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Nature Biotechnology Apr 2019Wearable biosensors are garnering substantial interest due to their potential to provide continuous, real-time physiological information via dynamic, noninvasive... (Review)
Review
Wearable biosensors are garnering substantial interest due to their potential to provide continuous, real-time physiological information via dynamic, noninvasive measurements of biochemical markers in biofluids, such as sweat, tears, saliva and interstitial fluid. Recent developments have focused on electrochemical and optical biosensors, together with advances in the noninvasive monitoring of biomarkers including metabolites, bacteria and hormones. A combination of multiplexed biosensing, microfluidic sampling and transport systems have been integrated, miniaturized and combined with flexible materials for improved wearability and ease of operation. Although wearable biosensors hold promise, a better understanding of the correlations between analyte concentrations in the blood and noninvasive biofluids is needed to improve reliability. An expanded set of on-body bioaffinity assays and more sensing strategies are needed to make more biomarkers accessible to monitoring. Large-cohort validation studies of wearable biosensor performance will be needed to underpin clinical acceptance. Accurate and reliable real-time sensing of physiological information using wearable biosensor technologies would have a broad impact on our daily lives.
Topics: Biosensing Techniques; Biotechnology; Body Fluids; Computer Systems; Humans; Iontophoresis; Lab-On-A-Chip Devices; Monitoring, Physiologic; Saliva; Sweat; Tears; Wearable Electronic Devices
PubMed: 30804534
DOI: 10.1038/s41587-019-0045-y -
Proceedings of the Japan Academy.... 2022Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na concentration ([Na]) in body fluids is... (Review)
Review
Extracellular fluids, including blood, lymphatic fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid, are collectively called body fluids. The Na concentration ([Na]) in body fluids is maintained at 135-145 mM and is broadly conserved among terrestrial animals. Homeostatic osmoregulation by Na is vital for life because severe hyper- or hypotonicity elicits irreversible organ damage and lethal neurological trauma. To achieve "body fluid homeostasis" or "Na homeostasis", the brain continuously monitors [Na] in body fluids and controls water/salt intake and water/salt excretion by the kidneys. These physiological functions are primarily regulated based on information on [Na] and relevant circulating hormones, such as angiotensin II, aldosterone, and vasopressin. In this review, we discuss sensing mechanisms for [Na] and hormones in the brain that control water/salt intake behaviors, together with the responsible sensors (receptors) and relevant neural pathways. We also describe mechanisms in the brain by which [Na] increases in body fluids activate the sympathetic neural activity leading to hypertension.
Topics: Animals; Body Fluids; Homeostasis; Hormones; Sodium; Sodium Chloride, Dietary; Water
PubMed: 35908954
DOI: 10.2183/pjab.98.016 -
The Journal of Clinical Investigation Apr 2016Two broad categories of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes and shed microvesicles (sMVs), which differ in size distribution as well as protein and RNA profiles, have... (Review)
Review
Two broad categories of extracellular vesicles (EVs), exosomes and shed microvesicles (sMVs), which differ in size distribution as well as protein and RNA profiles, have been described. EVs are known to play key roles in cell-cell communication, acting proximally as well as systemically. This Review discusses the nature of EV subtypes, strategies for isolating EVs from both cell-culture media and body fluids, and procedures for quantifying EVs. We also discuss proteins selectively enriched in exosomes and sMVs that have the potential for use as markers to discriminate between EV subtypes, as well as various applications of EVs in clinical diagnosis.
Topics: Animals; Biomarkers; Body Fluids; Cell-Derived Microparticles; Culture Media; Exosomes; Humans
PubMed: 27035807
DOI: 10.1172/JCI81129 -
BMC Nephrology Aug 2016Fluid overload is frequently found in acute kidney injury patients in critical care units. Recent studies have shown the relationship of fluid overload with adverse... (Review)
Review
BACKGROUND
Fluid overload is frequently found in acute kidney injury patients in critical care units. Recent studies have shown the relationship of fluid overload with adverse outcomes; hence, manage and optimization of fluid balance becomes a central component of the management of critically ill patients.
DISCUSSION
In critically ill patients, in order to restore cardiac output, systemic blood pressure and renal perfusion an adequate fluid resuscitation is essential. Achieving an appropriate level of volume management requires knowledge of the underlying pathophysiology, evaluation of volume status, and selection of appropriate solution for volume repletion, and maintenance and modulation of the tissue perfusion. Numerous recent studies have established a correlation between fluid overload and mortality in critically ill patients. Fluid overload recognition and assessment requires an accurate documentation of intakes and outputs; yet, there is a wide difference in how it is evaluated, reviewed and utilized. Accurate volume status evaluation is essential for appropriate therapy since errors of volume evaluation can result in either in lack of essential treatment or unnecessary fluid administration, and both scenarios are associated with increased mortality. There are several methods to evaluate fluid status; however, most of the tests currently used are fairly inaccurate. Diuretics, especially loop diuretics, remain a valid therapeutic alternative. Fluid overload refractory to medical therapy requires the application of extracorporeal therapies. In critically ill patients, fluid overload is related to increased mortality and also lead to several complications like pulmonary edema, cardiac failure, delayed wound healing, tissue breakdown, and impaired bowel function. Therefore, the evaluation of volume status is crucial in the early management of critically ill patients. Diuretics are frequently used as an initial therapy; however, due to their limited effectiveness the use of continuous renal replacement techniques are often required for fluid overload treatment. Successful fluid overload treatment depends on precise assessment of individual volume status, understanding the principles of fluid management with ultrafiltration, and clear treatment goals.
Topics: Acute Kidney Injury; Body Fluids; Critical Care; Critical Illness; Disease Management; Fluid Therapy; Humans; Intensive Care Units; Renal Replacement Therapy
PubMed: 27484681
DOI: 10.1186/s12882-016-0323-6 -
Cytometry. Part B, Clinical Cytometry May 2021Flow cytometric detection of T-cell clonality is challenging. The current available methodology for T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβ repertoire evaluation is a complex assay...
Flow cytometric evaluation of TRBC1 expression in tissue specimens and body fluids is a novel and specific method for assessment of T-cell clonality and diagnosis of T-cell neoplasms.
BACKGROUND
Flow cytometric detection of T-cell clonality is challenging. The current available methodology for T-cell receptor (TCR) Vβ repertoire evaluation is a complex assay and has limited sensitivity especially for detecting low levels of disease. Therefore, there is an unmet need for a reliable, simple, and rapid assay to identify T-cell clonality. The rearrangement of the TCRB gene involves the random and mutually exclusive expression of one of two constant β chain genes (TRBC1 and TRBC2), analogous to the kappa and lambda gene utilization by B cells.
METHODS
Here, we used a single TRBC1 antibody, in conjunction with other T-cell associated markers, to detect T-cell clonality in tissue biopsies and body fluids. A total of 143 tissue/body fluid specimens from 46 patients with a definitive diagnosis of a T-cell neoplasm and 97 patients with no T-cell malignancy were analyzed with a cocktail of monoclonal antibodies including CD2/CD3/CD4/CD5/CD7/CD8/CD45/TCRγδ/TRBC1.
RESULTS
We examined TRBC1 expression on neoplastic T-cell populations identified based on their immunophenotypic aberrancies, and monotypic TRBC1 expression was identified in all 46 known T-cell lymphoma cases. We applied a similar gating strategy to the 97 cases without T-cell neoplasms, and arbitrarily dissected T-cell populations into immunophenotypically distinct subsets; in this group, we found that all cases revealed an expected polytypic TRBC1 expression in all subsets.
CONCLUSIONS
Single TRBC1 antibody detection of T-cell clonality by flow cytometry is a simple, rapid, and robust assay that could be routinely utilized in flow cytometric laboratories.
Topics: Adolescent; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Antibodies, Monoclonal; Body Fluids; Female; Flow Cytometry; Humans; Immunophenotyping; Lymphoma, T-Cell; Male; Middle Aged; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta; Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta; T-Lymphocytes; Young Adult
PubMed: 32333725
DOI: 10.1002/cyto.b.21881 -
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics : MCP Jul 2023Accurate biomarkers are a crucial and necessary precondition for precision medicine, yet existing ones are often unspecific and new ones have been very slow to enter the...
Accurate biomarkers are a crucial and necessary precondition for precision medicine, yet existing ones are often unspecific and new ones have been very slow to enter the clinic. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics excels by its untargeted nature, specificity of identification, and quantification, making it an ideal technology for biomarker discovery and routine measurement. It has unique attributes compared to affinity binder technologies, such as OLINK Proximity Extension Assay and SOMAscan. In in a previous review in 2017, we described technological and conceptual limitations that had held back success. We proposed a 'rectangular strategy' to better separate true biomarkers by minimizing cohort-specific effects. Today, this has converged with advances in MS-based proteomics technology, such as increased sample throughput, depth of identification, and quantification. As a result, biomarker discovery studies have become more successful, producing biomarker candidates that withstand independent verification and, in some cases, already outperform state-of-the-art clinical assays. We summarize developments over the last years, including the benefits of large and independent cohorts, which are necessary for clinical acceptance. Shorter gradients, new scan modes, and multiplexing are about to drastically increase throughput, cross-study integration, and quantification, including proxies for absolute levels. We have found that multiprotein panels are inherently more robust than current single analyte tests and better capture the complexity of human phenotypes. Routine MS measurement in the clinic is fast becoming a viable option. The full set of proteins in a body fluid (global proteome) is the most important reference and the best process control. Additionally, it increasingly has all the information that could be obtained from targeted analysis although the latter may be the most straightforward way to enter regular use. Many challenges remain, not least of a regulatory and ethical nature, but the outlook for MS-based clinical applications has never been brighter.
Topics: Humans; Proteomics; Mass Spectrometry; Biomarkers; Proteome; Body Fluids
PubMed: 37209816
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100577 -
Cancer Cytopathology Mar 2022Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is known to cause severe respiratory...
BACKGROUND
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which is responsible for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), is known to cause severe respiratory infections with occasional accompanying pleural effusion (PE), pericardial effusion (PCE), or peritoneal effusion (PTE). The effect of COVID-19 on effusion cytology is not yet known. This study aimed to examine the cytomorphologic features and workup of effusion fluids in patients with active COVID-19 infection versus those in recovery.
METHODS
PE (n = 15), PCE (n = 1), and PTE samples (n = 20) from hospitalized patients with a SARS-CoV-2 infection (from June 1, 2020, to December 30, 2020) were reviewed. Effusion fluids with metastatic carcinoma were excluded. Differential cell counts, cytomorphology, and relevant immunostains for effusion fluids were retrospectively evaluated and compared between patients with active infection (positive on a SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid amplification test [NAAT] within 2 months; n = 23) and those in the recovery phase from COVID-19 (negative on a SARS-CoV-2 NAAT for >2 months; n = 13).
RESULTS
The cytology diagnoses were negative for malignancy (n = 31), atypical (n = 4), and suspicious for malignancy (n = 1). Active infection cases showed more atypical mesothelial cells than recovery cases (P < .05); some had enlarged nuclei, prominent nucleoli, occasional multinucleation, and bizarre nuclei. Immunostains were performed more often in active infection cases than recovery cases (47.8% vs 7.7%; P < .05). Differential cell counts (available for 28 cases) showed no significant differences between the active infection and recovery groups.
CONCLUSIONS
This study found atypical and bizarre mesothelial cells more often in effusions of cases with active COVID-19 infection in comparison with patients in recovery. It is important for cytopathologists to become familiar with the cytomorphologic effects of SARS-CoV-2 on effusion cytology so that these cases can be properly triaged.
Topics: Body Fluids; COVID-19; Cytodiagnosis; Humans; Retrospective Studies; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 34958719
DOI: 10.1002/cncy.22545 -
Briefings in Bioinformatics Jan 2021Empowered by the advancement of high-throughput bio technologies, recent research on body-fluid proteomes has led to the discoveries of numerous novel disease biomarkers... (Review)
Review
Empowered by the advancement of high-throughput bio technologies, recent research on body-fluid proteomes has led to the discoveries of numerous novel disease biomarkers and therapeutic drugs. In the meantime, a tremendous progress in disclosing the body-fluid proteomes was made, resulting in a collection of over 15 000 different proteins detected in major human body fluids. However, common challenges remain with current proteomics technologies about how to effectively handle the large variety of protein modifications in those fluids. To this end, computational effort utilizing statistical and machine-learning approaches has shown early successes in identifying biomarker proteins in specific human diseases. In this article, we first summarized the experimental progresses using a combination of conventional and high-throughput technologies, along with the major discoveries, and focused on current research status of 16 types of body-fluid proteins. Next, the emerging computational work on protein prediction based on support vector machine, ranking algorithm, and protein-protein interaction network were also surveyed, followed by algorithm and application discussion. At last, we discuss additional critical concerns about these topics and close the review by providing future perspectives especially toward the realization of clinical disease biomarker discovery.
Topics: Biomarkers; Body Fluids; Humans; Proteome; Proteomics
PubMed: 32020158
DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbz160 -
Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers Apr 2019The use of circulating cell-free DNA for detection of cancer genetics has been studied extensively. Liquid biopsy often refers to the use of blood as a minimally... (Review)
Review
AIMS
The use of circulating cell-free DNA for detection of cancer genetics has been studied extensively. Liquid biopsy often refers to the use of blood as a minimally invasive source of body fluid for detecting circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA). However, urine collection, which is completely noninvasive, has been shown to also have great promise to serve as an alternate body fluid source for ctDNA. In this review article, we focus on the clinical utility of urine for genetic liquid biopsy of nonurological cancers.
CONCLUSION
Although still in early stages as compared with blood-based liquid biopsy, recent studies have demonstrated the value of urine-based liquid biopsies for: nonurological cancer screening; early detection; monitoring for recurrence and metastasis; and therapeutic efficacy. Overall, the completely noninvasive and patient-friendly nature of the urine-based biopsy warrants further development and offers a promising alternative to blood-based biopsies.
Topics: Biomarkers, Tumor; Body Fluids; Cell-Free Nucleic Acids; Circulating Tumor DNA; Early Detection of Cancer; Humans; Liquid Biopsy; Mutation; Neoplasms; Urine
PubMed: 30986103
DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2018.0189 -
Forensic Science International. Genetics May 2021The application of transcriptome analyses in forensic genetics has experienced tremendous growth and development in the past decade. The earliest studies and main... (Review)
Review
The application of transcriptome analyses in forensic genetics has experienced tremendous growth and development in the past decade. The earliest studies and main applications were body fluid and tissue identification, using targeted RNA transcripts and a reverse transcription endpoint PCR method. A number of markers have been identified for the forensically most relevant body fluids and tissues and the method has been successfully used in casework. The introduction of Massively Parallel Sequencing (MPS) opened up new perspectives and opportunities to advance the field. Contrary to genomic DNA where two copies of an autosomal DNA segment are present in a cell, abundant RNA species are expressed in high copy numbers. Even whole transcriptome sequencing (RNA-Seq) of forensically relevant body fluids and of postmortem material was shown to be possible. This review gives an overview on forensic transcriptome analyses and applications. The methods cover whole transcriptome as well as targeted MPS approaches. High resolution forensic transcriptome analyses using MPS are being applied to body fluid/ tissue identification, determination of the age of stains and the age of the donor, the estimation of the post-mortem interval and to post mortem death investigations.
Topics: Aging; Bodily Secretions; Body Fluids; Death, Sudden, Cardiac; Forensic Genetics; Gene Expression Profiling; High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing; Humans; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Postmortem Changes; Sequence Analysis, DNA; Time Factors; Exome Sequencing
PubMed: 33657509
DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2021.102486