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Frontiers in Veterinary Science 2021Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) are a cause for global concern due to their wide distribution and the wide range of benign and malignant diseases they are able to induce.... (Review)
Review
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) are a cause for global concern due to their wide distribution and the wide range of benign and malignant diseases they are able to induce. Those lesions include cutaneous and upper digestive papillomas, multiple histological types of urinary bladder cancers-most often associated with BPV1 and BPV2-and squamous cell carcinomas of the upper digestive system, associated with BPV4. Clinical, epidemiological and experimental evidence shows that exposure to bracken fern ( spp.) and other related ferns plays an important role in allowing viral persistence and promoting the malignant transformation of early viral lesions. This carcinogenic potential has been attributed to bracken illudane glycoside compounds with immune suppressive and mutagenic properties, such as ptaquiloside. This review addresses the role of BPV in tumorigenesis and its interactions with bracken illudane glycosides. Current data indicates that inactivation of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells by bracken fern illudanes plays a significant role in allowing viral persistence and lesion progression, while BPV drives unchecked cell proliferation and allows the accumulation of genetic damage caused by chemical mutagens. Despite limited progress in controlling bracken infestation in pasturelands, bracken toxins remain a threat to animal health. The number of recognized BPV types has steadily increased over the years and now reaches 24 genotypes with different pathogenic properties. It remains essential to widen the available knowledge concerning BPV and its synergistic interactions with bracken chemical carcinogens, in order to achieve satisfactory control of the livestock losses they induce worldwide.
PubMed: 34796228
DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.758720 -
Viruses Jan 2018Since their discovery in the mid-eighties, the main papillomavirus oncoproteins E6 and E7 have been recalcitrant to high-resolution structure analysis. However, in the... (Review)
Review
Since their discovery in the mid-eighties, the main papillomavirus oncoproteins E6 and E7 have been recalcitrant to high-resolution structure analysis. However, in the last decade a wealth of three-dimensional information has been gained on both proteins whether free or complexed to host target proteins. Here, we first summarize the diverse activities of these small multifunctional oncoproteins. Next, we review the available structural data and the new insights they provide about the evolution of E6 and E7, their multiple interactions and their functional variability across human papillomavirus (HPV) species.
Topics: Host-Pathogen Interactions; Humans; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular; Oncogene Proteins, Viral; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus E7 Proteins; Protein Structure, Tertiary; Repressor Proteins
PubMed: 29342959
DOI: 10.3390/v10010037 -
Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology Sep 2015Milk contains an array of proteins with useful bioactivities. Many milk proteins encompassing native or chemically modified casein, lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, and... (Review)
Review
Milk contains an array of proteins with useful bioactivities. Many milk proteins encompassing native or chemically modified casein, lactoferrin, alpha-lactalbumin, and beta-lactoglobulin demonstrated antiviral activities. Casein and alpha-lactalbumin gained anti-HIV activity after modification with 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride. Many milk proteins inhibited HIV reverse transcriptase. Bovine glycolactin, angiogenin-1, lactogenin, casein, alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, bovine lactoferrampin, and human lactoferrampin inhibited HIV-1 protease and integrase. Several mammalian lactoferrins prevented hepatitis C infection. Lactoferrin, methylated alpha-lactalbumin and methylated beta-lactoglobulin inhibited human cytomegalovirus. Chemically modified alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin and lysozyme, lactoferrin and lactoferricin, methylated alpha-lactalbumin, methylated and ethylated beta-lactoglobulins inhibited HSV. Chemically modified bovine beta-lactoglobulin had antihuman papillomavirus activity. Beta-lactoglobulin, lactoferrin, esterified beta-lactoglobulin, and esterified lactoferrindisplayed anti-avian influenza A (H5N1) activity. Lactoferrin inhibited respiratory syncytial virus, hepatitis B virus, adenovirus, poliovirus, hantavirus, sindbis virus, semliki forest virus, echovirus, and enterovirus. Milk mucin, apolactoferrin, Fe(3+)-lactoferrin, beta-lactoglobulin, human lactadherin, bovine IgG, and bovine kappa-casein demonstrated antihuman rotavirus activity.
Topics: Animals; Antiviral Agents; Humans; Mammals; Virus Replication; Viruses; Whey Proteins
PubMed: 26198883
DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-6818-4 -
Environmental Science and Pollution... Sep 2021In the last 40 years, novel viruses have evolved at a much faster pace than other pathogens. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to public health around the world.... (Review)
Review
In the last 40 years, novel viruses have evolved at a much faster pace than other pathogens. Viral diseases pose a significant threat to public health around the world. Bovines have a longstanding history of significant contributions to human nutrition, agricultural, industrial purposes, medical research, drug and vaccine development, and livelihood. The life cycle, genomic structures, viral proteins, and pathophysiology of bovine viruses studied in vitro paved the way for understanding the human counterparts. Calf model has been used for testing vaccines against RSV, papillomavirus vaccines and anti-HCV agents were principally developed after using the BPV and BVDV model, respectively. Some bovine viruses-based vaccines (BPIV-3 and bovine rotaviruses) were successfully developed, clinically tried, and commercially produced. Cows, immunized with HIV envelope glycoprotein, produced effective broadly neutralizing antibodies in their serum and colostrum against HIV. Here, we have summarized a few examples of human viral infections for which the use of bovines has contributed to the acquisition of new knowledge to improve human health against viral infections covering the convergence between some human and bovine viruses and using bovines as disease models. Additionally, the production of vaccines and drugs, bovine-based products were covered, and the precautions in dealing with bovines and bovine-based materials.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Cattle; Colostrum; Female; Humans; Pregnancy; Virus Diseases
PubMed: 34272669
DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14941-z -
MBio Feb 2021An unusual feature of papillomaviruses is that their genomes are packaged into virions along with host histones. Viral minichromosomes were visualized as "beads on a...
An unusual feature of papillomaviruses is that their genomes are packaged into virions along with host histones. Viral minichromosomes were visualized as "beads on a string" by electron microscopy in the 1970s but, to date, little is known about the posttranslational modifications of these histones. To investigate this, we analyzed the histone modifications in HPV16/18 quasivirions, wart-derived bovine papillomavirus (BPV1), and wart-derived human papillomavirus type 1 (HPV1) using quantitative mass spectrometry. The chromatin from all three virion samples had abundant posttranslational modifications (acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation). These histone modifications were verified by acid urea polyacrylamide electrophoresis and immunoblot analysis. Compared to matched host cell controls, the virion minichromosome was enriched in histone modifications associated with active chromatin and depleted for those commonly found in repressed chromatin. We propose that the viral minichromosome acquires specific histone modifications late in infection that are coupled to the mechanisms of viral replication, late gene expression, and encapsidation. We predict that, in turn, these same modifications benefit early stages of infection by helping to evade detection, promoting localization of the viral chromosome to beneficial regions of the nucleus, and promoting early transcription and replication. A relatively unique feature of papillomaviruses is that the viral genome is associated with host histones inside the virion. However, little is known about the nature of the epigenome within papillomavirions or its biological relevance to the infectious viral cycle. Here, we define the epigenetic signature of the H3 and H4 histones from HPV16 virions generated in cell culture and native human papillomavirus type 1 (HPV1) and bovine papillomavirus 1 (BPV1) virions isolated from bovine and human wart tissue. We show that native virions are enriched in posttranslational modifications associated with active chromatin and depleted with those associated with repressed chromatin compared to cellular chromatin. Native virions were also enriched in the histone variant H3.3 compared to the canonical histone H3.1. We propose that the composition of virion-packaged chromatin reflects the late stages of the viral life cycle and promotes the early stages of infection by being primed for viral transcription.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Chromosomes; HEK293 Cells; Histone Code; Histones; Human papillomavirus 16; Human papillomavirus 18; Humans; Keratinocytes; Methylation; Papillomaviridae; Protein Processing, Post-Translational; Virion; Virus Replication
PubMed: 33593981
DOI: 10.1128/mBio.03274-20 -
Virus Research Mar 2017Preclinical model systems to study multiple features of the papillomavirus life cycle have greatly aided our understanding of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) biology, disease... (Review)
Review
Preclinical model systems to study multiple features of the papillomavirus life cycle have greatly aided our understanding of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) biology, disease progression and treatments. The challenge to studying HPV in hosts is that HPV along with most PVs are both species and tissue restricted. Thus, fundamental properties of HPV viral proteins can be assessed in specialized cell culture systems but host responses that involve innate immunity and host restriction factors requires preclinical surrogate models. Fortunately, there are several well-characterized and new animal models of papillomavirus infections that are available to the PV research community. Old models that continue to have value include canine, bovine and rabbit PV models and new rodent models are in place to better assess host-virus interactions. Questions arise as to the strengths and weaknesses of animal PV models for HPV disease and how accurately these preclinical models predict malignant progression, vaccine efficacy and therapeutic control of HPV-associated disease. In this review, we examine current preclinical models and highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the various models as well as provide an update on new opportunities to study the numerous unknowns that persist in the HPV research field.
Topics: Animals; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Cattle; Cottontail rabbit papillomavirus; Disease Models, Animal; Dogs; Female; Humans; Lambdapapillomavirus; Mice; Papillomaviridae; Papillomavirus Infections; Papillomavirus Vaccines; Primates; Rabbits; Rats; Skin Neoplasms; Uterine Cervical Neoplasms
PubMed: 27956145
DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.12.004 -
Molecular detection and genetic diversity of bovine papillomavirus in dairy cows in Xinjiang, China.Journal of Veterinary Science Jul 2021Bovine papillomatosis is a type of proliferative tumor disease of skin and mucosae caused by bovine papillomavirus (BPV). As a transboundary and emerging disease in...
BACKGROUND
Bovine papillomatosis is a type of proliferative tumor disease of skin and mucosae caused by bovine papillomavirus (BPV). As a transboundary and emerging disease in cattle, it poses a potential threat to the dairy industry.
OBJECTIVES
The aim of this study is to detect and clarify the genetic diversity of BPV circulating in dairy cows in Xinjiang, China.
METHODS
122 papilloma skin lesions from 8 intensive dairy farms located in different regions of Xinjiang, China were detected by polymerase chain reaction. The genetic evolution relationships of various types of BPVs were analyzed by examining this phylogenetic tree.
RESULTS
Ten genotypes of BPV (BPV1, BPV2, BPV3, BPV6, BPV7, BPV8, BPV10, BPV11, BPV13, and BPV14) were detected and identified in dairy cows. These were the first reported detections of BPV13 and BPV14 in Xinjiang, Mixed infections were detected, and there were geographical differences in the distribution of the BPV genotypes. Notably, the BPV infection rate among young cattle (< 1-year-old) developed from the same supply of frozen sperm was higher than that of the other young cows naturally raised under the same environmental conditions.
CONCLUSIONS
Genotyping based on the L1 gene of BPV showed that BPVs circulating in Xinjiang China displayed substantial genetic diversity. This study provided valuable data at the molecular epidemiology level, which is conducive to developing deep insights into the genetic diversity and pathogenic characteristics of BPVs in dairy cows.
Topics: Animals; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; Dairying; Deltapapillomavirus; Female; Genetic Variation; Papillomavirus Infections
PubMed: 34170091
DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2021.22.e50 -
Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) Nov 2020In contrast to the diverse studies on human papillomaviruses (HPVs), information on animal PVs associated with anogenital lesions is limited. In the animal kingdom,... (Review)
Review
In contrast to the diverse studies on human papillomaviruses (HPVs), information on animal PVs associated with anogenital lesions is limited. In the animal kingdom, papillomas occur more commonly in cattle than in any other animals, and diverse types of papillomaviruses (BPVs) exist, including the very recently discovered BPV type 29 (BPV29). From this perspective, we will review previous studies describing PV types associated with anogenitals in animals, with a focus on BPVs. To date, two classical BPV types, classified into (BPV1 and BPV2) and (BPV22), and two novel (BPV28 and BPV29) have been identified from anogenital lesions and tissues of the domestic cow. Due to the limited reports describing anogenital-associated PVs in animals, the relationships between their phylogenetic and pathogenetic properties are still undiscovered. Animal studies are valuable not only for the veterinary field but also for human medicine, as animal diseases have been shown to mimic human diseases. Studies of anogenital-associated PVs in animals have a positive impact on various research fields.
PubMed: 33260814
DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9120993 -
The Journal of Veterinary Medical... Jul 2019Papillomavirus (PV) is a well-known pathogen associated with epithelial and mucosal neoplastic diseases. In contrast to human PVs, characterization of animal PVs from...
Papillomavirus (PV) is a well-known pathogen associated with epithelial and mucosal neoplastic diseases. In contrast to human PVs, characterization of animal PVs from the aspect of anogenital neoplasm is still on a learning curve. In the present study, two vulval and one anal warts, histologically diagnosed as fibropapillomas, excised from dairy cattle were analyzed. PCR and sequencing revealed that bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) and BPV-2 were detected from anal and vulval fibropapillomas, respectively. Immunohistochemistry detected PV antigen in a few differentiated keratinocytes of one vulval case. Reverse-transcriptase PCR detected the early region, but not the late region of BPV mRNA in all three cases. The present study will provide new insight into the relationship between BPV and anogenital papilloma in cattle.
Topics: Animals; Antigens, Viral; Anus Neoplasms; Bovine papillomavirus 1; Cattle; Cattle Diseases; DNA, Viral; Female; Papilloma; Papillomavirus Infections; RNA, Messenger; Vulvar Neoplasms
PubMed: 31155549
DOI: 10.1292/jvms.19-0017 -
Vaccines Mar 2023Horses and other equid species are frequently affected by bovine papillomavirus type 1 and/or 2 (BPV1, BPV2)-induced skin tumors termed sarcoids. Although sarcoids do... (Review)
Review
Horses and other equid species are frequently affected by bovine papillomavirus type 1 and/or 2 (BPV1, BPV2)-induced skin tumors termed sarcoids. Although sarcoids do not metastasize, they constitute a serious health problem due to their BPV1/2-mediated resistance to treatment and propensity to recrudesce in a more severe, multiple form following accidental or iatrogenic trauma. This review provides an overview on BPV1/2 infection and associated immune escape in the equid host and presents early and recent immunotherapeutic approaches in sarcoid management.
PubMed: 37112681
DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11040769