infections in CRC etiology remains limited. Given the potential importance of viral infections and their implication for prevention, there is a strong need for large, methodologically rigorous epidemiological studies.
Topics: Colorectal Neoplasms; DNA Virus Infections; DNA, Viral; Human bocavirus; Humans; Papillomaviridae; Polyomavirus; PubMed; Seroepidemiologic Studies; Simplexvirus
PubMed: 25186851
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.29180 -
PloS One 2017Human bocaviruses (HBoVs), which were first identified in 2005 and are composed of genotypes 1-4, have been increasingly detected worldwide in pediatric patients with... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Human bocaviruses (HBoVs), which were first identified in 2005 and are composed of genotypes 1-4, have been increasingly detected worldwide in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis. To investigate if HBoV infection is a risk factor of acute gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years old, we searched PubMed, Embase (via Ovid), the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), and the Cochrane Library for studies assessing the prevalence of HBoVs in individuals from Oct 25, 2005 to Oct 31, 2016. We included studies using PCR-based diagnostics for HBoVs from stool specimens of patients with or without acute gastroenteritis that carried out research for over 1 year on pediatric patients aged younger than 5 years old. The primary outcome was the HBoV prevalence among all cases with acute gastroenteritis. Pooled estimates of the HBoV prevalence were then generated by fitting linear mixed effect meta-regression models. Of the 36 studies included, the pooled HBoV prevalence in 20,591 patients with acute gastroenteritis was 6.90% (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 5.80-8.10%). In the ten studies with a control group, HBoVs were detected in 12.40% of the 3,620 cases with acute gastroenteritis and in 12.22% of the 2,030 control children (odds ratio (OR): 1.44; 95% CI: 0.95-2.19, p = 0.09 between case and control groups). HBoV1 and HBoV2 were detected in 3.49% and 8.59% of acute gastroenteritis cases, respectively, and in 2.22% and 5.09% of control children, respectively (OR: 1.40; 95% CI: 0.61-3.25; p = 0.43 and OR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.21-2.32; p = 0.002, respectively). Current evidence suggests that the overall HBoV prevalence in children younger than 5 years old is not significantly different between groups with or without acute gastroenteritis. However, when HBoV1 was excluded, the HBoV2 prevalence was significantly different between these two groups, which may imply that HBoV2 is a risk factor of acute gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years old.
Topics: Child, Preschool; Female; Gastroenteritis; Genotype; Human bocavirus; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Male; Parvoviridae Infections; Prevalence
PubMed: 28910409
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184833 -
Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics Nov 2017The aim of this systematic review was to examine the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among Chinese children younger than 5 y and provide evidence for... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
The aim of this systematic review was to examine the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) among Chinese children younger than 5 y and provide evidence for further cost-effectiveness analyses for vaccine development, diagnostic strategies and empirical treatments.
METHODS
The literature review followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. Data were obtained by searching PubMed, Embase, Web-of Science, and the Chinese databases Wanfang Data and China National Knowledge Infrastructure. All CAP etiological studies on children under 5 y of age from China published in Chinese and English between the years of 2001 and 2015 were included. A total of 48 studies were included in the final review, comprising 100 151 hospitalized children with CAP episodes. Heterogeneity and the percentage of variation between studies was analyzed based on Q statistic and I indices, respectively. Random effect models were used to calculate the weighted average rate in all analyses.
RESULTS
The most frequently detected bacterial agents were Klebsiella pneumoniae (5.4%), Streptococcus pneumoniae (5.2%), Escherichia coli (5.2%), Staphylococcus aureus (3.9%), Haemophilus influenza (3.6%) and Haemophilus parainfluenzae (3.3%). The most frequently detected viruses were human rhinovirus (20.3%, in just 2 studies), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV, 17.3%), human bocavirus (9.9%), parainfluenza virus (5.8%), human metapneumovirus (3.9%) and influenza (3.5%). Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae were identified in 9.5% and 2.9%, respectively, of children under 5 y of age with CAP.
CONCLUSION
This article provides the most comprehensive analysis to date of the factors contributing to CAP in children under 5 y of age. S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and influenza were the most common vaccine-preventable diseases in children. Corresponding, vaccines should be introduced into Chinese immunization programs, and further economic evaluations should be conducted. RSV is common in Chinese children and preventative measures could have a substantial impact on public health. These data also have major implications for diagnostic strategies and empirical treatments.
Topics: Child, Hospitalized; Child, Preschool; China; Community-Acquired Infections; Female; Haemophilus Infections; Haemophilus influenzae; Humans; Immunization Programs; Infant; Male; Mycoplasma pneumoniae; Pneumonia; Pneumonia, Mycoplasma; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Staphylococcus aureus; Streptococcus pneumoniae; Viruses
PubMed: 28922613
DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2017.1371381 -
PloS One 2020The advent of genome amplification assays has allowed description of new respiratory viruses and to reconsider the role played by certain respiratory viruses in... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
The advent of genome amplification assays has allowed description of new respiratory viruses and to reconsider the role played by certain respiratory viruses in bronchiolitis. This systematic review and meta-analysis was initiated to clarify the prevalence of respiratory viruses in children with bronchiolitis in the pre-COVID-19 pandemic era.
METHODS
We performed an electronic search through Pubmed and Global Index Medicus databases. We included observational studies reporting the detection rate of common respiratory viruses in children with bronchiolitis using molecular assays. Data was extracted and the quality of the included articles was assessed. We conducted sensitivity, subgroups, publication bias, and heterogeneity analyses using a random effect model.
RESULTS
The final meta-analysis included 51 studies. Human respiratory syncytial virus (HRSV) was largely the most commonly detected virus 59.2%; 95% CI [54.7; 63.6]). The second predominant virus was Rhinovirus (RV) 19.3%; 95% CI [16.7; 22.0]) followed by Human bocavirus (HBoV) 8.2%; 95% CI [5.7; 11.2]). Other reported viruses included Human Adenovirus (HAdV) 6.1%; 95% CI [4.4; 8.0]), Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) 5.4%; 95% CI [4.4; 6.4]), Human Parainfluenzavirus (HPIV) 5.4%; 95% CI [3.8; 7.3]), Influenza 3.2%; 95% CI [2.2; 4.3], Human Coronavirus (HCoV) 2.9%; 95% CI [2.0; 4.0]), and Enterovirus (EV) 2.9%; 95% CI [1.6; 4.5]). HRSV was the predominant virus involved in multiple detection and most codetections were HRSV + RV 7.1%, 95% CI [4.6; 9.9]) and HRSV + HBoV 4.5%, 95% CI [2.4; 7.3]).
CONCLUSIONS
The present study has shown that HRSV is the main cause of bronchiolitis in children, we also have Rhinovirus, and Bocavirus which also play a significant role. Data on the role played by SARS-CoV-2 in children with acute bronchiolitis is needed.
REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO, CRD42018116067.
Topics: Bronchiolitis, Viral; Female; Human bocavirus; Humans; Infant; Male; Prevalence; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human; Respiratory Tract Infections; Rhinovirus
PubMed: 33180855
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242302 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Sep 2018Studies have shown that the predictive value of "clinical diagnoses" of influenza and other respiratory viral infections is low, especially in children. In routine care,... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis Review
Studies have shown that the predictive value of "clinical diagnoses" of influenza and other respiratory viral infections is low, especially in children. In routine care, pediatricians often resort to clinical diagnoses, even in the absence of robust evidence-based criteria. We used a dual approach to identify clinical characteristics that may help to differentiate infections with common pathogens including influenza, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, bocavirus-1, coronaviruses, or parainfluenza virus: (a) systematic review and meta-analysis of 47 clinical studies published in Medline (June 1996 to March 2017, PROSPERO registration number: CRD42017059557) comprising 49 858 individuals and (b) data-driven analysis of an inception cohort of 6073 children with ILI (aged 0-18 years, 56% male, December 2009 to March 2015) examined at the point of care in addition to blinded PCR testing. We determined pooled odds ratios for the literature analysis and compared these to odds ratios based on the clinical cohort dataset. This combined analysis suggested significant associations between influenza and fever or headache, as well as between respiratory syncytial virus infection and cough, dyspnea, and wheezing. Similarly, literature and cohort data agreed on significant associations between HMPV infection and cough, as well as adenovirus infection and fever. Importantly, none of the abovementioned features were unique to any particular pathogen but were also observed in association with other respiratory viruses. In summary, our "real-world" dataset confirmed published literature trends, but no individual feature allows any particular type of viral infection to be ruled in or ruled out. For the time being, laboratory confirmation remains essential. More research is needed to develop scientifically validated decision models to inform best practice guidelines and targeted diagnostic algorithms.
Topics: Adolescent; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Clinical Studies as Topic; Cohort Studies; Diagnosis, Differential; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Odds Ratio; Respiratory Tract Infections; Symptom Assessment; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 30043515
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1997 -
Reviews in Medical Virology Mar 2019Respiratory infections, especially those of the lower respiratory tract, remain a foremost cause of mortality and morbidity of children greater than 5 years in...
Respiratory infections, especially those of the lower respiratory tract, remain a foremost cause of mortality and morbidity of children greater than 5 years in developing countries including Pakistan. Ignoring these acute-level infections may lead to complications. Particularly in Pakistan, respiratory infections account for 20% to 30% of all deaths of children. Even though these infections are common, insufficiency of accessible data hinders development of a comprehensive summary of the problem. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence rate in various regions of Pakistan and also to recognize the existing viral strains responsible for viral respiratory infections through published data. Respiratory viruses are detected more frequently among rural dwellers in Pakistan. Lower tract infections are found to be more lethal. The associated pathogens comprise respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (HMPV), coronavirus, enterovirus/rhinovirus, influenza virus, parainfluenza virus, adenovirus, and human bocavirus. RSV is more dominant and can be subtyped as RSV-A and RSV-B (BA-9, BA-10, and BA-13). Influenza A (H1N1, H5N1, H3N2, and H1N1pdm09) and Influenza B are common among the Pakistani population. Generally, these strains are detected in a seasonal pattern with a high incidence during spring and winter time. The data presented include pneumonia, bronchiolitis, and influenza. This paper aims to emphasise the need for standard methods to record the incidence and etiology of associated pathogens in order to provide effective treatment against viral infections of the respiratory tract and to reduce death rates.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Child; Child, Preschool; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Middle Aged; Pakistan; Prevalence; Respiratory Tract Infections; Topography, Medical; Virus Diseases; Viruses; Young Adult
PubMed: 30548740
DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2024 -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Oct 2014Despite the increasing knowledge on the role of viruses in exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), it is less clear which viruses are involved and to what extent they contribute... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Despite the increasing knowledge on the role of viruses in exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), it is less clear which viruses are involved and to what extent they contribute to exacerbations. This review aims to systematically combine and evaluate the available literature of the prevalence of respiratory viruses in patients with AECOPD, detected by PCR.
METHODS
An electronic search strategy was performed on PubMed and Embase and reference lists were screened for eligible studies. Cross-sectional, prospective studies and case-control studies were included. The primary outcome measure was the prevalence of respiratory viruses (adenovirus, bocavirus, coronavirus, EBV, hMPV, influenza, parainfluenza, rhino-/enterovirus, RSV) in respiratory secretions of patients during an AECOPD. Secondary outcomes were the odds of the presence of the viruses in different respiratory secretions and the odds of the presence of viruses in upper and lower respiratory tract (URT/LRT) samples.
RESULTS
Nineteen studies with 1728 patients were included. Rhino-/enteroviruses (16.39%), RSV (9.90%) and influenza (7.83%) were the most prevalent viruses detected with lower detection rates of coronaviruses (4.08%) and parainfluenza (3.35%). Adenovirus (2.07%), hMPV (2.78%) and bocaviruses (0.56%) appear to be rare causative agents of AECOPD. Definitive conclusions regarding the role of EBV cannot be made. Seven of the eight analyzed viruses had a higher prevalence in LRT samples. Coronaviruses were detected more frequently in the URT.
CONCLUSIONS
Respiratory viruses are frequently detected in both URT and LRT samples in AECOPD with rhino-/enteroviruses, RSV and influenza viruses the most prevalent viruses. Detection rates vary between the two sites for different viruses.
Topics: Bodily Secretions; Humans; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Prevalence; Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections; Virus Diseases; Viruses
PubMed: 25066886
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2014.06.025 -
Journal of Clinical Virology : the... Aug 2019To set priorities for efficient control of acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) in Africa, it is necessary to have accurate estimate of its burden, especially among... (Comparative Study)
Comparative Study Meta-Analysis
Case fatality rate and viral aetiologies of acute respiratory tract infections in HIV positive and negative people in Africa: The VARIAFRICA-HIV systematic review and meta-analysis.
BACKGROUND
To set priorities for efficient control of acute respiratory tract infection (ARTI) in Africa, it is necessary to have accurate estimate of its burden, especially among HIV-infected populations.
OBJECTIVES
To compare case fatality rate (CFR) and viral aetiologies of ARTI between HIV-positive and HIV-negative populations in Africa.
STUDY DESIGN
We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Knowledge, Africa Journal Online, and Global Index Medicus to identify studies published from January 2000 to April 2018. Random-effect meta-analysis method was used to assess association (pooled weighted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI)).
RESULTS
A total of 36 studies (126,526 participants) were included. CFR was significantly higher in patients with HIV than in HIV-negative controls (OR 4.10, 95%CI: 2.63-6.27, I²: 93.7%). The risk was significantly higher among children ≤5 years (OR 5.51, 95%CI 2.83-10.74) compared to people aged >5 years (OR 1.48, 95%CI 1.17-1.89); p = 0.0002. There was no difference between children (15 years) and adults and between regions of Africa. There was no difference for viral respiratory aetiologies (Enterovirus, Adenovirus, Bocavirus, Coronavirus, Metapneumovirus, Parainfluenza, Influenza, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus) of ARTI between HIV-positive and HIV-negative people, except for Rhinovirus where being HIV-negative was associated with Rhinovirus (OR 0.70; 95%CI 0.51-0.97, I²: 63.4%).
CONCLUSIONS
This study shows an increased risk of deaths among HIV-infected individuals with ARTI, however with no difference in viral aetiologies compared to HIV-negative individuals in Africa. ARTI deserves more attention from HIV health-care providers for efficient control. Specific strategies are needed for HIV-positive children under 5.
Topics: Africa; Age Factors; Child; Child, Preschool; Coinfection; HIV Infections; Humans; Infant; Mortality; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 31272038
DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2019.06.006 -
PloS One 2020Wheezing is a major problem in children, and respiratory viruses are often believed to be the causative agent. While molecular detection tools enable identification of... (Meta-Analysis)
Meta-Analysis
INTRODUCTION
Wheezing is a major problem in children, and respiratory viruses are often believed to be the causative agent. While molecular detection tools enable identification of respiratory viruses in wheezing children, it remains unclear if and how these viruses are associated with wheezing. The objective of this systematic review is to clarify the prevalence of different respiratory viruses in children with wheezing.
METHODS
We performed an electronic in Pubmed and Global Index Medicus on 01 July 2019 and manual search. We performed search of studies that have detected common respiratory viruses in children ≤18 years with wheezing. We included only studies using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. Study data were extracted and the quality of articles assessed. We conducted sensitivity, subgroup, publication bias, and heterogeneity analyses using a random effects model.
RESULTS
The systematic review included 33 studies. Rhinovirus, with a prevalence of 35.6% (95% CI 24.6-47.3, I2 98.4%), and respiratory syncytial virus, at 31.0% (95% CI 19.9-43.3, I2 96.4%), were the most common viruses detected. The prevalence of other respiratory viruses was as follows: human bocavirus 8.1% (95% CI 5.3-11.3, I2 84.6%), human adenovirus 7.7% (95% CI 2.6-15.0, I2 91.0%), influenza virus6.5% (95% CI 2.2-12.6, I2 92.4%), human metapneumovirus5.8% (95% CI 3.4-8.8, I2 89.0%), enterovirus 4.3% (95% CI 0.1-12.9, I2 96.2%), human parainfluenza virus 3.8% (95% CI 1.5-6.9, I2 79.1%), and human coronavirus 2.2% (95% CI 0.6-4.4, I2 79.4%).
CONCLUSIONS
Our results suggest that rhinovirus and respiratory syncytial virus may contribute to the etiology of wheezing in children. While the clinical implications of molecular detection of respiratory viruses remains an interesting question, this study helps to illuminate the potential of role respiratory viruses in pediatric wheezing.
REVIEW REGISTRATION
PROSPERO, CRD42018115128.
Topics: Bocavirus; Child; Child, Preschool; Coronavirus; Humans; Orthomyxoviridae; Parainfluenza Virus 1, Human; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Respiratory Sounds; Respiratory System; Respiratory Tract Infections
PubMed: 33315873
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243735