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Viruses Aug 2023Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a ubiquitous RNA virus of cats, which is transmitted faeco-orally. In these guidelines, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD)... (Review)
Review
Feline coronavirus (FCoV) is a ubiquitous RNA virus of cats, which is transmitted faeco-orally. In these guidelines, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents a comprehensive review of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). FCoV is primarily an enteric virus and most infections do not cause clinical signs, or result in only enteritis, but a small proportion of FCoV-infected cats develop FIP. The pathology in FIP comprises a perivascular phlebitis that can affect any organ. Cats under two years old are most frequently affected by FIP. Most cats present with fever, anorexia, and weight loss; many have effusions, and some have ocular and/or neurological signs. Making a diagnosis is complex and ABCD FIP Diagnostic Approach Tools are available to aid veterinarians. Sampling an effusion, when present, for cytology, biochemistry, and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection is very useful diagnostically. In the absence of an effusion, fine-needle aspirates from affected organs for cytology and FCoV RNA or FCoV antigen detection are helpful. Definitive diagnosis usually requires histopathology with FCoV antigen detection. Antiviral treatments now enable recovery in many cases from this previously fatal disease; nucleoside analogues (e.g., oral GS-441524) are very effective, although they are not available in all countries.
Topics: Cats; Animals; Feline Infectious Peritonitis; Body Fluids; Antigens, Viral; Antiviral Agents; Coronavirus, Feline
PubMed: 37766254
DOI: 10.3390/v15091847 -
Molecular & Cellular Proteomics : MCP Jul 2023Accurate biomarkers are a crucial and necessary precondition for precision medicine, yet existing ones are often unspecific and new ones have been very slow to enter the...
Accurate biomarkers are a crucial and necessary precondition for precision medicine, yet existing ones are often unspecific and new ones have been very slow to enter the clinic. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics excels by its untargeted nature, specificity of identification, and quantification, making it an ideal technology for biomarker discovery and routine measurement. It has unique attributes compared to affinity binder technologies, such as OLINK Proximity Extension Assay and SOMAscan. In in a previous review in 2017, we described technological and conceptual limitations that had held back success. We proposed a 'rectangular strategy' to better separate true biomarkers by minimizing cohort-specific effects. Today, this has converged with advances in MS-based proteomics technology, such as increased sample throughput, depth of identification, and quantification. As a result, biomarker discovery studies have become more successful, producing biomarker candidates that withstand independent verification and, in some cases, already outperform state-of-the-art clinical assays. We summarize developments over the last years, including the benefits of large and independent cohorts, which are necessary for clinical acceptance. Shorter gradients, new scan modes, and multiplexing are about to drastically increase throughput, cross-study integration, and quantification, including proxies for absolute levels. We have found that multiprotein panels are inherently more robust than current single analyte tests and better capture the complexity of human phenotypes. Routine MS measurement in the clinic is fast becoming a viable option. The full set of proteins in a body fluid (global proteome) is the most important reference and the best process control. Additionally, it increasingly has all the information that could be obtained from targeted analysis although the latter may be the most straightforward way to enter regular use. Many challenges remain, not least of a regulatory and ethical nature, but the outlook for MS-based clinical applications has never been brighter.
Topics: Humans; Proteomics; Mass Spectrometry; Biomarkers; Proteome; Body Fluids
PubMed: 37209816
DOI: 10.1016/j.mcpro.2023.100577 -
Hypertension (Dallas, Tex. : 1979) Mar 2024Homeostasis of fluid and electrolytes is a tightly controlled physiological process. Failure of this process is a hallmark of hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart... (Review)
Review
Homeostasis of fluid and electrolytes is a tightly controlled physiological process. Failure of this process is a hallmark of hypertension, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and other acute and chronic diseases. While the kidney remains the major player in the control of whole-body fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, recent discoveries point toward more peripheral mechanisms leading to sodium storage in tissues, such as skin and muscle, and a link between this sodium and a range of diseases, including the conditions above. In this review, we describe multiple facets of sodium and fluid balance from traditional concepts to novel discoveries. We examine the differences between acute disruption of sodium balance and the longer term adaptation in chronic disease, highlighting areas that cannot be explained by a kidney-centric model alone. The theoretical and methodological challenges of more recently proposed models are discussed. We acknowledge the different roles of extracellular and intracellular spaces and propose an integrated model that maintains fluid and electrolyte homeostasis and can be distilled into a few elemental players: the microvasculature, the interstitium, and tissue cells. Understanding their interplay will guide a more precise treatment of conditions characterized by sodium excess, for which primary aldosteronism is presented as a prototype.
Topics: Humans; Sodium; Water-Electrolyte Balance; Kidney; Hypertension; Electrolytes; Chronic Disease
PubMed: 38084591
DOI: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.123.19569 -
Archives of Dermatological Research Jul 2023Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, was developed for the purpose of overcoming the limitations of Platelet-rich plasma (PRP). PRF can...
Platelet-rich fibrin (PRF), a second-generation platelet concentrate, was developed for the purpose of overcoming the limitations of Platelet-rich plasma (PRP). PRF can produce a higher cumulative release of growth factors than PRP. Also, this release is slow and prolonged, making it ideal for tissue regeneration and growth stimulation. This study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of fluid PRF either alone or combined with needling versus PRP in the treatment of atrophic acne scars. A comparative study including 30 patients with atrophic acne scars who were divided into two equal groups. Group I included 15 patients in which the left side of the face was treated with intradermal injection of PRP while the right side was treated with combined needling with PRP. Group II included15 patients in which the left side of the face was treated with intradermal injection of fluid PRF while the right side was treated with combined needling with fluid PRF. All patients received four sessions with 3 weeks interval. The acne scars significantly improved in both sides of face in both groups. According to quartile grading scale and patient satisfaction; the therapeutic response was significantly higher in PRF group than PRP either alone or combined with needling. The combination with needling increases efficacy of PRF and PRP. Fluid PRF is highly effective, safe and simple procedure that can be used instead of PRP in the treatment of acne scars.
Topics: Humans; Cicatrix; Skin; Platelet-Rich Fibrin; Treatment Outcome; Combined Modality Therapy; Acne Vulgaris; Platelet-Rich Plasma; Atrophy
PubMed: 36520210
DOI: 10.1007/s00403-022-02511-3 -
Periodontology 2000 Feb 2024The use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has seen widespread advantages over platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in many fields of medicine. However, until 2014, PRF remained... (Review)
Review
The use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) has seen widespread advantages over platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in many fields of medicine. However, until 2014, PRF remained clinically available only in its solid clotted form. Modifications to centrifugation protocols and tube technology have led to the development of a liquid injectable version of PRF (i-PRF). This narrative review takes a look back at the technological developments made throughout the past decade and further elaborates on their future clinical applications. Topics covered include improvements in isolation techniques and protocols, ways to further concentrate i-PRF, and the clinical impact and relevance of cooling i-PRF. Next, various uses of i-PRF are discussed, including its use in regenerative periodontology, implantology, endodontics, temporomandibular joint injections, and orthodontic tooth movement. Furthermore, various indications in medicine are also covered, including its use in sports injuries and osteoarthritis of various joints, treatment of diabetic ulcers/wound care, and facial esthetics and hair regrowth. Finally, future applications are discussed, mainly its use as a drug delivery vehicle for small biomolecules, such as growth factors, antibiotics, exosomes, and other medications that may benefit from the controlled and gradual release of biomolecules over time.
Topics: Humans; Platelet-Rich Fibrin; Injections
PubMed: 38037213
DOI: 10.1111/prd.12538